血管回声跟踪技术检测酒精性肝病患者颈动脉弹性及其与血管内皮舒张功能相关性的研究

目的：应用血管回声跟踪技术检测酒精性肝病（ALD）患者颈动脉弹性,并分析各项参数与血管内皮舒张功能的相关性。方法：ALD患者及正常对照组各50例,常规颈动脉超声获取IMT、D、RI、PI、S/D几项指标;采用E-Tracking技术获取Eρ、β、AC、AI、PWVβ几项指标;超声测量右侧肱动脉反应性充血后内径百分变化率（EDD%）。比较两组常规超声指标及E-Tracking指标,分析ALD组各项E-Tracking指标与EDD%的相关性。结果：两组间常规检测指标无明显差异,ALD组的Eρ、β、PWVβ明显高于对照组,AC则明显低于对照组,ALD组中EDD%与AC呈正相关,与Eρ、β呈负相关。其中,相关性最强的指标为Eρ和AC。结论：ALD患者早中期即出现血管弹性、硬度指数增高,顺应性减低,扩张性增高,血管内皮功能受损,E-Tracking技术能准确定量评价颈动脉弹性,为临床早期评价动脉功能变化提供了一种新的方法。     

血管回声跟踪技术评价妊娠期高血压疾病患者血管内皮功能

目的 探讨血管回声跟踪(E-Tracking,ET)技术评价妊娠期高血压疾病患者动脉血管内皮功能的应用价值.方法 对妊娠期高血压疾病患者45例(妊娠期高血压患者25例,子痫前期患者20例)及正常妊娠女性60例,应用ET技术测量双侧颈总动脉及肱动脉的硬化度(β)、弹性系数(Eρ)、动脉顺应性(AC)、膨大系数(AI)及单点脉搏波传导速度(PWVβ).结果 妊娠期高血压组和子痫前期组β、Eρ、AI、PWVβ与对照组比较明显升高,AC降低,差异有显著性(P<0.05).子痫前期组与妊娠期高血压组比较:β、Eρ、AI、PWVβ明显升高,AC明显降低,差异有显著性(P<0.05).结论 血管回声跟踪技术能够早期,简便、准确地反映妊娠期高血压疾病患者血管内皮功能的变化.     

E-tracking技术对妊娠期高血压疾病患者颈动脉弹性功能的研究

目的:探讨血管回声跟踪(E-Tracking,ET)技术评价妊娠期高血压疾病患者颈动脉弹性功能的改变。材料与方法:对妊娠期高血压疾病患者(孕28周后)49例和66例正常妊娠期孕妇(孕28周后)进行双侧颈总动脉血管弹性指标的测量:弹性模量(Eρ)、僵硬度(β)、顺应性(AC)、膨大指数(AI)和脉搏波传导速度(PWVβ),并进行统计学分析。结果:妊娠期高血压疾病组双侧颈总动脉Eρ、β、AC及AI较对照组升高,AC较对照组减低,具有显著性差异(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:血管回声跟踪技术能较早、明确的反映妊娠期高血压疾病患者颈动脉弹性功能的改变,具有一定价值。     

血管回声跟踪技术对正常高值血压者颈总动脉弹性的研究

目的 探讨血管回声跟踪（ET）技术检测正常高值血压者颈总动脉弹性功能的变化情况及其临床意义.方法 应用ET技术检测63例正常高值血压者（HNBP组）与50例健康成人（正常对照组）双侧颈总动脉的弹性参数,包括弹性系数（β）、僵硬度（Eρ）、顺应性（AC）、增大指数（AI）及单点脉搏波传导速度（PWVβ）,并使用常规血管超声测量颈动脉内-中膜厚度（IMT）,结果进行对比分析.结果 组内双侧颈总动脉的IMT及其各弹性参数比较差异均无统计学意义;两组间上述各指标比较,HNBP组的β、Eρ和PWVβ增高,AC降低,差异均有统计学意义（P 〈 0.01）,AI和IMT无明显变化,差异无统计学意义.结论 正常高值血压者颈总动脉Eρ增加,ET技术能较早发现颈总动脉弹性的改变,对临床早期预防心脑血管疾病的发生具有重要意义.     

应用血管回声跟踪技术对中心性肥胖患者早期颈动脉硬化的评价

目的:应用血管回声跟踪技术(E-Tracking)技术评价中心性肥胖患者颈动脉弹性的变化及临床意义。材料与方法:选择85例中心性肥胖者和80例正常体重指数健康者,采用Aloka公司生产的SSD-α10型彩色多普勒超声诊断仪测量颈动脉内膜一中层厚度(IMT)、压力-应变弹性系数(Ep)、硬化指数(β)、顺应性(AC)、单点脉搏波传导速度(PWVβ)等参数作比较。结果:与正常组比较,中心性肥胖组IMT值和Eρ、β、PWVβ均明显增高(P0.01),AC低于正常组(P0.01),直线相关分析表现IMT与β、Ep、PWVβ呈正相关(P0.05),与AC呈负相关(P0.05)。结论:中心性肥胖患者的颈动脉弹性在出现粥样硬化斑块前,血管弹性已经发生改变,E-Tracking技术能够预示动脉硬化的进展,作为判断颈动脉粥样硬化的早期指标,是评价中心性肥胖患者血管壁弹性的一种新方法。     

血管回声跟踪技术及超声弹性成像评价2型糖尿病患者足背动脉弹性功能

目的 运用血管回声跟踪技术及超声弹性成像技术探讨不同病程的2型糖尿病患者足背动脉弹性功能的变化.方法 测量83例2型糖尿病患者(43例病程＜10年者,为DM-Ⅰ组;40例病程≥10年,为DM-Ⅱ组)及35名健康志愿者(对照组)的踝部动脉和肱动脉的血压,并计算踝臂指数(ABI);应用超声弹性成像技术计算足背动脉的管壁弹性应变率比值(B/A),应用血管回声跟踪技术计算足背动脉的僵硬度(β)、弹性模量(Eρ)、顺应性(AC)、膨大系数(AI)及脉搏波传导速度(PWVβ)的变化.结果 与对照组及DM Ⅰ组比较,DM-Ⅱ组足背动脉β、Eρ、PWVβ及B/A升高,内-中膜厚度(IMT)增加,AC及ABI降低(P均＜0.05),但AI差异无统计学意义;与对照组比较,DM-Ⅰ组足背动脉β、Eρ、PWVβ及B/A升高,AC降低(P均＜0.05),IMT、ABI及AI差异无统计学意义.结论 β、Eρ、AC、PWVβ及B/A可早期反映动脉弹性功能变化;血管弹性功能的改变早于血管形态学的改变;2型糖尿病病程长短对足背动脉弹性功能有影响,病程≥10年者足背动脉血管弹性功能显著降低.     

回声跟踪技术评价冠状动脉粥样硬化患者颈动脉弹性

目的应用回声跟踪技术评价冠状动脉粥样硬化患者颈动脉弹性特征。方法选取健康体检者50例(对照组),经冠状动脉造影证实的冠状动脉粥样硬化患者50例(病例组)。应用回声跟踪技术评价两组颈动脉弹性参数,包括压力应变弹性系数(Eρ)、硬化参数(β)、顺应性(AC)、脉搏波传导速度(PWVβ)及增大指数(AI),并对所有受试者上述参数进行相关分析。结果病例组Eρ、β、PWVβ较对照组明显增高(P<0.01),AC较对照组明显减少(P<0.01);AI两组比较差异无统计学意义;受试者的Eρ与β、PWVβ呈正相关(r=0.947、0.867,均P<0.01),Eρ、β、PWVβ与AC呈负相关(r=-0.541、-0.541、-0.518,均P<0.01),β与PWVβ呈正相关(P<0.01),AI与Eρ、β、PWVβ、AC无相关性。结论回声跟踪技术能尽早反映冠状动脉粥样硬化患者血管的改变,为临床定量评价血管功能提供了一种新的手段。     

应用新版eTRACKING技术对高血压患者颈动脉斑块的研究

目的应用新版血管回声跟踪eTRACKING技术对高血压患者颈动脉无斑块组与斑块组的特征进行研究。方法高血压颈动脉无斑块组43例,高血压颈动脉软斑组56例,高血压颈动脉硬斑组24例,正常对照组39例。应用新版血管回声跟踪技术评估颈动脉硬化参数,包括压力应变弹性系数(Ep)、硬化参数(β)、顺应性(AC)、脉搏波传导速度(PWVβ)和增大指数(AI),并对高血压组上述参数进行相关分析。结果高血压颈动脉无斑块组与斑块组Ep、β、PWVβ、AI较正常对照组明显增高,AC明显减小(P<0.01);高血压颈动脉硬斑组Ep、β、PWVβ较软斑组明显增高(P<0.01);高血压组的PWVβ与Ep、β呈正相关,与AC呈负相关;高血压组的AI与Ep、β、AC无相关性。结论新版血管回声跟踪技术对高血压颈动脉无斑块组与斑块形成组均有评估价值。     

血管回声跟踪技术评价糖尿病患者颈动脉功能的临床研究

目的 应用血管回声跟踪技术检测糖尿病患者的颈动脉弹性特征。方法 糖尿病组57例，正常对照组39例。应用血管回声跟踪技术评估颈动脉硬化参数，包括压力应变弹性系数（Ep）、硬化参数（β）、顺应性（AC）、脉搏波传导速度（PWVβ）和增大指数（AI），并对上述参数进行统计学分析。结果糖尿病组颈动脉Ep，β、PWV8较正常对照组明显增高（P〈0．01），AC较正常对照组明显降低（P〈0．01），AI较正常对照组增高（P〈0．05）。结论 应用血管回声跟踪技术有助于评估糖尿病患者颈动脉弹性的功能改变。     

应用血管回声跟踪技术评价冠心病患者颈动脉硬化程度

目的 应用血管回声跟踪（ET）技术评价不同程度冠心病患者颈动脉弹性功能参数的改变.方法 应用ET技术检测经冠状动脉造影确诊的50例冠心病患者（冠心病组）和50例非冠心病者（非冠心病组）颈动脉,检测僵硬度参数（β）、压力-应变弹性系数（Ep）、顺应性（AC）、增大指数（AI）及单点脉搏波传导速度（PWVβ）血管弹性功能指标,以及血管壁内-中膜厚度（IMT）.冠心病组根据冠状动脉造影的结果又分为单支、二支和三支病变组.分析上述检测参数与冠心病患者血管病变的关系.结果 冠心病组β、Ep、AI、PWVβ及IMT明显高于非冠心病组（P〈0.05）,AC则明显低于非冠心病组（P〈0.05）,并且冠心病病变程度越重,差异越明显.结论 冠心病患者颈动脉弹性明显减低,应用ET技术检测颈动脉弹性功能有助于评估冠心病患者血管的改变,可作为监测冠状动脉疾病发生和发展的一项有临床意义的指标.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.