儿童过敏性鼻炎的流行病学

过敏性鼻炎(allergic rhinitis,AR)是儿童常见的慢性疾病之一。经全球流行病学调查,不同年龄段、不同地区之间的儿童AR患病率都有差异,AR患病率整体呈现缓慢增加的趋势。但不同地区过敏原种类分布不一,在欧美及我国新疆地区,以植物类为主要过敏原;我国其他地区则以螨类为主要过敏原。     

复旦大学附属儿科医院2413例过敏性鼻炎患儿过敏原筛查结果分析

目的　了解过敏性鼻炎（allergic rhinitis,AR）患儿的过敏原,为儿童AR的预防和治疗提供依据。方法　采用免疫印迹法对2013年1月至2018年7月就诊于复旦大学附属儿科医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科的2413例AR患儿进行过敏原检测并进行分析。结果　吸入性过敏原前4位分别为户尘螨（49.52%）、混合霉菌（23.62%）、狗毛（17.99%）、屋尘（15.54%）。食入性过敏原前4位分别为牛奶（46.54%）、鸡蛋（22.92%）、腰果（19.10%）、螃蟹（9.45%）。部分AR患儿（46.33%）同时存在吸入性及食入性过敏。男女患儿过敏原阳性率比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。随着年龄增长,儿童的吸入性过敏原阳性率逐渐增加,食入性过敏原阳性率逐渐降低。结论　儿童吸入性过敏原以尘螨及混合霉菌为主,食入性过敏原以牛奶及鸡蛋为主,过敏原检测有助于了解患儿的过敏状态。     

复旦大学附属儿科医院2413例过敏性鼻炎患儿过敏原筛查结果分析

目的了解过敏性鼻炎(allergic rhinitis,AR)患儿的过敏原,为儿童AR的预防和治疗提供依据。方法采用免疫印迹法对2013年1月至2018年7月就诊于复旦大学附属儿科医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科的2413例AR患儿进行过敏原检测并进行分析。结果吸入性过敏原前4位分别为户尘螨(49.52%)、混合霉菌(23.62%)、狗毛(17.99%)、屋尘(15.54%)。食入性过敏原前4位分别为牛奶(46.54%)、鸡蛋(22.92%)、腰果(19.10%)、螃蟹(9.45%)。部分AR患儿(46.33%)同时存在吸入性及食入性过敏。男女患儿过敏原阳性率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。随着年龄增长,儿童的吸入性过敏原阳性率逐渐增加,食入性过敏原阳性率逐渐降低。结论儿童吸入性过敏原以尘螨及混合霉菌为主,食入性过敏原以牛奶及鸡蛋为主,过敏原检测有助于了解患儿的过敏状态。     

温州地区儿童血清特异性过敏原检测的临床意义

目的了解温州地区不同年龄组儿童哮喘及过敏性疾病的过敏原状况,以指导临床防治。方法采用体外过敏原检测系统(法玛西亚CAP系统)对我院呼吸科门诊及住院患儿468例进行过敏原特异性IgE(sIgE)抗体检测,将所有受检儿童分为婴幼儿、学龄前、学龄期3组,对过敏原状况进行分析比较。结果哮喘发病主要集中于学龄前和婴幼儿期,过敏性鼻炎主要发生于学龄儿童;各种过敏性疾病中过敏性鼻炎sIgE阳性检出率最高,其次是哮喘和过敏性咳嗽;婴幼儿以食物过敏为主,较大年龄儿童以吸入性过敏为主,学龄前儿童两者均可发生;温州地区吸入性过敏原以尘螨为主,食入性以虾为主;在螨sIgE阳性者中哮喘比率最高,其次是过敏性鼻炎和过敏性咳嗽。结论螨及虾是温州地区儿童最常见过敏原。哮喘应在婴幼儿及学龄前期及早进行针对性防治,体外血清过敏原特异性抗体检测CAP系统是婴幼儿及学龄前儿童过敏原检测的方法之一。     

儿童普通感冒与变应性鼻炎早期识别和诊治专家共识

正普通感冒和变应性鼻炎(allergic rhinitis,AR)均是儿童常见病、多发病。多数儿童每年可发生3~8次普通感冒,10%~15%的儿童可多达12次~([1])。我国儿童AR的患病率约为7.83%~20.42%~([2,3])。普通感冒大多是由病毒感染所致的急性鼻部和咽部炎症,而AR是由过敏原刺激引发的鼻部疾病,这两种疾病常表现有相似的鼻部症状,包括流涕、鼻塞及喷嚏等,且     

哮喘儿童体外过敏原抗体280例调查研究

目的了解东莞市哮喘儿童过敏原分布情况。方法（1）问卷调查；（2）用UniCAP100全自动检测仪、荧光免疫检测法、体外检测哮喘组及肺炎组（对照组）患儿血清过敏原抗体。吸人性过敏原筛查包括：螨及屋尘螨、粉尘螨等。食人性过敏原筛查（FX5E）：主要为牛奶、鸡蛋、虾、螃蟹、鱼等。结果吸人性过敏原筛查：肺炎组受检296例患儿中，阳性为75例（25．33％）；哮喘组受检280例患儿中，阳性为230例（82．14％）。食人性过敏原筛查：肺炎组受检296例患儿中，阳性为45例（15．20％）；哮喘组受检280例中，阳性为142例（50．71％）。哮喘组与肺炎组间吸人性过敏原、食人性过敏原差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。哮喘组对尘螨呈高敏感趋势，而且阳性率随年龄增长而增长，呈正相关关系。哮喘组对食人性过敏原较为敏感者，主要是对海鲜类过敏，其次为常见蔬果过敏。结论本组受检哮喘儿童吸人性过敏原中，主要过敏原为尘螨。而且阳性率及过敏反应程度随年龄的增长而增长，呈正相关关系。部分哮喘儿童对海鲜类食物过敏，其次是对常见蔬果类过敏。     

上海嘉定地区儿童过敏原调查及过敏原与支气管哮喘的相关性

目的：分析上海嘉定地区过敏原及其与支气管哮喘发生的相关性。方法：上海嘉定南翔医院382 例4~12岁缓解期支气管哮喘患儿作为病例组（哮喘组）,采用整群随机法抽取上海嘉定地区2所学校和2所幼儿园402例4~10岁儿童（普查组）作为对照,对儿童家庭生活状况及过敏性疾病患病情况进行问卷调查,并进行18种常见过敏原皮肤点刺试验（SPT）。普查组按出生地分为移居组（219例）和常住组（183例）,分析家庭生活环境与SPT阳性率的相关性。结果：嘉定地区儿童过敏原主要为：粉尘螨、户尘螨、海虾、蟑螂、狗毛。哮喘组SPT阳性率为67.9%,显著高于普查组（31.8%）,二者差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。移居组家庭生活环境与常住组有明显差异（P＜0.01）,移居组SPT阳性率明显低于常住组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）。结论：上海嘉定地区儿童主要过敏原为粉尘螨、户尘螨、海虾、蟑螂、狗毛;哮喘儿童对过敏原更具易感性;儿童生活环境与SPT阳性率存在一定相关性。     

四种过敏性皮肤病患儿血清过敏原特异性IgE结果分析

目的 研究常见过敏性皮肤病患儿血清过敏原的种类和分布,为临床预防和诊治提供依据.方法 采用德国MEDIWISS过敏原体外检测系统,对1318例过敏性皮肤病患儿的特异性IgE含量进行检测.结果 709例过敏性皮肤病患儿血清特异性IgE检出为阳性,阳性率为53.79％.1岁以下儿童以湿疹为主,幼儿组和学龄前组儿童过敏性皮肤病以荨麻疹和湿疹为主;学龄组儿童以过敏性紫癜和荨麻疹为主.不同季节里各过敏性皮肤病患儿血清特异性IgE检测有统计学差异.结论 不同年龄、不同季节之间过敏性皮肤病患儿的血清过敏原分布不同,临床可通过血清过敏原检测为过敏性皮肤病患儿提供防治依据.     

上海嘉定地区支气管哮喘儿童常见过敏原分析

目的 探讨上海嘉定地区儿童哮喘的致敏原以及哮喘患儿年龄与过敏原的相关性.方法 351例哮喘儿童按年龄分组,用15种标准化的吸入性过敏原和食物性过敏原点刺液对所有患儿进行皮肤点刺试验,观察阳性率及不同年龄组过敏原情况.结果 (1)哮喘患儿吸入性过敏原阳性率为71.2%,其排序依次为粉尘螨(49.6%)、屋尘螨(49.0%...     

中国儿童过敏原检测临床应用专家共识(2021版)

儿童过敏性疾病发病率呈逐年上升趋势,罹患哮喘、过敏性鼻炎和湿疹等过敏性疾病不仅降低了儿童生活质量,而且增加家庭与社会的经济负担。过敏原检测可以明确致敏变应原,为个体化管理过敏性疾病提供依据。常用的过敏原检测方法包括过敏原皮肤点刺试验和血清特异性IgE检测。不同过敏原检测方法的适应证及其结果判断在儿科临床亟待规范。本共识以儿童过敏原检测相关的临床常见问题为导向,查阅相关文献,经多学科临床专家通过德尔菲投票方法达成共识,形成10个临床问题的推荐建议。     

《儿童过敏性鼻炎诊疗——临床实践指南》治疗部分解读

中国医师协会儿科医师分会儿童耳鼻咽喉专业委员会撰写了适合国内情况的《儿童过敏性鼻炎诊疗--临床实践指南》。该文主要对这一指南的治疗部分进行解读。儿童过敏性鼻炎的诊断标准应根据患儿家族史和典型过敏病史、临床表现以及与其一致的过敏原检测结果来制定;儿童过敏性鼻炎的治疗需要防治结合,治疗原则包括环境控制、药物治疗、免疫治疗和健康教育。     

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??Objective To understand the trend of inhaled allergen positive rate among 0-12-year-old children from 2006 to 2013 in Chongqing Children’s Hospital??and to provide evidence for preventing allergic rhinitis in children. Methods??All cases were collected from Otorhinolaryngological Department of the Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from 1st January??2006 to 29th October??2013. Totally 10983 children with allergic rhinitis aged 0-12 years old in Chongqing urban districts were enrolled. All the patients underwent skin prick test??SPT?? with 13 standardized common inhalant allergens. Then the children were divided into the infants group??aged??3 years????preschool children??3 years≤aged??7 years?? and school-age children??7 years≤aged??12 years?? according to age. The trend of inhaled allergen positive rate over 8 years was observed. Results From 2006 to 2013??the SPT positive rate increased sharply??then tended to be stable??and then decreased slowly??Curve Estimation??R 2??0.836??adjustment R 2??0.770. ANOVA test??F??12.727??P??0.011??. It may be related to meteorological factors. With the growth of age??the positive rates of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus??Dermatophagus farinae??Blomia tropicalis??Cockroaches??cat fur??dog fur and mugwort increased??which were 121.200??123.060??103.237??104.784??17.042??8.515 and 11.256??respectively????P was 0.000??0.000??0.000??0.000??0.000??0.014 and 0.004??respectively??. Conclusion ??Meteorological factors and age may have effects on allergic rhinitis??AR?? in children??with the growth of age??the positive rates of inhaled allergens have tendency variation.     

儿童过敏性鼻炎的特异性免疫治疗

特异性免疫治疗（AIT）是目前惟一可能改变儿童过敏性鼻炎（AR）自然病程的治疗方法,在取得了良好临床疗效的同时减少了AR患儿的药物用量,提高了生活质量。预防AR进展到哮喘,并减少新的变应原过敏。针对AIT产生的新方法、新技术的目的是缩短达到免疫耐受的时间,提高患儿依从性,增强治疗的安全性,并尽可能的降低治疗负担。该文对AR患儿AIT临床进展进行综述。     

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目的比较3~14岁哮喘和变应性鼻炎患儿吸入性致敏原分布特征的异同。方法2004-10—2005-10,北京儿童医院对527例哮喘和620例变应性鼻炎患儿进行吸入性致敏原皮肤点刺试验(skin prick test,SPT),分析比较检出阳性的致敏原在两组病例中的分布特征。结果哮喘和变应性鼻炎患儿SPT阳性检出率分别为77·8%和78·9%(χ2=0·823,P>0·05)。户尘螨、粉尘螨、交链孢霉、猫上皮、艾蒿是两种疾病主要致敏原。哮喘患儿户尘螨、粉尘螨、混合霉菌的阳性率分别为64·6%、59·8%、8·8%,均高于变应性鼻炎患儿(49·5%、47·9%、3·9%,均P<0·05)。变应性鼻炎患儿杂草花粉和艾蒿的阳性率分别为25·6%、26·0%,均高于哮喘患儿(19·3%、19·3%,均P<0·05)。40·2%的哮喘和46·2%的变应性鼻炎为单致敏原阳性。尘螨霉菌混合致敏及尘螨宠物混合致敏在哮喘和变应性鼻炎中最为常见。结论尘螨、霉菌、夏秋季花粉和宠物是3~14岁哮喘和变应性鼻炎患儿主要吸入性致敏原,两病具有相似的致敏原分布特征,但尘螨及霉菌过敏多见于哮喘,夏秋季花粉过敏多见于变应性鼻炎。     

吸入变应原sIgE在不同气道过敏性疾病儿童中的分布特征

目的了解不同气道过敏性疾病患儿吸入变应原血清特异性Ig E(slg E)的分布特征。方法应用Uni CAP250变应原定量Ig E检测系统的荧光酶联免疫法,对256例3~14岁气道过敏疾病患儿测定9种常见吸入变应原的血清slg E。256例患儿按临床诊断分为:变应性鼻炎组(简称"鼻炎组",37例)、支气管哮喘组(简称"哮喘组",82例)和变应性鼻炎合并支气管哮喘组(简称"鼻炎并哮喘组",137例)。比较3组患儿9种吸入变应原阳性检出率的分布差异,并比较3组患儿变应原致敏级别和致敏种类数的差异。结果哮喘组、鼻炎组和鼻炎并哮喘组患儿吸入变应原血清s Ig E的阳性检出率分别为57.3%(47/82)、86.5%(32/37)、82.5%(113/137),3组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。哮喘组、鼻炎组、鼻炎并哮喘组患儿常见变应原均依次为霉菌类(32.9%、54.1%、48.9%)、尘螨类(30.5%、45.9%、46.0%)、花粉类(26.8%、35.1%、32.8%)、宠物类(12.2%、27.0%、18.2%)、蟑螂(9.8%、5.4%、5.8%)。鼻炎组和鼻炎并哮喘组患儿霉菌混合的阳性检出率均高于哮喘组,差异有统计学意义(均P0.0166)。3组患儿9种变应原的致敏级别和致敏种类数比较差异无统计学意义。结论支气管哮喘、变应性鼻炎或二者合并患儿前3位吸入变应原均依次是霉菌类、尘螨类、花粉类;与支气管哮喘相比,霉菌致敏可能与变应性鼻炎关系更密切;这3种常见气道过敏性疾病吸入变应原的致敏分布具有相似性。     

The relationship among markers of allergy, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczemain Costa Rica

The association between allergy markers and asthma and allergic rhinitis is stronger in countries with a Western lifestyle than in rural areas of Africa and Asia. We examined the relationship among allergy markers, asthma, rhinitis, and eczema in a case-control study of 198 schoolchildren, 10–13 years of age, living in Costa Rica, a Latin American country. The geometric mean total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) level in subjects with and without asthma was 465.0 and 143.0 IU/ml, respectively (difference = 322 IU/ml, 95% CI = 141.8–616.1 IU/ml, p < 0.001), and that in subjects with and without allergic rhinitis was 442.5 and 144.3 IU/ml, respectively (difference = 298.2 IU/ml, 95% CI = 125.7–581.0 IU/ml, p < 0.001). After adjusting for age, gender, and skin test reactivity to allergens, we found a linear relationship between serum total IgE level and the log odds ratio (OR) of having asthma. In a multivariate analysis, there was a linear relationship between skin test reactivity to allergens and the log OR of having allergic rhinitis. The OR of having allergic rhinitis was almost three times higher in children who had four positive skin tests than in non-reactors. Skin test reactivity to greater than five aeroallergens was an independent predictor of eczema in a multivariate analysis (OR = 3.1, 95% CI = 1.1–8.4). Although the geometric mean total serum IgE levels of Costa Rican children with either asthma or allergic rhinitis are higher than those of children with asthma or allergic rhinitis in most industrialized countries, the relationship among markers of allergy, asthma, rhinitis, and eczema in Costa Rica is similar to that found in countries with a Western lifestyle and different from that found in rural areas of Asia and Africa.     

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??Abstract?? Objective To investigate if there is an association between caesarean section and allergic rhinitis as well as asthma in Suzhou children and whether the association is affected by family history of allergies. Methods This study was based on the epidemiological investigation of asthma among children aged 0-14 years from Pingjiang area of Suzhou city in 2010. From 540 asthmatic children we selected 427 children aged 5 to 14 years?? 290 males and 137 females ?? the average age being ??8.46±2.3??years. Another 427 non-asthmatic children were chosen by 1:1 matching by the same sex and age with the asthma children ?? A total of 854 cases were chosen as the study population??Then analyze the survey data by using Chi-square test and Logistic regression analysis. Results Of the 854 children?? 388 were delivered by cesarean section??allergic rhinitis 158 cases??asthma 191 cases?? and 466 by vaginal??allergic rhinitis 146 cases??asthma 236 cases????After adjusting for potential confounders??caesarean section was associated with an increased risk of allergic rhinitis??OR=1.66??95%CI 1.21??2.29????Specifically??while approximately 2.6-fold higher odds of allergic rhinitis was observed in children with a family history of allergies??OR=2.58??95%CI 1.46??4.56????no association was observed in children without a family history of allergies??OR=1.42??95%CI 0.95??2.13????Children born by cesarean section had no higher risk of asthma than those delivered vaginally??OR=0.91??95%CI 0.68??1.22??. Conclusion The association of caesarean section and allergic rhinitis appears more remarkable in children with family history of allergies??However??caesarean section is not associated with asthma in childhood.     

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??Objective??To observe the clinical characteristics and prognosis of children with IgE-related food allergy??Methods??The study was enrolled 174 children with food allergy in Beijing Children Hospital between March 2012 and November 2013. All patients were given treatment of avoid allergic food and filled out the standard questionnaire and followed up . Results??The sIgE positive rates of milk and eggs were higher than other food??were 66.1% and 27.6%. Mildly sensitive to milk was 65.5%??moderately sensitive to chicken protein was 5.2%. Main clinical manifestations of children with food allergy were vary in different age groups . In the infant group, diarrhea was the main manifestation??51.3%????and in the toddler group??vomiting was the main manifestation??37.5%??. In the school age and adolescence group??abdominal pain was the main manifestation??43.5%??. The severity of diarrhea are not connected with the types and concentration of allergens IgE. The results of follow-up analysis showed that patients of milk sIgE 2 level??7.54±5.1?? months need more longer time to acquire tolerance than sIgE 1 level??3.50±3.53?? months. Conclusion??Milk and eggs are the main allergens. The gastrointestinal symptoms of children with IgE-related food allergy were different with age. Children with high concentration of milk specific IgE is not easy to acquire food tolerance. The concentration of milk specific IgE had certain predictive value for the patient’s tolerance.     

儿童变态反应性疾病过敏原3 504例调查分析

目的：了解儿童变态反应性疾病的过敏原状况,以便于有针对性的预防和治疗。方法：对3 504例各种变态反应性疾病患儿,采用UniCAP100系统检测血清fx5E（食物筛查试验）或Phadiatop（环境吸入性筛查试验）,及血清特异性IgE。结果：过敏性鼻炎、过敏性结膜炎、哮喘及丘疹性荨麻疹患儿的血清环境吸入性变应原阳性率明显高于食物性变应原,而过敏性紫癜及消化道疾病患儿的食物性变应原阳性率明显高于环境吸入性变应原。环境吸入性特异性IgE水平较高,屋尘、户尘螨、粉尘螨大部分达到6级,食物性特异性IgE水平较低,均在3级以下。结论：不同的儿童变态反应疾病的食物和环境吸入过敏原有显著差异,环境吸入性特异性IgE水平较食物性特异性IgE高。［中国当代儿科杂志,2010,12（9）：720-722］