高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中左氧氟沙星浓度

建立测定人血浆中左氧氟沙星浓度的高效液相色谱法,并应用于人体药代动力学研究。血浆样品中加入内标洛美沙星后用乙腈沉淀蛋白,上清液用氮气吹干。色谱柱为Diamonsil C18柱,流动相为0.01mol.L-1磷酸二氢钾缓冲液(含三乙胺0.3%,磷酸调至pH 3.20)?乙腈(83∶17),流速为1.0ml.min-1。紫外检测波长294 nm。血浆中内源性物质对样品测定无干扰。本方法线性范围为0.05~5μg.ml-1(r=0.9991),最低定量浓度为0.05μg.ml-1,提取回收率大于85%,方法回收率为99.7%~103.3%,日内、日间RSD均小于4%。本法简便、准确,适用于左氧氟沙星药代动力学的研究。     

HPLC测定氧氟沙星麻黄碱滴鼻液的含量

目的建立测定氧氟沙星麻黄碱滴鼻液含量的方法。方法采用HPLC法同时测定滴鼻液中氧氟沙星与麻黄碱的含量。色谱柱为AlltimaC18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);柱温35℃;流动相为0.05mol.L-1醋酸铵溶液(用三乙胺调节pH4.0)-乙腈(85∶15);流速1.0ml.min-1;检测波长254nm;检测灵敏度为0.1AUFS,进样量20μl。结果氧氟沙量在1.5μg.ml-1~0.75mg.ml-1浓度范围内,峰面积与浓度的线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率为101.2%;麻黄碱在5μg.ml-1~2.5mg.ml-1范围内,峰面积与浓度的线性关系良好(r=0.9999),平均回收率为101.4%;重复性试验的RSD=0.5%(n=9)。结论所用方法快速、简便,精密度好,灵敏度高,可作为氧氟沙星麻黄碱滴鼻液的含量控制方法。     

HPLC-MS/MS法同时测定人血浆中3种抗结核药物的浓度

目的 建立快速、灵敏的高效液相色谱-质谱/质谱联用（HPLC-MS/MS）法测定人血浆中异烟肼、利福平和左氧氟沙星的浓度.方法 血浆样品以加替沙星为内标采用甲醇沉淀蛋白法萃取,采用C4色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5.0 μm,Welch materials,USA）,流动相为0.05%甲酸溶液-甲醇（v/v）梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min-1,柱温25℃,进样量20μL,采用ESI＋多反应选择离子检测（MRM）.结果 异烟肼在0.18～9.0μg·mL-1与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0.999 8）,利福平在0.8～40μg·ml-1与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0.999 6）,左氧氟沙星在0,09～4,5μg·mL-1与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0.999 0）,萃取回收率均〉70%,方法回收率在85%～115%,日内、日间精密度RSD均〈9.3%（n=5）.结论 该方法专属性强、灵敏准确,适用于同时测定人血浆样品中异烟肼、利福平和左氧氟沙星的浓度.     

RP-HPLC测定血清中氧氟沙星的浓度

目的建立测定血清中氧氟沙星浓度的方法。方法采用反相液相色谱-荧光法。固定相为Phenomenex C18柱(5μm,4.6 mm×250 mm);流动相为甲醇-0.05 mol.L-1磷酸二氢钠溶液p、H2.3(35∶65);检测波长λex=298 nm,λem=491 nm;流速1.0ml.min-1。结果氧氟沙星的线性范围为0.037~4.064μg.ml-1(r=0.9997);方法回收率及提取回收率分别为97.3%和92.4%;其日内精密度RSD<3.2%,日间精密度RSD<5.4%。结论所用方法准确、简便、重复性好,适用于生物样品中氧氟沙星的浓度测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定注射用甲磺酸左氧氟沙星的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定注射用甲磺酸左氧氟沙星的含量。方法采用ODS2色谱柱(5μm,4.6mm×200mm),乙腈-0.05mol.L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(pH2.2)-0.05mol.L-1四丁基溴化铵溶液(116∶861∶23)为流动相,流速1mL.min-1,检测波长293nm,外标法计算含量。结果甲磺酸左氧氟沙星在20μg.mL-1~200μg.mL-1的浓度范围内,线性关系良好,回归方程Y=55667.78X 10.32886,r=0.99998;系统精密度RSD为0.1%(n=6)。结论本方法操作简便、快捷,方法的精密度、准确度均能很好地满足质量控制的要求,适合于注射用甲磺酸左氧氟沙星的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定甲磺酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液中有关物质

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定甲磺酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液中有关物质。方法:采用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5μm)色谱柱,以醋酸铵高氯酸钠溶液-乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min^-1,柱温40℃,检测波长为294 nm和238 nm。结果:在该色谱条件下,左氧氟沙星与各杂质均能有效分离,左氧氟沙星、杂质A的定量限分别为0.120 0μg·mL^-1、0.371 2μg·mL^-1,左氧氟沙星和杂质A分别在0.600 1～4.801μg·mL^-1和0.742 5～5.940μg·mL^-1范围内与其峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=1.000),左氧氟沙星、杂质A回收率(n=9)分别在97.86%～101.22%和99.65%～101.82%之间,重复性、精密度、稳定性等均符合规定。5批甲磺酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液样品测定结果显示,杂质A均未检出,其他最大杂质含量在0.02%～0.08%,杂质总量在0.02%～0.15%。结论:经方法学验证,本方法灵敏、快...     

HPLC法测定结核病患者血浆中异烟肼、吡嗪酰胺、利福平和左氧氟沙星的质量浓度

目的建立同时测定人血浆中异烟肼、吡嗪酰胺、利福平和左氧氟沙星的质量浓度的高效液相色谱法。方法血浆样品采用甲醇沉淀蛋白法萃取,采用C18色谱柱(150mm×4.6mm,5.0μm),用甲醇,乙腈,0.05mol·L-1 KH2PO3水溶液(三乙胺调pH6.0)进行梯度洗脱,柱温40℃,进样量20μL,采用PDA紫外检测器。结果以峰面积外标法定量,异烟肼在0.20²5.6μg·mL-1范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 7),吡嗪酰胺在0.2025.6μg·mL-1范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 7),吡嗪酰胺在0.20²5.6μg·mL-1范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),利福平在0.4025.6μg·mL-1范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),利福平在0.40²5.6μg·mL-1范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 3),左氧氟沙星在0.2025.6μg·mL-1范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 3),左氧氟沙星在0.20²5.6μg·mL-1范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 4),回收率为85%25.6μg·mL-1范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 4),回收率为85%¹15%,日内、日间精密度RSD均<9.6%(n=5)。结论该方法专属性强、灵敏度高,准确性好,适用于同时测定人血浆样品中异烟肼、吡嗪酰胺、利福平和左氧氟沙星的质量浓度。     

用HPLC-MS/MS法同时测定人血浆中左氧氟沙星和头孢他啶的浓度

目的 建立超高液相色谱串联质谱同时测定人血浆中左氧氟沙星和头孢他啶浓度的方法。方法 用甲醇沉淀蛋白后,以环丙沙星为内标,色谱柱：Agilent Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18(2.1 mm×100.0 mm, 1.8μm),流动相∶水(含0.1%甲酸)-乙腈(含0.1%甲酸)=90∶10,等度洗脱,流速：0.2 mL·min^-1,柱温：40℃,进样量：1μL。电喷雾离子源,多离子反应监测,正离子扫描模式进行检测。考察该方法的专属性、标准曲线和定量下限、精密度与回收率、基质效应及稳定性。结果 血浆样品中左氧氟沙星在0.05～25.72μg·mL^-1线性关系良好,标准曲线为y=4.53x+0.02(r=0.999 6),定量下限为0.05μg·mL^-1;头孢他啶在0.21～107.25μg·mL^-1线性关系良好,标准曲线为y=0.40x+0.02(r=0.999 7),定量下限为0.21μg·mL^-1;2种药物的平均提取回收率均在88.66%～108.21%,日内和...     

复方左氧氟沙星喷雾剂的制备与含量测定

目的:建立复方左氧氟沙星喷雾剂的制备及含量测定方法.方法:依据组分理化性质确定配制工艺;含量测定采用DZKMA C18(200mm×4.6 mm,0.5μm)不锈钢柱,以0.025 mol·L-1磷酸液:乙睛(87:13)为流动相,流速:1 ml·min-1,紫外检测波长278 nm.结果:左氧氟沙星浓度在12.5～400μg·ml-1范围内有良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均回收率99.90%,RSD0.02%;更昔洛韦浓度在6.25～200μg·ml-1范围内有良好的线性关系(r=1.000 0),平均回收率99.96%,RSD 0.06%.结论:复方左氧氟沙星喷雾剂处方设计合理、工艺简便、剂型稳定可控、含量测定方法准确,适于医院使用.     

固相萃取-反相HPLC荧光法快速测定血浆中左氧氟沙星的含量

目的建立固相萃取—反相HPLC荧光法快速测定人血浆中左氧氟沙星的方法。方法采用C18固相萃取小柱萃取血浆中的左氧氟沙星。色谱柱为ODS-BP柱(5μm,250mm×4.6mm),流动相为含1.31g.L-1L-异亮氨酸和0.80g.L-1Cu-SO4的水溶液-甲醇(80:20),激发波长为280nm,发射波长为504nm,流速为0.8mL.min-1。结果该方法在1.0～20μg.mL-1浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9976),最小检测限1ng.mL-1,萃取回收率和方法回收率分别为89.12%和109.47%,高、中、低3个浓度的日内RSD为3.2%,日间RSD为1.4%。结论该法血样处理简单,干扰小,灵敏度高,精密度好,可用于该药物的快速测定。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.