肠内营养支持对糖尿病患者围手术期血糖水平的影响

目的 了解肠内营养支持对围手术期糖尿病患者血糖水平及营养状况的影响。方法 将38例围手术期糖尿病病人分成对照组和实验组,两组病人术前均按糖尿病的营养治疗原则予饮食。术后开禁后对照组根据胃肠耐受性逐步选用流质、半流或普食。实验组口服补充含4%膳食纤维的糖尿病人专用型营养膳。两组病人能量摄入维持在84~105kj/kg?d。结果 对照组与实验组患者术前空腹血糖分别为7.2±1.3mmol/L和7.2±1.6mmol/L,组间无显著性差异。术后第8天实验组空腹血糖水平为7.6±1.1mmol/L,显著性低于对照组（8.8±1.8mmol/L）。术后第8天实验组血清前白蛋白、血淋巴细胞总数均较营养治疗前显著增高,且显著性高于对照组。实验组患者术后感染的发生率显著低于对照组。所有病例术后均无出现低血糖、酮症酸中毒等并发症。结论 糖尿病围手术期患者给予合理的营养支持可有效控制血糖,改善营养状况,促进病人术后伤口的愈合,防止感染并发症的发生。     

改良TLIF治疗腰椎退变合并腰椎间盘突出症的疗效观察

目的 探讨改良经椎间孔腰椎椎间融合术（Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,TLIF）治疗腰椎退变合并腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效。方法 对2018年1月-2022年1月收治的腰椎退变合并腰椎间盘突出症患者48例,采用改良TLIF治疗,记录围术期相关指标及并发症发生情况,术前、术后1周、3个月、1年,采用视觉模拟评分（VAS）对疼痛进行评估及Oswestry功能主要障碍发展指数（ODI）,比较术前及术后1年MRI椎旁肌脂肪浸润程度及肌面积。结果 所有患者均完成手术,手术时间（130.29±12.28) min,术中出血量（160.59±17.14) mL,引流量（138.39±19.24) mL,术后至下床活动时间（8.24±2.20） d。术中发生硬膜损伤1例,慢性腰背痛1例,无切口感染。术后1周、3个月及1年VAS评分和ODI评分均显著降低,差异具有统计学意义(P <0.05)。术后1年椎旁肌脂肪浸润程度及肌面积与术前比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05)。结论 改良TLIF术治疗腰椎退变合并腰椎间盘突出症能获得良好的临床疗效,手术损...     

非重度肥胖2型糖尿病的外科治疗（附200例报告）

目的 探讨全腹腔镜胃旁路术（laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery,LGBP）治疗非重度肥胖2型糖尿病（type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM）的临床疗效.方法 2009年7月至2012年5月实施LGBP的200例非重度肥胖T2DM[25 kg/m2≤术前体重指数（BMI）＜35 kg/m2]患者,监测其术前、术后的空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、空腹C肽,并进行统计学分析.结果 LGBP术后1年空腹血糖由术前的（8.95±0.52） mmol/L降为（6.01±0.31） mmol/L,餐后2 h血糖由术前的（15.55±1.30） mmol/L降为（9.02±0.61） mmol/L,糖化血红蛋白由术前的（8.23±0.37）%降为（5.35±0.45）%,三者均有不同程度的下降,差异均有统计学意义（P值均＜0.05）.而餐后血糖下降比空腹血糖快、显著,空腹C肽水平变化不明显.结论 LGBP治疗非重度肥胖T2DM近期疗效明显,术后餐后血糖、空腹血糖的改善不同步,预示其机制可能不完全相同.LGBP是一种微创、安全、有效的外科治疗糖尿病的方法,其远期疗效有待于进一步随访.     

合并糖尿病的腹部手术病人89例治疗分析

目的　探讨合并糖尿病的腹部手术病人的外科治疗措施。方法　对我院普外科 1 991年～ 2 0 0 2年治疗的 89例合并糖尿病的腹部手术病人作回顾性分析。结果　 89例中 ,择期手术 6 8例 ,限期手术 1 3例 ,术前空腹血糖控制在 6 .7～ 1 0 .0mmol/L ;急诊手术 8例 ,术前空腹血糖 8.3～ 1 3.9mmol/L。术中血糖控制在 8.3～ 1 3.9mmol/L ,术后血糖控制在 7.8mmol/L以下。术后并发症发生率 :切口感染 3例 ,肺部感染 2例 ,泌尿系感染 1例 ,左下肢深静脉血栓形成 2例。无酮症酸中毒 ,无死亡病例。结论　合并糖尿病病人的腹部手术只要围手术期严格控制血糖、作好必要的肠道准备、选择合理的手术时间及麻醉方式完全可以达到理想的外科治疗效果     

多节段经椎间孔椎体间融合三种引流方式比较

[目的]比较多节段经椎间孔椎体间融合（transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion, TLIF） 3种引流方式临床疗效。[方法]2019年7月—2021年6月在本科行TLIF治疗的多节段腰椎退变104例患者采用随机数字表法分为三组，于TLIF术后分别给予3种引流，其中，34例行间断负压引流，37例行持续负压引流，33例行常压引流。比较三组早期及随访结果。[结果]所有患者均顺利完成手术，三组手术时间、术中出血量差异无统计学意义（P>0.05），持续负压组第1 d和术后总引流量，以及引流管留置时间显著大于其他两组（P<0.05）；常压组伤口敷料渗血次数显著多于其他两组（P<0.05）。随时间推移。三组患者腿痛VAS评分、ODI评分、JOA评分均显著改善（P<0.05），相应时间点，三组间上述评分的差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。[结论]多节段TLIF术后采用间断负压引流可以明显减少引流量和伤口渗血，缩短引流时间，是一种安全有效的方式。     

糖尿病患者初次全膝置换围手术期安全性及效果评价

 目的 探讨糖尿病患者初次行全膝关节置换（total knee arthroplasty, TKA）时围手术期应注意的问题及其临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析2012年1月至2012年12月接受TKA的148例（168膝）糖尿病患者资料,男32例（36膝）,女116例（132膝）;年龄49～80岁,平均（67.2±8.1）岁;骨关节炎136例,类风湿关节炎12例。患者均存在跛行和膝关节疼痛。116膝术前存在不同程度的畸形。患者入院时空腹血糖平均（10.1±4.9） mmol/L,尿糖 (-) ～ ( +++ )。经口服降糖药或注射胰岛素,待患者空腹血糖＜7.8 mmol/L,餐后2 h血糖＜10 mmol/L时行TKA。结果 患者术前空腹血糖平均（7.2±1.2） mmol/L,餐后2 h血糖平均（11.0±1.8） mmo/L。手术时间平均（72±19） min,术后引流量平均（213.1±101.0） ml,总失血量平均（771.4±97.2） ml。12例患者输血,输血率8.1%（12/148）。术后下肢血管彩超示5例患者小腿肌间静脉形成血栓,但无一例形成深静脉血栓。随访时间6.1～14.4个月,平均（9.4±2.9）个月。末次随访时,无一例发生假体松动、移位或翻修。美国纽约特种外科医院膝关节评分由术前的平均（38.8±14.3）分提高到术后（92.1±6.1）分,其中优120例,良48例;优良率为100%。膝关节活动范围由术前的平均77.2°±19.3°增加到术后109.9°±11.1°。无一例发生深部感染。结论 糖尿病患者初次行TKA时,如围手术期全面评估心肺情况,积极预防深静脉血栓形成和感染,则早期临床疗效满意,并无更高的感染和深静脉血栓形成风险。     

腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路手术治疗肥胖症和2型糖尿病

目的 探讨腹腔镜Roux-en-Y胃旁路手术（LRYGB）治疗肥胖症和（或）2型糖尿病的可行性及疗效.方法 对21例单纯性肥胖症及9例2型糖尿病患者施行LRYGB,观察肥胖症患者体质量、BMI、超重体质量减少率（EWL%）改善情况;观察糖尿病患者术后的空腹血糖和口服葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTT）变化情况;观察全组患者手术时间、术中出血量、术后恢复、术后并发症情况.结果 本组30例皆成功完成手术,无中转开放手术者,手术时间110～270（平均168）min.术中出血量10～75（平均24.0）ml.本组21例单纯性肥胖症患者术前体质量及BMI分别为（97.2±15.0）kg和35.3±3.5;术后随访2个月至5年,术后1个月体质量及BMI即显著下降[（85.1±10.1）kg和31.2±2.2,均P〈0.01],至术后2～3年降至最低水平[（66.8±9.2）kg和24.3±1.1],之后维持在此水平;EWL%则相应增高（均P〈0.05）.9例2型糖尿病患者术前空腹血糖及OGTT 2 h血糖分别为（12.6±2.6）mmol/L和（17.8±4.1）mmol/L;术后随访3～8个月,空腹血糖及OGTT2 h血糖均显著下降[（5.9±1.4）mmol/L和（7.8±1.4）mmol/L,均P〈0.05];其中合并肥胖症的4例患者BMI明显降低（P〈0.05）,而5例未合并肥胖症者BMI无明显变化（P〉0.05）.本组30例患者中5例（16.7%）术后出现并发症,其中1例因急性暴发性胰腺炎死亡外,1例因肠系膜裂孔疝致肠梗阻行再次手术治愈,余3例均经保守治疗治愈.结论 LRYGB治疗肥胖症和（或）2型糖尿病手术安全可行,术后近期减重和（或）降糖效果显著.     

糖尿病骨折28例诊治分析

目的:探讨糖尿病(DM)骨折患者围手术期处理及对骨折手术的可行性.方法:回顾分析21例接受手术的DM骨折的血糖调控和并存疾病的术前诊治,术后伤口愈合情况和术后并发症、骨折愈合情况.结果:DM骨折术前应用胰岛素将血糖控制到目标值(空腹血糖6.0～8.0 mmol/L,餐后血糖8.0～11.1 mmol/L),发现DM骨折患者14例有并存病,15例存在并发症,通过术前对症及改善微循环、营养支持,大多能耐受手术,手术切口甲级愈合90%,发生局部感染2例,内固定松动1例,股骨头坏死2例,出现1例术后肺感染.结论:有效的平稳控制患者的血糖,合理的治疗糖尿病的相关疾病,严格控制感染,完善围手术期处理是防止术后并发症和确保手术成功的关键.     

袖状胃切除间置回肠的十二指肠空肠旁路手术治疗非肥胖型2型糖尿病

目的 评价袖状胃切除间置回肠的十二指肠空肠旁路手术对非肥胖型2型糖尿病的治疗效果.方法 对符合纳入标准的非肥胖型2型糖尿病患者41例实施袖状胃切除间置回肠的十二指肠空肠旁路手术.观察术前及术后1、3、6个月患者的空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白、空腹胰岛素、空腹C肽、胰岛素抵抗指数(Homa-IR)、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白的变化及糖尿病并发症的缓解情况.结果 对本组41例患者平均随访时间9.6个月(6～21个月).95％的患者术后糖化血红蛋白＜7％,不需任何降糖药物.78％的患者糖化血红蛋白＜6％.空腹血糖从术前的(9.7±0.4) mmol/L降至术后的(6.2±0.3)mmol/L(P＜0.01);糖化血红蛋白从术前的8.1％±1.4％降至术后的5.8％±0.6％(P＜0.01);餐后2h血糖从术前的(13.6±0.7) mmol/L降至术后的(10.6±0.2) mmol/L(P＜0.01);Homa-IR从术前的4.8±1.3降至术后的1.2±0.4(P＜0.01);空腹C肽从术前的(3.3±1.7) ng/ml升至术后的(4.9±0.2) ng/ml(P ＜0.01);空腹胰岛素从术前的(10.2±1.4) mlu/L升至术后的(15.6±0.7) mlu/L(P ＜0.01)L;甘油三酯从术前的(3.1±0.5) mmol/L降至术后的(1.9±0.4) mmol/L(P ＜0.01);高密度脂蛋白从术前的(1.2±0.2) mmol/L升至术后的(1.9±0.8) mmol/L(P ＜0.01);低密度脂蛋白从术前的(3.5±0.3)mmol/L降至术后的(2.4±0.6)mmol/L(P＜0.01).7例合并高血压患者中3例的血压得到控制.78％(21/27例)患者的尿微量白蛋白得到缓解.53％(8/15例)患者的糖尿病视网膜病变得到改善.结论 袖状胃切除间置回肠的十二指肠空肠旁路手术治疗非肥胖型2型糖尿病短期效果良好.     

微创与开放经椎间孔椎体间融合术治疗腰椎单节段退行性疾病的临床疗效比较

【摘要】目的：对比微创经椎间孔椎体间融合术（minimal invasive posterior transforminal lumbar interbody fusion,MIS-TLIF）与开放经椎间孔椎体间融合术（open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,open TLIF）治疗单节段腰椎退行性疾病的椎间融合率及临床疗效,评价MIS-TLIF治疗腰椎退行性疾病的安全性及有效性。方法：回顾性研究单节段腰椎退行性疾病患者48例,22例采用MIS-TLIF治疗,其中男7例,女15例,手术时年龄26～65岁,平均49.4±12.1岁;26例采用open TLIF治疗,其中男11例,女15例,手术时年龄27～70岁,平均50.7±11.8岁。比较两组的手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量,分别采用visual analogue scores（VAS）、Oswestry disability index（ODI）、Japanese Orthopedic Association scores（JOA）评价两组治疗效果,并采用X线及CT三维重建比较两组椎间植骨融合率。结果：两组患者年龄、性别、吸烟史、BMI、手术节段均无显著差异。术前MIS-TLIF组VAS腰痛评分、VAS腿痛评分、ODI评分、JOA评分分别为4.9±2.5分、6.6±2.4分、23.3±10.2分和14.7±5.8分;open TLIF组分别为5.4±2.2分、6.0±2.8分、23.8±9.0分和3.6±4.8分,组间比较无显著差异（P＞0.05）。MIS-TLIF组手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量分别为235.8±46.3min、198.6±81.6ml和115.7±74.5ml;open TLIF组分别为127.8±45.8min、350.0±143.6ml和494.7±243.9ml。MIS-TLIF组手术时间长于open TLIF组（P＜0.05）,而术中出血量及术后引流量MIS-TLIF组均明显低于open TLIF组（P＜0.05）。平均随访时间1年（6个月~2年）,术后3个月内腰痛VAS评分MIS-TLIF组改善较明显,3个月以后VAS评分两组相比无显著差异（P＞0.05）。术后3个月、6个月及末次随访两组ODI、JOA评分相比无显著差异（P＞0.05）。末次随访时,行CT三维重建判定椎间融合率,MIS-TLIF组椎间融合率81.8%（18/22）,open TLIF组椎间融合率为92.3%（24/26）,两组间无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。均无神经损伤、脑脊液漏、感染等并发症发生。结论：MIS-TLIF治疗单节段腰椎退行性病变,可获得与open TLIF相同的临床疗效及植骨融合率,并且出血量、引流量较少,具有较高的安全性。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.