阿尔茨海默病伴精神行为异常临床研究

目的分析比较美金刚、喹硫平、氟哌啶醇治疗阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer′s disease,AD)患者精神行为症状(BPSD)的疗效、不良反应及对认知功能的影响。方法将90例伴有精神行为异常的AD患者随机分配到美金刚组、喹硫平组、氟哌啶醇组,各组在基础治疗上分别加用美金刚、喹硫平、氟哌啶醇治疗。观察12周。采用痴呆行为量表(BEHAVE-AD)评价精神行为症状,简易智能状态检查(MMSE)判定认知功能,副反应量表(TESS)评估患者的药物不良反应。结果治疗后3组间BEHAVE-AD评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);美金刚组MMSE评分优于其他2组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不良反应方面:氟哌啶醇组>喹硫平组>美金刚组。结论美金刚治疗AD患者的精神行为异常方面与喹硫平、氟哌啶醇相当,在一定程度上改善患者认知,不良反应少,在临床选药方面,有一定的参考价值。     

喹硫平联合氯硝西泮治疗精神分裂症急性兴奋疗效观察

目的比较喹硫平联合氯硝西泮与典型抗精神病药氟哌啶醇治疗精神分裂症患者伴有兴奋激越的疗效与不良反应。方法将符合CCMD-3诊断标；住的精神分裂症住院患者，随机进入喹硫平联合氯硝西沣组和氟哌啶醇组．观察28天。以阳性与阴性症状量表评估疗效，以副反应量表评估不良反应。结果合用组和氟哌啶醇组在治疗后7天、14天的PANSS和兴奋因子评分与治疗前比较均P〈0．05，28天时P〈0．01差异显著；而合用组与氟哌啶醇组间评分比较，P〉0.05无统计学差异。合用组静坐不能、肌强直、震颤、扭特性运动等的发生率显著低于氟哌啶醇组，且差异具有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论喹硫平合并氯硝西泮可有效活疗精神分裂症急性期中度兴奋患者，其疗效与氟哌啶醇的疗效相当，但不良反应少，安全性优于氟哌啶馨。     

喹硫平治疗老年期痴呆患者精神行为症状的临床观察

目的探讨喹硫平治疗老年期痴呆患者精神行为症状的临床疗效和不良反应。方法50例老年痴呆患者按入院先后次序分成喹硫平组与阿普唑仑组,并在治疗前及治疗8周后进行评价,采用阿尔茨海默病病理行为评分表（BEHAVE-AD）评价疗效,采用不良反应量表（TESS）及有关实验室检查评价不良反应。结果喹硫平与阿普唑仑对老年期痴呆患者伴发的精神行为症状均有效。喹硫平组有效率为87．5％,阿普唑仑组有效率为66．7％,无统计学差异（χ^2=1．73,P=0．995）。喹硫平治疗8周后BEHAVE—AD总分及各因子分均下降,其中在幻觉、行为紊乱、攻击行为3个因子的得分比阿普唑仑组明显下降。喹硫平的不良反应较阿普唑仑轻,主要的不良反应是嗜睡、头晕和口干。结论喹硫平和阿普唑仑均可用于治疗老年期痴呆的精神行为症状,喹硫平的优势在于治疗老年期痴呆患者的行为和幻觉症状疗效更加明显。     

喹硫平与利培酮治疗阿尔茨海默病精神行为异常的临床疗效及安全性分析

目的 对喹硫平和利培酮治疗阿尔茨海默病（AD） 患者的精神行为症状（BPSD）的疗效和安全性进行比较和评价.方法 选取70例伴精神行为症状的AD患者,随机分为2组,分别给予喹硫平和利培酮治疗,疗程均为6周.采用痴呆病理行为评定量表（BEHAVE-AD）和简易智力状态检查（MMSE） 评定疗效;采用副反应量表（TESS） 评定不良反应.结果 喹硫平治疗组总有效率82.9%,利培酮治疗组80%,2组疗效比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;治疗2周后,2组BEHAVE-AD评分均较治疗前均显著下降（P〈0.05）;治疗6周后,2组MMSE评分较治疗前均显著提高（P〈0.05）;不良反应比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但喹硫平治疗组锥体外系反应发生率明显低于利培酮治疗组（P〈0.05）.结论 喹硫平与利培酮均能显著改善AD患者BPSD,喹硫平安全性略高,值得临床推广应用.     

喹硫平和利培酮治疗老年痴呆精神行为障碍的疗效研究

目的观察喹硫平和利培酮治疗老年痴呆精神行为症状的疗效和安全性。方法将60例老年期痴呆患者随机分为喹硫平组30例,利培酮组30例,共观察8周。治疗前及治疗后第2,4,8周分别采用AD病理行为评定量表（BEHAVE-AD）评定疗效;采用TESS量表评定不良反应。结果治疗前后两药的疗效相似（P〉0.05）。但治疗2周,4周时攻击行为和昼夜节律紊乱因子,喹硫平组疗效优于利培酮组,且存在显著差异（分别是P〈0.01,P〈0.05）。喹硫平组不良反应较利培酮组少。结论喹硫平治疗老年期痴呆精神行为障碍疗效与利培酮相当,但不良反应较利培酮少,更适用于老年患者。     

奥氮平治疗老年期痴呆行为和精神障碍对照研究

目的：探讨奥氮平对老年期痴呆患者的行为和精神症状的疗效及不良反应。方法：80例老年期痴呆患者随机分为奥氮平组38例和奎硫平组42例,疗程8周。采用阿尔茨海默病病理行为评定量表（BEHAV,AD）及治疗中出现的症状量表评定疗效和不良反应。结果：治疗后两组BEHAV—AD评分均显著下降（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;以奥氮平组BEHAV—AD总分及行为紊乱、抑郁、焦虑评分降低明显（P〈0．05）。结论：奥氮平对老年期痴呆的行为和精神障碍患者安全有效,适合临床应用。     

喹硫平与奋乃静治疗老年期痴呆精神症状的对照研究

目的 比较喹硫平与奋乃静治疗老年期痴呆患者精神症状的疗效、副反应及对认知功能的影响.方法 将符合条件的60例老年期痴呆患者随机分为喹硫平组和奋乃静组(各30例),治疗2个月,采用一般情况调查表(自编)、临床疗效评定量表(CGI)、阿尔茨海默病病理行为评分表(BEHAVE-AD)、简易智力状态检查(MMSE)、药物副反应量表(TESS)进行疗效、副反应和认知功能评估.结果 两组临床总体疗效比较:有效率分别为85.67%和83.33%,无显著性差异(P>0.05).两组BEHAVE-AD评分治疗前后比较均有显著差异(P<0.05,P<0.01),治疗结束后两组间BEHAVE-AD评分无显著(P<0.05).治疗结束后MMSE评分喹硫平组较奋乃静组高,有显著差异(t=2.26,P<0.05).两组锥体外系副反应发生率比较有显著性差异(X2=4.812,P<0.05).结论 喹硫平与奋乃静对老年期痴呆精神症状疗效、副反应相似,但喹硫平对认知功能的影响优于奋乃静,故更适合于伴有精神症状的老年期痴呆患者的治疗.     

随机对照研究比较喹硫平与氟哌啶醇治疗精神分裂症的疗效

目的研究喹硫平对精神分裂症患者认知功能及生活质量的改善作用。方法将62名住院或门诊的急性期精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,分别给予喹硫平（n=32）和氟哌啶醇（n=30）治疗,随访16周。分别在基线、第8周、第12周和第16周用阳性与阴性综合征量表（PANSS）、生活质量和满意度自评问卷（Q-LES-Q）、持续性操作测验（CPT）、威斯康星卡片分类测验（WCST）以及成人韦氏智力量表（WAIS）中的数字广度项目盲法评定精神症状、生活质量和满意度以及认知功能。采用重复测量的方差分析比较两组结果。结果喹硫平组有17例完成16周的随访,氟哌啶醇组为14例。喹硫平组与氟哌啶醇组各时点PANSS评分均比基线改善,组间无明显差异。喹硫平组的4个时点平均（标准差）Q-LES-Q得分改善[分别为：49.0（8.1）分,51.2（7.0）分,54.3（10.6）分,54.1（10.3）分,F=11.70,P〈0.001],而氟哌啶醇组无明显改善[分别为：49.5（7.8）分,51.3（8.0）分,50.0（8.7）分,50.5（8.9）分;F=0.33,P=0.701]。在第16周时喹硫平组Q-LES-Q得分高于氟哌啶醇组（t=2.27,P=0.026）。第8周至第16周,喹硫平组WCST完成分类数、CPT的反应时间、WAIS数字广度评分与基线比均明显改善,而氟哌啶醇组的不同时点间评分无明显差异。结论虽然根据PANSS结果,急性精神分裂症患者用喹硫平和氟哌啶醇治疗的疗效相当,但是持续用喹硫平治疗16周者比持续用氟哌啶醇治疗者的生活质量更好,认知缺陷更少。     

齐拉西酮治疗老年痴呆精神行为障碍对照研究

目的：探讨齐拉西酮和氟哌啶醇对老年期痴呆患者精神行为症状（BPSD）的疗效和安全性。方法：将60例老年期痴呆伴BPSD患者随机分成两组,分别使用齐拉西酮和氟哌啶醇治疗8周,采用痴呆病理行为评定量表（BEHAVE-AD）,激越行为量表（CMAI）及治疗中出现的症状量表（TESS）评定疗效和不良反应。结果：两组治疗前后BEHAVE-AD和CMAI评分显著下降（P〈0.01）,两组患者之间治疗前后BEHAVE-AD总减分值差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但情感障碍和焦虑两因子减分值差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：齐拉西酮和氟哌啶醇治疗老年期痴呆患者BPSD的疗效相当,齐拉西酮的优势在于对情感障碍和焦虑的疗效更加明显,锥体外系不良反应轻。     

奎硫平与氟哌啶醇治疗精神分裂症兴奋激越症状的对照研究

目的 比较奎硫平与典型抗精神病药氟哌啶醇治疗精神分裂症病人伴有兴奋激越的疗效与不良反应。方法 符合CCMD-3诊断标准的精神分裂症住院患者,采用随机对照、开放性研究治疗21天。以阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）评估疗效,以副反应量表（TESS）评估不良反应。统计学检验采用t检验和非参数检验。结果 奎硫平组40例,氟哌啶醇组30例。1．奎硫平与氟哌啶醇的总体疗效（t=1．815）、兴奋症状的控制（t=0．478）效果相当（P〉0．05）。2．不良反应方面：氟哌啶醇引起的椎体外系不良反应如肌强直、静坐不能较奎硫平高。结论 奎硫平合并氯硝西泮对精神分裂症兴奋症状的疗效与典型抗精神病药物氟哌啶醇相当,不良反应较小。     

The neuroendocrinology of stress and the pathophysiology and therapy of depression and anxiety

Clinical and preclinical studies have gathered substantial evidence that stress response alterations play a major role in the development of major depression, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The stress response, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical (HPA) system and its modulation by corticotropin-releasing hormones (CRH),corticosteroids,and their receptors, and the roles of natriuretic peptides and neuroactive steroids are described. We review the role of the HPA system in major depression, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder and its possible relevance for treatment. Impaired glucocorticoid receptor function in major depression is associated with an excessive release of neurohormones such as CRH, to which a number of signs and symptoms characteristic of depression can be ascribed. In panic disorder, a role of central CRH in panic attacks has been suggested. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is causally involved in sodium lactate-induced panic attacks. Furthermore, preclinical and clinical data on its anxiolytic activity suggest that nonpeptidergic ANP receptor ligands may be potentially useful in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Post-traumatic stress disorder is characterized by a peripheral hyporesponsive HPA system and elevated CRH concentrations in the CSF. This dissociation is probably related to an increased risk of this disorder. We further review recent data that describe an important role of GABA(A)-receptor modulatory,3 alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids in major depression, anxiety, and its treatment. Antidepressants are effective in both depression and anxiety disorders and have major effects on the HPA system,especially on glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors. Normalization of HPA system abnormalities is a strong predictor of the clinical course, at least in major depression and panic disorder. Currently,CRH-R1 or glucocorticoid receptor antagonists and ANP receptor agonists are being studied and may provide future treatment options more closely related to the pathophysiology of these disorders.     

Polymorphisms of DRD4 and DRD3 and risk of avoidant and obsessive personality traits and disorders

We investigated whether polymorphisms of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) and polymorphisms of the dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) were associated with personality disorder symptomatology rather than with personality traits such as novelty seeking. DNA was obtained from 145 depressed patients in a clinical trial. These patients were assessed for the presence of personality disorder symptoms and disorders. The 2-repeat allele of the DRD4 exon III polymorphism was associated with increased rates of avoidant and obsessive personality disorder symptomatology. The T,T genotype of the DRD4 -521 C>T polymorphism was also associated with increased rates of avoidant and obsessive personality disorder symptomatology. The Gly9,Gly9 genotype of the DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism was associated with increased rates of obsessive personality disorder symptomatology. None of these three polymorphisms were associated with novelty seeking or other temperament traits on the Temperament and Character Inventory. Our results suggest that genetic polymorphisms of DRD4 and DRD3 may well be associated with personality traits, and that conflicting findings to date may arise from the problem of phenotype definition.     

沙盘游戏疗法在地中海贫血患儿心理干预中的应用

本文目的是对沙盘游戏疗法在地中海贫血患儿心理干预中的应用进行综述,以期为地中海贫血患儿的心理康复提供参考。地中海贫血是以珠蛋白生成障碍为主要特征的遗传性疾病,由于长期输血治疗,患儿存在较多的心理和行为问题。沙盘游戏疗法作为一种有效、实用的儿童心理治疗方法,对提高地中海贫血患儿的康复效果、改善生存质量有重要的临床意义。     

癫痫共病抑郁的机制及临床诊疗

本文目的是探讨癫痫共病抑郁的可能机制及临床诊疗。癫痫是一种常见的、慢性的、致残性的神经疾病,癫痫患者生活质量下降,存在明显的负性情绪,常伴发各种精神疾病。癫痫与抑郁具有共同的神经生物学基础,可能存在共同的发病机制。本文从癫痫共病抑郁的发病机制、临床诊断及治疗方面予以总结归纳。     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Modulators and inhibitors of gamma- and beta-secretases

Most gene mutations associated with Alzheimer's disease point to the metabolism of amyloid precursor protein as a potential cause. The beta- and gamma-secretases are two executioners of amyloid precursor protein processing resulting in amyloid-beta. Significant progress has been made in the selective inhibition of both proteases, regardless of structural information for gamma-secretase. Several peptidic and nonpeptidic leads were identified for both targets.