酶清洗联合除锈液浸泡用于再生医疗器械除锈

目的 探讨酶清洗联合除锈液浸泡用于再生医疗器械除锈的效果.方法 将生锈的再生医疗器械600件(卵圆钳和换药镊各300件)随机分为常规组和实验组各300件,两组均采用1:7除锈液除锈,常规组将生锈的再生医疗器械各关节打开后浸泡于20℃除锈液10 min.实验组将器械用40℃左右温水冲洗后先置入1:200全效酶清洗液(温度40℃)3～5 min,再放入50～80℃除锈液10 min.两组取出后按要求置于清洗篮筐内,采用清洗机标准流程清洗,灭菌后检查复锈率.结果 常规组器械清洗合格率47.3％,灭菌后复锈率5.6％;实验组器械清洗合格率99.0％,灭菌后复锈率2.0％.两组清洗合格率比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 锈蚀器械经酶清洗处理后再用50～80℃除锈液浸泡,辅以外力刷洗,除锈效果及器械干净程度优于常规清洗方法,复锈率低于常规方法.     

应用ATP荧光法监测腔镜器械人工清洗与机械清洗效果的随机对照研究

目的:应用ATP生物荧光法监测和评价腔镜器械人工清洗与机械清洗质量的效果.方法:随机抽取2009年7、8月份进行腹腔镜胆囊切除和卵巢手术所使用的腔镜器械,用简单随机抽样法(抽签法)随机抽取30套腔镜器械,包括:分离钳及管腔、5mm穿刺器各30件.按国家卫生部<内镜清洗消毒技术操作规范(2004年版)>要求进行人工清洗与机械清洗.在清洗前、初步冲洗后、酶液浸泡刷洗后、超声清洗后、干燥后等5个时间点,分别采用ATP生物荧光测试管中专用棉拭子沾湿无菌水进行取样,测定相对光单位值(RLU).RLU值≤2000为清洗合格判断标准.结果:清洗前不同腔镜部件的RLU值存在统计学差异(X2=11.265,P=0.000),其中操作钳齿RLU值最高.完成清洗干燥程序后与清洗前比较,3种不同腔镜部件的RLU值均减少,存在统计学差异(P＜0.05).机械清洗组的操作钳齿和钳柄管腔,其RLU值均低于人工清洗组(P＜0.05),有统计学差异;而穿刺器在两组清洗方法中RLU值无统计学差异(P＜0.05).清洗后,90个内镜部件的清洗合格率为84.4%,不合格率为15.6%(X2=69.091,P=0.000).三种不同部件的清洗合格率存在统计学差异,清洗合格率由高到低依次为钳柄管腔(93.3%)、操作钳齿(90%)、穿刺器(70%),(X2=6.948,P=0.031).通过清洗和干燥后,三种腔镜器械的清洗合格率均比清洗前提高,存在统计学差异(P＜0.05).结论:腔镜器械采用机械清洗的清洗效果优于人工清洗.     

Comparison of different cleaning methods for coupling medical apparatus

目的 探讨轴节类医疗器械的有效清洗方法,保证再生器械灭菌质量.方法 将回收的450件轴节类器械随机分为A、B、C三组各150件,每组组织剪、止血钳、持针器各50件.器械在流动水下充分冲洗后,A组用全自动清洗消毒机清洗;B组浸泡于多酶清洗剂10 min,人工刷洗后再用全自动清洗消毒机清洗;C组用超声机加酶清洗后人工刷洗,进而手工漂洗再高温煮沸.结果 三组清洗后目测合格率及潜血试验阳性率比较,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.01),其中C组潜血试验阳性率显著低于A、B组(均P＜0.0125).三组清洗后器械咬合面、关节处潜血试验阳性率比较,差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.01),C组上述部位潜血试验阳性率显著低于A、B组(均P＜0.0125).结论 超声清洗机加酶清洗后进行手工刷洗,可有效去除残留物,是轴节类器械较理想的清洗方法.     

三种方法洗涤口腔器械效果比较

目的 探讨提高口腔器械清洗质量的洗涤方法.方法 将含氯消毒剂浸泡过的污染口腔器械1 050件随机分成三组各350件,A组将器械进行人工刷洗后置于1∶200安必洁快速多酶洗剂中浸泡10 min,再用自来水冲洗;B组将器械置于超声清洗机中,用1∶200安必洁快速多酶洗剂超声清洗10 min再用自来水冲洗;C组器械先进行人工刷洗,再放入超声清洗机中用1∶200安必洁快速多酶洗剂超声清洗10 min,最后用自来水冲洗.比较三组器械清洗合格率.结果 三组清洗合格率分别为92.86%、96.57%、99.43%,C组显著优于A、B组(均P＜0.0125).结论 采用人工刷洗、超声清洗结合酶清洗的洗涤效果最佳,可显著提高口腔器械洗涤质量.     

Impact of different standby lengths of prepared traditional Chinese medicine on phlebitis

目的 探讨中药制剂配制后放置不同时间静脉滴注对静脉炎的影响.方法 将180例冠心病患者随机分为A、B、C三组,各60例.静脉滴注溶液为丹参川芎嗪加木糖醇注射液,A组现配现用；B组配制后放置30min应用;C组配制后放置1h应用.结果 连续输液5d后,A、B、C组静脉炎发生率分别为1.7％、3.3％、13.3％,三组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 丹参川芎嗪注射液配制后应尽早应用,以减少静脉炎的发生.     

“鞍马型”创新改进撑开器在多关节器械清洗中的应用

目的比较"鞍马型"创新改进撑开器与传统橡皮筋捆扎在多关节器械清洗中的效果。方法回顾性分析自2018-01—2018-03放入全自动清洗消毒机清洗的3 508件多关节器械,1 754件采用"鞍马型"创新改进撑开器进行清洗(观察组),1 754件采用传统橡皮筋捆扎进行清洗(对照组)。随机抽取观察组和对照组已清洗的多关节器械各30件,比较2组ATP生物荧光测定合格率和返洗率。随机抽取观察组已清洗的多关节器械30件进行微生物培养,记录观察组微生物培养合格率。结果观察组ATP生物荧光测定合格率高于对照组、返洗率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。观察组30件已清洗的多关节器械微生物培养结果均为阴性,合格率为100%。结论创新改进撑开器操作简单,能显著提高多关节器械清洗质量,降低返洗率,延长器械使用寿命,方便功能检查。     

Comparison of effect of two loading methods on prevention of wet pack during sterilization of paper-plastic pouch packages

目的 探讨避免压力蒸汽灭菌后纸塑单包装金属器械湿包的方法.方法 将纸塑单包装金属器械2 230件随机分为对照组和实验组各1 115件.对照组将纸塑袋竖放于灭菌筐内,纸面对塑面,包与包互相挨靠;实验组为不锈钢灭菌筐设计专用活动支架,根据灭菌器械的规格选择相应间距的支架,每个包间距≥2.5 cm.灭菌结束后观察湿包情况.结果 对照组和实验组湿包发生率分别为36.05％和0.54％,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 纸塑单包装金属器械采用活动支架装载灭菌,干燥效果显著,可避免湿包现象发生.     

手术锈蚀器械清洗维护过程中的成本控制

目的 降低医用除锈剂使用成本,确保器械清洗质量.方法 针对医用除锈剂使用不合理的现状,认识问题,设定目标;分析问题,识别关键少数因素;制定对策,确保有效落实.比较改进前后医用除锈剂成本,器械清洗合格率及损耗率.结果 改进后医用除锈剂成本减少75.0%,锈蚀器械清洗合格率显著提高,器械损耗率显著降低(与改进前比较,均P＜0.01).结论 消毒供应室改进不合理工作模式,能确保锈蚀器械清洗质量,有效控制器械清洗维护成本.     

三种方法洗涤口腔器械效果比较

目的探讨提高口腔器械清洗质量的洗涤方法。方法将含氯消毒剂浸泡过的污染口腔器械1050件随机分成三组各350件，A组将器械进行人工刷洗后置于1：200安必洁快速多酶洗剂中浸泡10min，再用自来水冲洗；B组将器械置于超声清洗机中，用1：200安必洁快速多酶洗剂超声清洗10min再用自来水冲洗；C组器械先进行人工刷洗，再放入超声清洗机中用1：200安必洁快速多酶洗剂超声清洗10min，最后用自来水冲洗。比较三组器械清洗合格率。结果三组清洗合格率分别为92．86％、96．57％、99．43％，C组显著优于A、B组（均P〈0．0125）。结论采用人工刷洗、超声清洗结合酶清洗的洗涤效果最佳，可显著提高口腔器械洗涤质量。     

碱性还原电位水对复用诊疗器械清洗效果的研究

目的观察碱性还原电位水与多酶清洗液清洗复用诊疗器械的清洗效果。方法采用ATP荧光检测仪,检测经常规方法即多酶清洗液清洗的复用诊疗器械(80件)和用碱性还原电位水清洗的复用诊疗器械(80件),比较其清洗效果。结果经碱性还原电位水清洗的器械不合格率为5.00%,多酶清洗液清洗的器械不合格率为3.75%,二者比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论碱性还原电位水清洗效果与多酶清洗液相当,但具有使用方便、绿色环保等优势。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.