油茶皂素不育剂对鼠类抗生育功能的实验研究

目的研究油茶皂素不育剂对鼠类的抗生育功能。方法测定不同浓度油茶皂素不育剂对雄性小鼠的体外杀精效果和体内抗生育能力。结果油茶皂素不育剂对雄性小鼠呈现出较优的剂量依赖性体外杀精活性,3 min时的最低杀精浓度为0.05 mg/ml,与人用杀精剂壬苯醇醚相当,比扁桃酸(0.1 mg/ml)和柠檬酸(0.25 mg/ml)低。与生理盐水对照组比较,125 mg/(kg.d)油茶皂素不育剂灌胃给药4周后,可以明显降低雄性小鼠的活精子数(92.1%)和精子活力(52.6%),可以显著减少雌性小鼠的妊娠率(64.0%)和活胎数(67.4%)。结论油茶皂素不育剂具有较强的体外杀精活性和体内抗生育功能,可进一步开发成体外杀精避孕药和环境友好型鼠类抗生育药剂。     

苯酰甲硝唑亚急性实验研究(摘要)

苯酰甲硝唑是天津市河北制药厂研制的产品,该药作为内腹剂,对大多数厌氧菌有抵抗作用,为生产和使用者的安全,做本药的亚急性实验。 整个实验分四个剂量组,即正常对照组和三个给药组,小剂量组为120mg/kg,中剂量组为360mg/kg,大剂量组为600mg/kg。连续经口灌胃三个月。 实验结果:各给药组大鼠体重基本与正常对照组一致,唯有600mg/kg剂量组中雌性大鼠体重于给药第四周低于对照组,血、尿常规、转氨酶、尿素氮均正常。     

辛硫磷与灭多威混配对家兔的急性毒效应

目的观察有机磷农药与氨基甲酸酯混配制剂的急性毒效应,为其中毒的防治提供依据.方法常用低毒有机磷类农药--辛硫磷和高毒氨基甲酸酯类农药--灭多威混配.家兔随机分为辛硫磷组、灭多威组和辛硫磷+灭多威组,分别经腹腔一次注入含量为40%的辛硫磷(511.0 mg/kg体重)、含量为98%的灭多威(18.5 mg/kg体重)、含量为40%的辛硫磷(258.4 mg/kg体重)与含量为98%的灭多威(9.6 mg/kg体重)混剂.注射后于不同时间点记录动物血压、坐骨神经传导速度、心电图,测定全血胆碱酯酶(ChE)和血浆对氧磷酶(PON)活力.结果3个农药染毒组家兔坐骨神经传导速度在中毒早期无明显变化,而临死前显著降低,辛硫磷+灭多威混配组为(46.4±4.2)mm/s,与染毒前自身[(53.3±4.0)mm/s]相比,差异有显著性(P=0.021).心电图检查提示,各农药染毒组动物均有心肌毒性反应.灭多威染毒组存活的2只动物血压无明显降低,而辛硫磷或辛硫磷+灭多威染毒动物的血压明显下降.灭多威染毒动物的全血ChE活力降低约20%,辛硫磷或辛硫磷+灭多威染毒动物的ChE活力显著下降,在中毒120 min时降低约80%.3个农药染毒组动物血浆PON的动态变化与染毒前比较,差异不明显.结论未见辛硫磷+灭多威混剂对家兔的急性毒性有协同或拮抗作用.     

魔芋低聚甘露糖通便功能研究

[目的]研究魔芋低聚甘露糖对小鼠的通便作用。[方法]采用动物实验,选用雄性ICR小鼠,按体重随机分为空白对照组、便秘模型对照组和250 mg/kg.bw、500 mg/kg.bw、750 mg/kg.bw 3个实验组。进行小肠推进实验,测量小鼠体重,测量并计算小鼠小肠墨汁推进率;排便实验,记录首次排便时间、6 h排便粒数和重量。[结果]各组小鼠实验结束时体重差异无统计学意义(P﹥0.05)。与空白对照组比较,便秘模型对照组小鼠小肠墨汁推进率降低,首次排黑便时间延长,6 h排便粒数和6 h粪重均减少,差异均有统计学意义。500 mg/kg.bw和750 mg/kg.bw魔芋低聚甘露糖组小鼠小肠推进率高于便秘模型对照组,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01);500 mg/kg.bw和750 mg/kg.bw魔芋低聚甘露糖组小鼠首次排黑便时间早于便秘模型对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P﹤0.01,P﹤0.05),250 mg/kg.bw魔芋低聚甘露糖组小鼠6 h排便粒数多于便秘模型对照组,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.01)。[结论]魔芋低聚甘露糖对小鼠具有通便作用。     

用CGMCC No.8730冠突散囊菌发酵的金花黑茶对两种血脂异常模型大鼠体重和血脂的作用

目的研究CGMCC No.8730冠突散囊菌标准化发酵的金花黑茶对大鼠体重和血脂的影响。方法 (1)蛋黄乳剂模型:40只SD雄性大鼠随机分为5组,空白和阴性对照组每日灌胃蒸馏水、其他组每日灌胃低中高(100、500、2500 mg/kg 3个剂量金花黑茶提取物。11 d后禁食并腹腔注射蛋黄乳剂,第12 d采血测血脂,实验期间定期记录体重。(2)高脂饲料模型:50只雄性SD大鼠随机分为5组,空白组饲喂普通饲料,其他组饲喂60 kcal%高脂饲料,空白和阴性对照组每日灌胃蒸馏水、其他组每日灌胃低中高(75、250、750 mg/kg3个剂量金花黑茶提取物。定期记录体重、摄食量和能量摄入,第1、9周末禁食采血测血脂,第9周末取肾周及附睾周脂肪垫,计算体脂比。结果 (1)灌胃12 d后,2500 mg/kg剂量组大鼠的体重和血清甘油三酯水平显著低于蛋黄乳剂模型组(P0.01)。(2)灌胃9周后,250、750 mg/kg剂量组大鼠的体重和血清甘油三酯水平显著低于高脂饲料模型组,且摄食量、体脂比均降低(P0.01)。结论 CGMCC No.8730冠突散囊菌标准化发酵的金花黑茶提取物对SD大鼠有控制体重、降低血清甘油三酯的功效。     

水飞蓟籽油致突变和致畸作用的研究

目的探讨水飞蓟籽油的致突变和致畸作用。方法微核实验:昆明种小鼠50只,设阳性对照组、阴性对照组和水飞蓟3个剂量组(即20 ml/kg、10 ml/kg、5 ml/kg),每组10只(雌、雄各半),检测小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核率;精子畸型率实验:昆明种小鼠雄性25只,分组同微核实验,检测精子畸形率;Ames试验:设水飞蓟5个剂量组(即5.000 mg/皿、1.000 mg/皿、0.200 mg/皿、0.040 mg/皿、0.008 mg/皿),同时设溶剂对照组、未处理对照组和阳性对照组,检测回变菌落数;致畸试验:SD雌性孕鼠60只,设阴性对照组和水飞蓟3个剂量组(即10.00 ml/kg、5.00 ml/kg、2.50 ml/kg),进行孕鼠体重、胚胎效应、胎鼠生长发育及胎鼠骨骼和内脏畸形检查。结果与溶剂对照组比较,高、中、低3个剂量的水飞蓟组雄性、雌性小鼠骨髓细胞微核率、小鼠精子畸变率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);与未处理对照比较,各剂量水飞蓟组Ames试验菌株自发回变数差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);与对照组比较,各剂量水飞蓟组孕鼠体重及体重增重、胎鼠体重、体长及胎鼠骨胳內脏发育指标差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在一定剂量范围内,水飞蓟籽油无致突变和致畸作用。     

镉对家蝇幼虫血淋巴能量物质的影响

目的 研究镉暴露对家蝇幼虫血淋巴能量物质的影响.方法 分别以不同浓度氯化镉去离子水溶液配制含镉人工饲料[0(对照)、1、20、70、250 mg/kg],连续3代暴露1日龄家蝇幼虫48 h,测量各代2、3日龄幼虫体重及3日龄幼虫血淋巴的蛋白质、总糖和脂肪含量.结果 各镉暴露组的各代2、3日龄家蝇体重不同程度地低于对照组(P＜0.05).与对照组比较,1、70、250 mg/kg镉暴露组第1、2代及20、70、250 mg/kg镉暴露组第3代3日龄家蝇幼虫血淋巴蛋白的含量均明显降低;第1代1、70、250 mg/kg镉暴露组和第2代1、20、70 mg/kg镉暴露组及第3代20、70、250 mg/kg镉暴露组3日龄家蝇幼虫血淋巴脂肪的含量均明显降低;第1代1、20、70 mg/kg镉暴露组和第3代1、20、250 mg/kg镉暴露组3日龄家蝇幼虫血淋巴总糖的含量均明显降低;连续3代镉暴露各组(除第2代20 mg/kg镉暴露组外)3日龄家蝇幼虫血淋巴中的热量值均显著下降;镉与各代2日龄、3日龄家蝇幼虫体重以及各代3日龄家蝇幼虫血淋巴蛋白含量、热量值及第1代3日龄家蝇幼虫血淋巴脂肪含量和第3代3日龄家蝇幼虫血淋巴脂肪、总糖含量均呈负相关.结论 家蝇幼虫血淋巴能量物质储备随着镉剂量增高而下降.     

鼠类不育剂研究

目的研制一种抑制鼠类繁殖的不育剂.方法选择适口性好,又有经济实用价值的不育剂进行实验.结果选择适口性较好的左炔诺孕酮和YY不育剂进行不育实验,6个浓度的左炔诺孕酮对大白鼠不育是无效的.而YY不育剂8组试验无1只雌鼠怀孕,表明YY不育剂对雌大白鼠具有良好的不育作用,而且YY不育剂价格比较便宜,具有推广价值.结论应用化学不育剂比传统的毒杀方法更有可能达到防治目的,能够更好地抑制鼠类繁殖,值得大范围推广应用.     

四乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷对SD大鼠致畸试验研究

为评价四乙酰基六氮杂异伍兹烷(TAIW)对孕鼠的母体毒性及引起胎鼠畸形的可能性,将88只成年SD大鼠按交配时间随机分为4组,3个染毒组染毒剂量分别为111mg/kg、333 mg/kg和1000 mg/kg,对照组给予3%淀粉溶液。结果显示,TAIW对母体动物体重及胎鼠生长发育均无影响,阴性对照组和3个剂量组均不引起胎鼠产生外观、骨骼和内脏畸形。提示TAIW在本实验剂量下不会产生母体毒性和致畸危害。     

硫酸锌和蛋氨酸锌对小鼠早期生长的影响研究

目的:研究硫酸锌(ZnSO4)、蛋氨酸锌(Zn-Met)两种锌补加形式对断奶小鼠早期生长的影响及其机制。方法:选取21d断奶的雄性小鼠90只(KM种)随机分3组,每组设三个重复,每重复10只。对照组饲喂玉米淀粉—酪蛋白半纯合基础日粮(含锌11.67mg/kg),ZnSO4组、Zn-Met组分别在基础日粮中添加ZnSO4、Zn-Met30mg/kg(以锌计)。饲喂10d,测定小鼠体重、血浆生长激素含量、生长激素受体基因及胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)基因mRNA表达水平。结果:两种锌源均能提高小鼠体重及血清锌含量,且Zn-Met促长效果优于ZnSO4。两种锌源对生长激素水平、生长激素受体基因表达无显著影响,但均能显著提高IGF-ImRNA表达水平;Zn-Met处理小鼠IGF-ImRNA表达量显著高于ZnSO4处理。结论:ZnSO4和Zn-Met对生长激素水平、生长激素受体基因表达无影响,但均上调IGF-ImRNA表达量。Zn-Met较ZnSO4更能有效提高小鼠体重和上调IGF-ImRNA表达。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.