北京地区2006年流行的3、7和11型腺病毒部分六邻体基因序列分析

目的 分析2006年北京地区流行的3、7和11型腺病毒(ADV)的部分六邻体基因序列,了解该地区ADV流行型别及六邻体基因变异情况.方法 采集急性呼吸道感染患儿咽拭子或鼻咽分泌物标本,分离病毒及免疫荧光快速抗原检测.对抗原检测和/或病毒分离为ADV阳性的61份标本进行PCR分型检测.随机选取分离到的3株ADV3,3株ADV7和3株ADV11毒株,扩增其六邻体近5′端1278 bp基因片段进行序列分析并与GenBank发表的部分序列进行比较和进化树分析. 结果 61份ADV检测为阳性的标本中,ADV3占60.73%(37/61);ADV7占27.9%(17/61);ADV3和ADV7混合感染占1.6%(1/61);ADV11占4.9%(3/61);非3、7、11和21型4.9%(3/61);未检测到21型ADV.3株.ADV3分离株与2005年广州分离株(AY878716)亲缘关系最近,与其他株比较,3株北京分离株氨基酸的变异位点主要有3个.3株ADV7分离株与1998年日本分离株(AF053086)的亲缘关系最近.与其他株比较,3株北京分离株氨基酸的变异位点主要有1个.3株ADV11分离株与2004年H本分离株(AB162772)的亲缘关系最近(100%),但是这4株(包括日本的毒株)与其他毒株比较其氨基酸的变异位点有12个.相对于3型和7型,11型ADV的变异最大,表现为变异的氨基酸位点的分布较为分散,其次是3型ADV,而7型ADV的变异较小. 结论 2006年北京地区引起婴幼儿急性呼吸道感染的ADV以3型为主,7型为辅,11型较为少见,未发现21型;3、7和11型ADV北京分离株与GenBank中其他序列比较虽然有着较高的同源性,但是还都有一定的核苷酸和氨基酸的变异;变异多发生在抗原决定簇密集的HVR1区和HVR7区.     

成都地区儿童腹泻肠道腺病毒感染的流行病学特征调查

目的了解成都地区儿童腹泻腺病毒(ADV)的感染情况和流行特点,为临床诊治提供参考依据。方法随机收集8 556例18岁以下腹泻患儿的粪便标本,采用双抗体夹心法及免疫层析分析技术检测粪便标本中的ADV抗原,分析阳性患儿流行病学资料。结果 8 556份腹泻患儿粪便标本中,ADV抗原阳性416份,阳性率4. 86%;其中5月、6月、7月、8月ADV阳性检出率较高,分别为5. 52%、9. 99%、7. 59%、5. 27%,其中6、7月阳性率最高,分别可达9. 99%及7. 59%,两月份阳性率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0. 05)。6月与其他月份阳性率比较差异有统计学意义(P0. 05);幼儿期及学龄前期患儿ADV感染率最高,为6. 45%及5. 80%,两个年龄段阳性率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0. 05)。幼儿期与其他年龄段患儿ADV感染率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0. 05);男性患儿ADV感染率为4. 90%,女性患儿为4. 82%,两者差异无统计学意义(P0. 05)。结论成都地区儿童ADV感染高峰期在5～8月,峰值为6月,ADV感染年龄高峰为幼儿期。对儿童腹泻应尽早做ADV检测,及时发现病原体,以对ADV感染所致的儿童腹泻给予合理治疗,避免滥用抗菌药物,防止疾病传播。     

肾移植受者巨细胞病毒感染检测的临床意义

目的　比较肾移植受者采用不同方法检测巨细胞病毒 (CMV)感染的意义。方法　比较肾移植受者和健康供肾者外周血中的CMV -IgM ,CMV -IgG和CMV抗原 (CMV -Ag)的阳性率及其与CMV病的关系。结果　 167例肾移植受者CMV -IgM阳性率为 1 8% ,CMV -IgG阳性率为 98 8% ,CMV -Ag阳性率为47 2 % ,平均阳性抗原指数 3 2个 /5万白细胞 ;对照组 13例CMV -IgM均阴性 ,CMV -IgG均阳性。观察组3 6例CMV肺炎中CMV -IgG均阳性 ,CMV -IgM5 6%阳性 ,CMV -Ag91 7%阳性 ,平均阳性抗原指数 3 6个 /5万白细胞。结论　肾移植受者以CMV -Ag检测诊断CMV活动性感染及CMV病敏感性及特异性优于CMV -IgM及CMV -IgG。     

患儿TORCH-IgM检测结果分析

目的调查分析0~1岁患儿TORCH-IgM感染状况及特点,为临床诊断及治疗提供理论参考。方法选择2014年5-11月收治的1 754例≤1岁患儿为研究对象,采用化学发光法检测患儿血清TORCH-IgM抗体,分析该年龄段患儿TORCH-IgM感染状况及特点,并探讨感染与月龄及临床疾病类型之间的关系,研究数据采用SPSS17.0软件进行统计分析。结果 1 754例患儿血清中TORCH-IgM阳性266例,阳性率为15.17%,其中人巨细胞病毒(HCMV)-IgM、单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)-IgM、风疹病毒(RV)-IgM和弓形虫(TOX)-IgM阳性率分别为8.72%、3.82%、2.79%和0.06%;4例患儿合并两种病原体感染,感染率为0.23%;TORCH阳性患儿临床疾病以婴儿肝炎综合征、黄疸、上呼吸道感染、支气管肺炎、发热待查及脑损伤综合征等为主。结论 0~1岁患儿TORCH感染较普遍,以HCMV感染为主,TOX感染罕见,并存在合并感染。     

上海市奉贤区结核杆菌耐药性分析

[目的 ]　了解初治和复治肺结核病人对抗结核化学药物的敏感性。　 [方法 ]　收集 2 0 0 2年 1月至 2 0 0 3年7月痰菌阳性标本 ,用改良罗氏培养基绝对浓度法试验 ,最终获取培养阳性标本 2 14份 ,对全部培养阳性标本进行 5种抗结核药物 (SM、INH、PAS、EMB、RFP)的耐药性测定。　 [结果 ]　总耐药率为 3 9.2 5 % ( 84/2 14 ) ;初始耐药率为 11.83 %( 11/93 ) ,初始耐多药率为 7.5 3 % ( 7/93 ) ;获得性耐药率为 60 .3 3 % ( 73 /12 1) ,耐多药率为 47.93 % ( 5 8/12 1)。对抗结核药物的耐受 ,主要是耐受SM ( 75 .0 0 % ,63 /84)和INH( 63 .10 % ,5 3 /84)。　 [结论 ]　获得性耐药率高于初始耐药率 ,应进一步加强对结核杆菌药物敏感性监测。     

肺部不动杆菌感染50例临床分析

近年来肺部不动杆菌感染临床常见 ,耐药性严重 ,治疗较困难。本文 5 0例患者系 1998年 1月～ 2 0 0 0年 10月在我院呼吸病房住院、连续口痰培养 (4 1例 )、人工气道抽吸 (TTA) (6例 )、纤支镜支气管肺泡灌洗 (BAL) (3例 )采样培养诊断为肺部不动杆菌感染者。其中男性 35例 ,女性 15例 ;年龄 31～ 89岁 ,平均 6 0 .6岁 ;其中 46例 (92 .0 %)符合院内感染诊断标准。 5 0例中同时伴有基础疾病 46例 (92 .0 %) ,主要是慢性阻塞性肺病 (2 3例 ) ,支气管肺癌 (9例 ) ,支气管扩张 (7例 ) ,其次是肺结核 (3例 ) ,肺间质纤维化 (2例 ) ,冠心病 (1…     

南宁地区儿童呼吸道腺病毒感染的流行病学研究

目的了解南宁地区儿童呼吸道腺病毒(Adenovirus,ADV)感染流行病学特征。方法收集2017年7月-2019年7月在广西壮族自治区妇幼保健院就诊的呼吸道感染患儿32 234例,采用间接免疫荧光法对患儿静脉血标本进行ADV检测,分析ADV感染特征和临床诊断特点。结果①32 234例受检患儿中ADV检出阳性率为1.82%,男、女性分别为1.76%、1.92%(χ~2=1.04,P=0.308),0～6个月、6个月～2岁、2岁～5岁、5岁～14岁分别为0.49%、2.63%、2.28%和0.96%(χ~2=29.937,P 0.05)。②不同季节春、夏、秋、冬ADV阳性率分别为1.8%、2.34%、1.24%、1.99%(χ~2=145.5,P 0.05)。③587例ADV检出阳性病例中,诊断为肺炎274例,支气管炎104例,急性咽喉炎43例,急性扁桃体炎15例,急性上呼吸道感染9例,其他非呼吸道感染诊断142例。结论腺病毒是南宁地区儿童呼吸道感染的重要病原之一,了解南宁地区儿童呼吸道腺病毒感染的流行病学特征对本地区儿童呼吸道疾病的防治有重要意义。     

影响艾滋病病毒异性性传播有关因素的研究

目的　了解中国中部地区艾滋病病毒 (HIV)异性性传播的特点及其影响因素。方法(1)现况研究 :在中国河南、河北等省农村寻找至少一方HIV阳性、有稳定婚姻、年龄 2 0～ 50岁的夫妻 ,由专业研究人员对其进行访谈 ,并采集夫妻双方抗凝全血样本 2 0ml,检测病毒载量、CD4 CD8细胞计数 ;(2 )病例对照研究 :以一方HIV阳性 ,通过性生活导致对方HIV感染的夫妻为病例 ,以一方HIV阳性、双方有正常的性生活 ,但对方未感染HIV的夫妻为对照 ,进行病例对照研究。结果　 (1)共收集到 87对至少一方HIV阳性的夫妻 ,其中病例夫妻 7对 ,对照夫妻 56对 ,发生HIV性传播的夫妻占全部有性传播危险夫妻的 11.1% ;(2 )在对照夫妻中 ,男方HIV阳性的 14对 ,占 2 5.0 % ,女方HIV阳性的 42对 ,占 75.0 % ;(3 )病例组性生活次数≥ 4次 月的比例显著高于对照组 (Fisher’s检验 ,P =0 .0 47,OR =8.0 )。病例组病毒载量≥ 10 5 拷贝 ml的比例显著高于对照组 (Fisher’s检验 ,P =0 .0 16,OR =2 2 .0 )。病例组先感染一方的HIV病毒载量显著高于对照组的感染一方 (t=3 .591,P <0 .0 1)、而CD4细胞计数和CD4 CD8比值均显著低于对照组的感染一方 (t=2 .767,P <0 .0 5;t =6.0 6,P <0 .0 5)。结论　中国中部地区有稳定婚姻的夫妻中HIV异性性传播的     

头孢拉定致肉眼血尿11例临床分析

我院自 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 2年因小儿呼吸道感染应用头孢拉定静滴 ,有 11例发生肉眼血尿 ,现报告如下。临床资料1　一般资料发生血尿的 11例患儿中 ,男 8例 ,女 3例 ;1～ 5岁 4例 ,6～ 9岁 5例 ,10～ 12岁 2例。基础疾病为 :急性咽炎、急性扁桃体炎 7例 ,急性支气管炎 3例 ,急性支气管肺炎 1例。 11例原均无肾脏疾病史。头孢拉定常规用药剂量、浓度、滴速 :5 0～ 10 0ｍｇ/(ｋｇ·ｄ) ,一般用药剂量 5 0～ 80ｍｇ/(ｋｇ·ｄ) ,每日分 1～次静滴 ,用 5 %葡萄糖液或生理盐水稀释 ,浓度小于每毫升 10ｍｇ ,输液速度平均每分钟每公斤体重 1～ 1 2…     

两种戊型肝炎IgM抗体诊断试剂的比较

目的 比较两种戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)IgM抗体诊断试剂的可靠性.方法 用北京万泰抗HEV-IgM抗体(万泰-IgM)和新加坡MP抗HEV-IgM抗体(MP-IgM)诊断试剂、北京万泰抗HEV-IgG抗体诊断试剂检测92例健康体检者、71例可疑戊型肝炎患者、55例确诊急性戊型肝炎患者、50例类风湿因子(RF)阳性患者、54例抗甲型肝炎病毒(HAV)-IgM阳性者的相应HEV抗体.逆转录聚合酶链反应法(RT-PCR)检测部分可疑戊型肝炎患者的HEV RNA.结果 检测可疑戊型肝炎患者、急性戊型肝炎患者及健康体检者时万泰-IgM、MP-IgM符合率为73.39%(160/218),阳性率差异无统计学意义[46.79%(102/218)比44.04%(96/218),χ2=0.62,P＞0.05].在检测可疑戊型肝炎患者时,万泰-IgM诊断HEV急性感染的敏感性(83.08%,54/65)比MP-IgM(78.46%,51/65)高,但差异没有统计学意义(χ2=0.16,P＞0.05).HEV RNA阳性(35例)的可疑戊型肝炎患者中,万泰-IgM检测敏感度(97.14%,34/35)也明显比MP-IgM(74.29%,26/35)高,差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.9,P＜0.05).55例确诊的急性戊型肝炎患者中,万泰-IgM的敏感度(87.27%,48/55)显著高于MP-IgM(67.27%,37/55),差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.0,P＜0.05).万泰-IgM诊断HEV急性感染的特异度(100.00%,202/202)比MP-IgM(89.11%,180/202)好,差异有统计学意义(χ2=20.05,P＜0.005).RF、抗HAV-IgM阳性时会引起MP-IgM假阳性,但不干扰万泰-IgM结果.结论 万泰-IgM试剂是良好的急性戊型肝炎诊断试剂.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.