经导管消融肺静脉治疗局灶性心房颤动的研究进展

局灶性心房颤动 (简称房颤 )的肺静脉消融治疗是近年房颤研究的一项重要突破 ,虽然目前还只是在少数中心开展 ,但进展相当迅速。特别是近一年多来 ,消融靶点和终点的改变、新型标测系统的应用以及新型消融器械的问世使其成为一个极为活跃的研究热点。本文就此进展作一综述。1　肺静脉消融的新靶点———肺静脉开口1.1　肺静脉点状消融的局限性[1] 　虽然点状消融肺静脉内的异位灶或环状消融肺静脉开口部 (或近端 )均能治疗肺静脉起源的局灶性房颤 ,但在 2 0 0 0年之前绝大多数中心采用前一种方法 ,其原因可能与此前肺静脉环状消融的方法学和…     

环状电极标测指导射频消融治疗肺静脉起源的阵发性房颤

背景　常规方法标测射频消融治疗局灶性房颤常导致较长的手术时间及较低的成功率。环状电极标测指导射频消融能够克服这些缺点。目的　评价在 10极环状电极标测指导下射频消融电隔离肺静脉治疗阵发性房颤的可行性和有效性。方法　本组研究包括 16例抗心律失常药物治疗无效的阵发性房颤患者 [男性 11例 ,女性 5例 ,平均年龄 (5 1± 14 5 )岁 ]。 10极的环状标测电极在窦性心律或者冠状窦远端 (CSd)起搏的情况下标测肺静脉 ,确定房性早搏发生的起源 ;一旦确定靶肺静脉 ,肺静脉电位的分布及其激动顺序进行评价 ,射频消融在肺静脉口最早激动处进行。消融终点设定为 :①肺静脉电位消失 ;②肺静脉电位与心房电位无关 ;③房早消失。结果　本组研究总共消融了 36条肺静脉 ,包括 16条左上肺静脉 ,12条右上肺静脉 ,7条左下肺静脉 ,1条右下肺静脉。有 2例消融了 1条肺静脉 ;8例消融了 2条肺静脉 ;5例消融了 3条肺静脉 ;消融 4条肺静脉者 1例。手术时间以及X线曝光时间分别为 (186 7± 6 3 8)min及 (5 1 5± 15 0 )min。在随访的 1～ 12月 ,11例 (6 8 7% )在未服抗心律失常药没有房颤发作 ,其中 2例为再次手术 ,有效者 3例 (18 7% ) ,2例未成功 (12 6 % )。初次术后有 2例发作房早 ,其中 1例服用胺碘酮 ,另外 1     

环状电极在Ensite/NavX指导下的心房颤动环肺静脉消融术中的应用

目的评价环肺静脉消融术联合应用环状电极标测对心房颤动(房颤)消融成功率的影响。方法连续入选61例房颤患者,其中男40例,女21例,阵发性房颤50例,慢性房颤11例。在EnsiteNavX三维电解剖标测系统指导下行环肺静脉消融术。应用环状电极标测肺静脉电位,以肺静脉电隔离为消融终点。结果61例均顺利完成手术。环左肺静脉消融使左肺静脉电隔离34例(55.7%),环右肺静脉消融使右肺静脉电隔离35例(57.4%),环左、右肺静脉消融使所有肺静脉电隔离23例(37.7%)。16例阵发性房颤和5例慢性房颤放电时终止房颤,终止房颤部位为左、右上肺静脉外近房顶前、后壁19例,右上肺静脉外后壁中部1例,完成左肺静脉消融时房颤终止1例。平均随访6±2个月,50例阵发性房颤中42例(84.0%)以及11例慢性房颤中5例(45.4%)无房颤发作,总成功率为77%。并发症:少量心包积液1例,经心包穿刺引流后积液消失;左侧血胸1例,经胸腔穿刺引流痊愈。结论EnsiteNavX系统指导下的环肺静脉消融术中联合应用环状电极标测可使房颤消融成功率进一步提高。     

肺静脉线-段-点联合消融治疗心房纤颤的临床观察

目的采用左房环状线性(线)消融、肺静脉口节段性(段)电隔离术加局灶性(点)消融法(简称线-段-点法)治疗心房纤颤(房颤),并研究该方法的有效性和安全性。方法采用8mm温控消融导管分别在左房环状线性消融左右侧上下肺静脉口周围,肺静脉口壶腹部节段性消融丛状电位,最后标测和点状消融提前的单相电位(在肺静脉内或心房内)。结果26例患者均行肺静脉开口外环状线性消融。电隔离肺静脉共89条。行点状消融共25例。26例中20例所有异常电位消失,6例肺静脉内仍有高耸的异常电位,但已达到传出阻滞。手术即刻成功率100%。随访4～8个月,24例(92%)未发作房颤;术后仍有房颤发作而服用抗心律失常药物后房颤发作明显减少者2例(8%)。未发生并发症。结论线-段-点联合消融法治疗房颤,方法简单,成功率高,并发症少。     

12通道生理记录仪在射频导管消融治疗心房纤颤中的作用

目的 研究12通道心电生理记录仪在左房环状线性(线)消融、肺静脉口节段性(段)电隔离术加局灶性(点)消融法(简称线-段-点法)治疗心房纤颤(房颤)中的作用.方法 使用12通道心电生理记录仪,在双Lasso电极标测下分别在左房环状线性消融左右侧上下肺静脉口周围,肺静脉口壶腹部节段性消融丛状电位,最后标测和点状消融提前的单相电位(在肺静脉内或心房内和腔静脉口).结果 26例患者均行肺静脉开口外环状线性消融.电隔离肺静脉共89条.行点状消融共25例.26例中20例所有异常电位消失,6例肺静脉内仍有高耸的异常电位,但已达到传出阻滞.手术即刻成功率100%.随访4～8个月,24例(92%)未发作房颤;2例(8%)术后仍有房颤发作,服用抗心律失常药物后房颤发作明显减少.所有病例未发生并发症.结论 采用12通道心电生理记录仪能够达到"线-段-点联合消融法"治疗房颤的要求,方法简单,成功率高,是目前我国大多数医院所具备的常规电生理检测仪.     

经导管射频消融治疗起源于肺静脉的局灶性心房颤动

目的 :探讨局灶性心房颤动 (房颤 )的诊断和射频消融治疗。方法 :反复发作阵发性局灶性房颤患者4例 ,两次房间隔穿刺经Swartz鞘分别置入 2根标测电极于左、右上肺静脉。在房颤发作时标测 ,以诱发房颤的房性期前收缩局部电位较体表心电图P’波起点最为提前处 (spike p’≥’370ms)为消融靶点。消融终点是以消融前诱发方案不能再诱发房颤和出现严重并发症。结果 :4例均在肺静脉内标测到异位兴奋灶。距离肺静脉口 0 .5～ 1.5cm ,3例位于右上肺静脉 ,1例位于左上肺静脉。靶点处spike p’ =70～ 2 15ms ,行温控 5 0～ 5 5℃× 4 6～ 32 0s射频消融。术后随访 10～ 12个月 ,2例房颤无复发 ,2例加用抗心律失常药物房颤转复 1年后复发。术中 1例左心耳穿孔致急性心包填塞经手术修补完全康复 ,1例在消融时右上肺静脉口痉挛随访期间无症状。结论 :局灶性房颤通过射频消融房性期前收缩起源点 ,可达到根治阵发性房颤的目的 ,但手术有一定难度和风险     

三维标测系统和单环状标测导管指示下环肺静脉线性消融电学隔离肺静脉方法学评价

目的探讨三维标测系统和单环状标测导管指示下环肺静脉线性消融电学隔离肺静脉的可行性和有效性。方法2004年5月至2004年11月间我院对68例症状明显、发作频繁、抗心律失常药物治疗无效的心房颤动(房颤)患者进行了在Carto(n=56)或EnSite/NavX(n=12)和单环状标测导管指示下的环肺静脉线性消融肺静脉电隔离术。收集操作过程中的相关数据,计算初始肺静脉电学隔离率、最终肺静脉电学隔离率及并发症资料。结果68例患者共计完成136个环形消融线,操作时间平均为(240±65)min,X线曝光时间平均为(37±12)min。用于左心房重建和环肺静脉线性消融的放电时间分别为(20±9)min和(62±24)min。在完成预定环肺静脉消融线后,初始肺静脉电学隔离率为50.7%(69/136),经寻找缝隙补充消融后最终肺静脉电学隔离率为95.6%(130/136)。70.2%(59/84)的缝隙分布于左侧,29.8%(25/84)见于右侧。并发症包括1例心脏压塞和2例锁骨下及左胸部皮下血肿,均经保守治疗康复,无肺静脉狭窄。结论三维标测系统加单环状标测导管指示下环肺静脉线性消融电学隔离肺静脉成功率高、并发症率低,操作时间及X线曝光时间可以接受。     

肺静脉异常电活动引起持续性心房颤动的电生理特点和消融治疗

目的　报道 4例肺静脉异常电活动引起持续性心房颤动 (房颤 )的电生理特点和消融治疗。方法　 4例患者的临床表现和心电图记录提示为持续性房颤。经股静脉和锁骨下静脉穿刺置入高位右房 (HRA)和冠状静脉窦 (CS)电极 ,并行房间隔穿刺和肺静脉造影 ,置入 10极环状电极 (Lasso电极 )进行各肺静脉标测。观察自发和诱发房颤时的心腔各部位局部电活动的周期及规则性 ,以局部异常电活动出现最早、持续异常电活动最紊乱的肺静脉作为靶肺静脉。在房颤持续时消融电隔离靶肺静脉至左房连接处 ,以房颤终止和异常电活动消失为消融终点。结果　 4例患者异常电活动起源于右上肺静脉 (3例 )和左上肺静脉 (1例 )。靶肺静脉局部电活动频率快且不规则 ,间断出现短阵性周期缩短。靶肺静脉口部消融分别于放电 1～ 18次时房颤终止 ,3例伴有异常电活动终止 ,1例肺静脉内仍显示快速异常电活动 ,经肺静脉内局灶消融后电活动终止。随访 4～ 17个月 ,无房颤复发。结论　肺静脉内异常电活动是部分持续性房颤的发生机制 ,射频消融肺静脉口部可隔离和消除异常电活动而终止房颤     

CARTO三维标测系统两种建模方法结合在阵发性心房颤动射频消融术中的应用

目的:探讨CARTO三维标测系统两种建模方法结合在阵发性心房颤动射频消融术中应用的安全性及有效性。方法:150例接受射频消融治疗的阵发性心房颤动患者随机分为3组,A组(n=50):常规点对点方式建模引导心房颤动的环肺静脉隔离术;B组(n=50):快速解剖建模方式构建左心房及肺静脉模型作为环肺静脉消融的路标指导消融。C组(n=50):点对点标测构建左心房模型,肺静脉定口完成后用快速解剖标测方法构建环肺静脉前庭,确认定口的准确性后再行房颤的射频消融。三组患者术中其余操作步骤及方法均相同。分别记录三组手术操作时间,X线曝光时间,成功率及并发症的发生率。超声心动图测量术前与术后6个月左心房大小及左心室收缩功能变化。结果:C组手术操作时间及X线曝光时间均明显低于A、B组(P0.05),C组成功率略高于A组及B组,但差异无统计学意义。三组患者均无严重并发症的发生。超声心动图检测显示术后6个月左心房大小及左心室射血分数与术前相比无明显变化。结论:CARTO两种建模方法结合指导房颤的射频消融是安全、有效的,可减少手术操作时间及X线曝光时间,提高环肺静脉定口的准确性,对心房颤动的射频消融具有一定的指导意义。     

导管射频肺静脉口环状消融治疗局灶性心房颤动(附一例报告)

1例女性患者 ,33岁 ,局灶性心房颤动 (简称房颤 )的起源部位位于右上肺静脉 (RSPV)口。第一次于RSPV内行点状消融短阵房性心动过速的最早兴奋点 (较体表心电图P′波提早 5 7ms) ,即刻成功 ,但术后 3日复发。观察一周后仍有房颤发作而行第二次手术。术中因各种方法都不能诱发短阵房性心动过速与房颤 ,而行RSPV口环状消融。术后随访 3个月房颤未复发 ,患者无任何不适 ,表明手术成功。结论 :导管射频肺静脉口环状消融是相对安全的方法 ,可以提高导管射频治疗起源于肺静脉口局灶性房颤的成功率 ,降低复发率。     

Early identification and treatment of PV re-connections: role of observation time and impact on clinical results of atrial fibrillation ablation.

AIMS: Circumferential pulmonary vein isolation (CPVI) has been reported to account for 30% of atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence after initial ablation, and pulmonary vein (PV) re-connection accounts for about 80% of AF recurrence. There is no information in the literature whether early identification and treatment of acute PV conduction recovery during initial ablation has an impact on subsequent clinical results. The objective is to investigate the prevalence of acute PV conduction recovery during the observation time after PV isolation for paroxysmal AF, and to evaluate the impact of re-isolation treatment on clinical results. METHODS AND RESULTS: Ninety cases with paroxysmal AF (51 males, mean age of 56.4 +/- 12.3 years) were randomized to 3 groups to undergo CPVI. In Group A, there was no observation time post-ablation. In Group B, there was 30 min of observation time post-ablation. In Group C, there was 60 min of observation time post-ablation. All PV re-conduction was re-isolated at the end of the observation time. ECG and Holter monitors were used to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of ablation. All cases underwent the procedure successfully. The mean procedural time in Group A was significantly shorter than in Group B and Group C, but there was no significant difference on fluoroscopic time and PV isolation time among the three groups. In Group B, PV re-conduction occurred in 8 cases (25%) at 30 min post-isolation, in 10 cases (31.2%) at 60 min post-isolation for left PVs, and in 6 cases (18.8%) at 30 min post-isolation for right PVs. In Group C, PV re-conduction for left PVs occurred in 9 cases (30%) at 30 min post-isolation and in 11 cases (36.7%) at 60 min post-isolation; for right PVs this occurred in 7 cases (23.3%) at 30 min post-isolation and in 8 cases (26.7%) at 60 min post-isolation. During a mean follow-up of 6.7 +/- 2.3 months, 17 cases (60.7%) in Group A, 27 cases (84.3%) in Group B, and 26 cases (86.7%) in Group C had no recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmias, P = 0.04. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of acute PV conduction recovery was about 30% after PV isolation, which mostly occurred within 30 min after initial isolation. Re-isolation of recovered PV conduction contributed to the improvement in the success rate of ablation for paroxysmal AF.     

Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Where Do We Go From Here?

Catheter ablation is being used increasingly for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF). Pulmonary vein antral isolation is considered the "cornerstone" for the ablation of AF. This approach has demonstrated consistent rates of success for paroxysmal AF, but the rates of success for persistent AF are lower. There has long been a hypothesis that additional ablation beyond pulmonary vein isolation is required to achieve better outcomes in the population with persistent AF. However, large clinical trials have demonstrated recently that such approaches as empiric linear ablation and/or ablation of complex fractionated electrograms may add no benefit over pulmonary vein isolation alone in persistent AF. Furthermore, new technologies are improving the durability and outcome of pulmonary vein isolation alone. These observations have endorsed a search for new potential targets for adjuvant ablation, which currently include ablation of dynamic phenomena during AF such as rotational and focal activations, ablation of scar regions in the atria, isolation of the left atrial posterior wall, and ablation of nonpulmonary vein triggers. Whether any of these additional approaches will add to the success of ablation for persistent AF is unknown. Smaller study results are mixed. Only the performance of large-scale randomized trials will definitively answer whether additional ablation over pulmonary vein isolation alone with improve outcomes for persistent AF.     

Ablation of pulmonary vein foci for the treatment of atrial fibrillation; percutaneous electroanatomical guided approach.

AIMS: To evaluate the usefulness of three-dimensional (3D) electroanatomical mapping of the pulmonary veins (PV) for guiding radiofrequency (RF) ablation of focal atrial fibrillation (AF) in a single session and to correlate the electrophysiological results with the six month clinical outcome. METHODS AND RESULTS: Sixteen consecutive patients with idiopathic paroxysmal AF (more than 1 episode/month) were studied. A non-fluoroscopic mapping system was used to generate 3D electroanatomic maps of the left atrium and deliver RF energy. In patients with frequent ectopies, mapping was performed using the 'hot-cold' approach (looking for the earliest electrogram in the 3D reconstruction). In patients with infrequent/no ectopies, double/ multiple potentials recorded at the PV were tagged. Pacing at these sites to test for inducibility of ectopy or atrial fibrillation was used to define PV foci. The therapeutic endpoint was defined as suppression of premature beats, dissociation of PV potentials and inability to induce AF. Twenty-five foci were identified (multiple foci in 38%). In the 4 pts with frequent ectopies, Group A, these were suppressed by 4 +/- 4.7 applications. In the 12 pts with infrequent/no ectopies, Group B, an average 4.7 +/- 1.8 applications were delivered per focus; the endpoint was achieved in eight of the patients (13 of 21 foci). By 180 days follow-up, 11 patients were free of symptoms and in sinus rhythm, two had paroxysmal AF episodes and 3 have symptomatic ectopies and are receiving antiarrhythmic drugs. The overall success rate at six months was thus 69%, 100% for group A and 58% for group B. CONCLUSION: Electroanatomic guided RF ablation of paroxysmal AF was highly successful in patients with frequent ectopies. The use of electroanatomical mapping for precise anatomical localization of multiple potentials and for guiding the PV ostia isolation allowed successful RF ablation in 50% of pts with infrequent/no ectopies.     

Ablation of superior pulmonary veins compared to ablation of all four pulmonary veins:

INTRODUCTION: Isolation of all pulmonary veins (PV) is advocated for treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF). However, the superior PVs are responsible for most AF triggers, whereas the inferior PVs carry the higher risk for ablation-induced ostial stenosis. The aim of this study was to compare a superior PV isolation approach with isolation of all PVs for treatment of PAF. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fifty-two patients with PAF were randomized to either left superior pulmonary vein (LSPV) isolation followed by additional isolation of the right superior pulmonary vein (RSPV) in case of AF recurrence (group A, n = 27) or isolation of all four PVs followed by a repeat procedure in case of recurrence (group B, n = 25). At 1-year follow-up, 11 patients (41%) in group A and 8 patients (32%) in group B had AF relapse (P = 0.55). No significant differences in AF relapse were detected between groups at 3 and 12 months (log rank = 0.36, P = 0.54) and by Cox proportional hazards model analysis (P = 0.62). Nonsignificant PV stenosis was detected in two patients from group B. Total radiofrequency energy delivery and fluoroscopy and procedure times were lower in group A: 8.9 +/- 1.4 minutes vs 25.6 +/- 3.7 minutes (P < 0.001), 22.2 +/- 6.8 minutes vs 62 +/- 10.3 minutes (P < 0.001), and 131.8 +/- 26.5 minutes vs 222.2 +/- 32.3 minutes (P < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSION: A staged superior PVs isolation approach confers equal success rates but with reduced radiofrequency energy delivery and fluoroscopy and procedure times compared to isolation of all PVs at the initial ablation attempt.     

Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation facilitated by preprocedural three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography: Long-term outcome

AIM To evaluate the long-term outcome of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation(AF) facilitated by preprocedural threedimensional(3-D) transesophageal echocardiography.METHODS In 50 patients, 3D transesophageal echocardiography(3D TEE) was performed immediately prior to an ablation procedure(paroxysmal AF: 30 patients, persistent AF: 20 patients). The images were available throughout the ablation procedure. Two different ablation strategies were used. In most of the patients with paroxysmal AF, the cryoablation technique was used(Arctic Front Balloon, Cryo Cath Technologies/Medtronic; group A2). In the other patients, a circumferential pulmonary vein ablation was performed using the CARTO system [Biosense Webster; group A1(paroxysmal AF), group B(persistent AF)]. Success rates and complication rates were analysed at 4-year follow-up.RESULTS A 3D TEE could be performed successfully in all patients prior to the ablation procedure and all four pulmonaryvein ostia could be evaluated in 84% of patients. The image quality was excellent in the majority of patients and several variations of the pulmonary vein anatomy could be visualized precisely(e.g., common pulmonary vein ostia, accessory pulmonary veins, varying diameter of the left atrial appendage and its distance to the left superior pulmonary vein). All ablation procedures could be performed as planned and almost all pulmonary veins could be isolated successfully. At 48-mo followup, 68.0% of all patients were free from an arrhythmia recurrence(group A1: 72.7%, group A2: 73.7%, group B: 60.0%). There were no major complications.CONCLUSION3 D TEE provides an excellent overview over the left atrial anatomy prior to AF ablation procedures and these procedures are associated with a favourable long-term outcome.     

Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation at the Time of Cavotricuspid Isthmus Ablation in Patients With Atrial Flutter Without Documented Atrial Fibrillation Derives a Better Long‐Term Benefit

AF Ablation in Patients With Only Documentation of Atrial Flutter. Objectives: The aim of the study was to evaluate whether isolation of the pulmonary veins (PVs) at the time of cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) ablation is beneficial in patients with lone atrial flutter (AFL). Background: A high proportion of patients with lone persistent AFL have recurrent episodes of atrial fibrillation (AF) after CTI ablation. However, the benefit of AF ablation in patients with only documentation of AFL has not been determined. Methods: Forty‐eight patients with typical lone persistent AFL (age 56 ± 6; 90% male) were randomized to CTI ablation (Group A; n = 25) or to CTI + PV isolation (PVI) (Group B; n = 23). In addition to PVI, some patients in group B underwent ablation of complex fractionated electrograms and/or creation of left atrial roof and mitral isthmus ablation line in a stepwise approach when AF was induced and sustained for more than 2 minutes. Mean follow‐up was 16 ± 4 months with a 48‐hour ambulatory monitor every 2 months. Results: There were no recurrences of AFL in either group. Six patients in group B (22%) underwent a stepwise ablation protocol. AF organized and terminated in 5 patients during ablation (83%). Complication rate was not significantly different among the groups. Twenty patients in group B (87%) and 11 patients in group A (44%) were free of arrhythmias on no medications at the end of follow‐up (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Ablation of AF at the time of CTI ablation results in a significantly better long‐term freedom from arrhythmias. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 22, pp. 34‐38, January 2011)     

The important role of pulmonary vein carina ablation as an adjunct to circumferential pulmonary vein isolation

Objectives and Background: The success rate of achieving electrical isolation by circumferential pulmonary vein ablation (CPVA) varies from 32% to 88%. We carried out ablation at the pulmonary vein carina to evaluate the elimination rates of the pulmonary vein potentials (PVPs) after one round of CPVA had failed to eliminate all the PVPs in the patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).
Methods: Ninety-seven patients (75 males; mean age: 50 ± 12 years; 15 with persistent AF and 82 with paroxysmal AF) who underwent catheter ablation were analyzed. All patients underwent one round of CPVA with PVP elimination as the endpoint. The electrophysiology tracings were then analyzed to look for the presence of any gaps that were subsequently targeted by radiofrequency ablation. The patients in whom the PVPs still persisted underwent ablation at the pulmonary vein carina and the success rate of the PVP elimination was studied. The patients were followed up for a mean duration of 12.9 ± 8.2 months.
Results: One hundred ninety-four ipsilateral pulmonary veins in 97 patients were subjected to CPVA with successful elimination of the PVPs in 110 ipsilateral pulmonary veins (success rate of 56.7%). A carina ablation was carried out in the remaining 84 ipsilateral pulmonary vein pairs harboring PVPs. Elimination of the PVPs was achieved in all the remaining ipsilateral pulmonary veins after the carina ablation.
Conclusion: Considering the limited efficacy of CPVA in eliminating the PVPs, pulmonary vein carina ablation is advisable to substantially increase the PVP elimination rate.     

Idiopathic Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Induced by a Focal Discharge Mechanism in the Left Superior Pulmonary Vein:

INTRODUCTION: The origin of double potentials inside the left superior pulmonary vein and their relation to the mechanisms of idiopathic paroxysmal focal atrial fibrillation (AF) are unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 40 patients were studied. Group I included 15 patients who underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory pathway. Double potentials were found inside the left superior pulmonary vein during sinus rhythm in 10 patients and during premature atrial contractions in the remaining five patients. Group II included 25 patients with idiopathic paroxysmal AF. Double potentials were also identified in the left superior pulmonary vein. In 15 patients (Group IIA), the earliest automatic discharge during premature atrial contractions and at the onset of AF was within the left superior pulmonary vein. AF was ablated by radiofrequency energy application at the site registering double potentials. Radiofrequency ablation in the remaining 10 patients failed to terminate AF (Group IIB). The patients in Group IIA had significantly more male patients and more frequent premature atrial contractions and atrial tachycardia on 24-hour Holter recordings prior to the procedure than patients in Group IIB. CONCLUSIONS: Double potentials are present at the left superior pulmonary veins in patients with and without a history of AF. The first potential is due to the activation of atrial myocardium and the second is due to the activation of a different muscular structure. Rapid discharge of this structure triggers episodes of paroxysmal AF. Patients with focal AF originating from the left superior pulmonary vein can be identified by Holter recordings.     

消融次数对心房组织消融透壁性及肺静脉电隔离性的影响

目的 分析不同消融次数对不同厚度的离体猪心房组织消融透壁率及其对肺静脉电隔离的影响.方法 ①40例新鲜猪心用以制备离体心房组织条.将测量后的心房组织按厚度分为＜2 mm（n=152）、2～4 mm（n=192）和＞4 mm（n=136）三组.每厚度组随机选取一半数量的心房组织分为A、B两组,A组采用双极射频消融钳行1次消融,B组行3次消融.消融透壁的指标是消融时该处同时测定的电阻抗＞100 ohm.分别记录A、B组每次消融透壁的时间.②成年猪30头,随机分为C、D两组,每组15头.C组消融左侧肺静脉及左心耳各1次,消融右侧肺静脉及右心耳各3次.D组则消融左侧心房结构3次,右侧心房1次.消融前后同步记录左心房及肺静脉电位,并起搏肺静脉视左心房是否被起搏.离体及活体消融线标本均固定后切片,使用Masson染色,镜下观察消融处组织学变化及透壁性情况.结果 离体实验A、B两组透壁率分别为51.3％和98.3％.A组不同心房厚度组间单次消融时间有显著差异.B组同一部位多次消融,消融时间递减.活体实验单次及3次消融后肺静脉电隔离率分别为72.2％和100％.结论 使用国产双极消融装置3次消融显著提高心房组织透壁率及肺静脉电隔离率。     

Is Selective Ipsilateral PV Isolation Sufficient for Focally Triggered Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation? Comparison of Selective Ipsilateral Pulmonary Vein Isolation versus Bilateral Pulmonary Vein Isolation

Is SIPVI Sufficient for Focally Triggered Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation? Introduction: Selective ipsilateral pulmonary vein isolation (SIPVI) has shown comparable efficacy in focal triggered atrial fibrillation (AF) versus isolation of all pulmonary veins (PVs), yet the sufficiency for such an ablation strategy to all patients is unclear. This study sought to identify a subgroup of patients for SIPVI and a subgroup of patients for bilateral PV isolation (BiPVI) with long‐term success by comparing the clinical efficacy of SIPVI and BiPVI on PV‐triggered AF. Methods and Results: One hundred and forty‐two patients (106 males; mean age 51 ± 13 years) with focal PV triggered paroxysmal AF (PAF) were studied. Seventy patients underwent SIPVI and 72 patients underwent BiPVI. After the first ablation, 44 patients (44/70) in the SIPVI group and 54 patients (54/72) in the BiPVI group were free of AF without antiarrhythmic drugs, after a follow‐up period of 36 ± 12 months (log‐rank test P = 0.1594). In patients younger than 50 years of age with a left atrium (LA) diameter <40 mm, SIPVI had a high success rate (15/18, 83%) of freedom from AF. However, for patients aged ≥50 years with an LA diameter ≥40 mm, 10 of the 12 patients in the SIPVI group and only 5 of the 15 patients in the BiPVI group had a recurrence of AF (log‐rank test P = 0.0173). Conclusions: For focally triggered PAF, in patients aged <50 years with an LA diameter <40 mm, SIPVI of triggering PV had a high success rate of freedom from AF. However, in patients aged ≥50 years with an LA diameter ≥40 mm, BiPVI achieved a higher success rate. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 130‐136, February 2012)