418名大学生主观幸福感与家庭功能和自我效能感关系的研究

目的考察大学生主观幸福感与家庭功能和自我效能感的关系。方法采用家庭功能评定量表、一般自我效能感量表和总体幸福感量表,对某工科大学418名大学生进行调查。结果 (1)主观幸福感与自我效能感和家庭功能因子相关。(2)主观幸福感高低群者在自我效能感和家庭功能因子上差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。(3)家庭功能对主观幸福感有直接预测作用,同时通过自我效能感对主观幸福感起到间接预测作用。结论家庭功能和自我效能感在一定程度上预测自我效能感。     

大学生一般自我效能感、应对方式及主观幸福感的相关研究

目的探讨大学生一般自我效能感、应对方式及主观幸福感的特点以及相互关系,为高校大学生心理健康教育提供依据.方法采用一般自我效能感量表(GSES)、简易应对方式量表(SCSS)和Campbell幸福感量表对大学生266名进行测评.结果不同性别和专业大学生的一般自我效能感、消极应对和主观幸福感差异无显著性,文科大学生的积极应对明显高于理科大学生;大学生一般自我效能感与积极应对及主观幸福感存在显著正相关,积极应对与主观幸福感有显著正相关,消极应对与主观幸福感之间存在显著负相关;一般自我效能感、积极应对和消极应对对主观幸福感的解释量分别为13.4%,5.4%和4.0%.结论一般自我效能感与应对方式及主观幸福感存在显著的相关关系.一般自我效能感和应对方式是影响主观幸福感的重要变量.     

聋哑和普通中学生主观幸福感及其影响因素对比分析

目的 探讨聋哑中学生和普通中学生主观幸福感的特点及影响因素,为聋哑中学生和普通中学生的心理健康教育提供依据.方法 采用基本情况调查表,一般自我效能感量表(GSES),总体幸福感量表(GWB),特质应对方式量表(TCSQ),艾森克个性测验(EPQ),社会支持评定表(SSAS)和自尊量表(SES)对202名聋哑中学生和273名普通中学生进行测评.结果 在普通中学生中,女生主观幸福感显著高于男生(P＜0.05),家庭经济状况相对差的学生主观幸福感显著高于家庭经济状况好的学生(p＜0.05);普通中学生和聋哑中学生的主观幸福感都与积极应对、总支持、客观支持、主观支持呈正相关(P＜0.05),与消极应对呈负相关(P＜0.05);聋哑中学生的主观幸福感、一般自我效能感、应对方式得分均显著低于普通中学生(P＜0.05),自尊量表得分均显著高于普通中学生(P＜0.05).结论 普通中学生和聋哑中学生的主观幸福感均与性别、经济状况有关;应对方式对主观幸福感有较好的预测作用.     

高职学生社会支持对主观幸福感的影响:自我效能感和心理韧性的中介作用

目的探讨高职院校大学生社会支持与主观幸福感的关系,以及一般自我效能感和心理韧性在其中的中介作用。方法采用社会支持量表、青少年主观幸福感量表、一般自我效能感量表和心理韧性量表对278名高职院校大学生进行测量。结果社会支持与主观幸福感之间的直接作用显著(r=0.462,P0.05);自我效能感和心理韧性分别在社会支持与主观幸福感之间起中介作用,同时自我效能感和心理韧性又在社会支持与主观幸福感之间起链式中介作用(x~2=127.875,df=72,GFI=0.916,RMSEA=0.062)。结论职业院校大学生自我效能感和心理韧性分别在社会支持与主观幸福感之间起中介作用,同时自我效能感和心理韧性又在社会支持与主观幸福感之间形成了链式中介作用。     

自我效能感在社区医护人员职业倦怠和主观幸福感之间的中介作用

目的 探讨社区医护人员职业倦怠、自我效能感与主观幸福感的关系以及自我效能感的中介作用。方法 2021年10月—2022年1月,采取多阶段分层随机抽样方法,选取山东省潍坊市384名社区医护人员为研究对象,使用职业倦怠量表（MBI）、自我效能感量表、主观幸福感量表进行问卷调查,采用SPSS 21.0进行独立样本t检验、单因素方差分析及相关性分析。结果 社区医护人员职业倦怠、自我效能感和主观幸福感总分分别为:（45.86±18.12）、（27.07±6.43）、（13.44±3.04）;职业倦怠与自我效能、主观幸福感呈负相关（r = - 0.29,P＜0.05）（r = - 0.30,P＜0.05）。自我效能感与主观幸福感呈正相关（r = 0.93,P＜0.05）;中介作用结果显示,社区医护人员自我效能感在职业倦怠和主观幸福感之间起完全中介作用,中介总效应值为 - 0.313。结论 在自我效能感作用下,社区医护人员职业倦怠对主观幸福感的直接作用不显著,但职业倦怠可以通过自我效能感的中介作用,间接影响社区医护人员的主观幸福感。自我效能感在社区医护人员职业倦怠和主观幸福感之间起完全中介作用。     

农村留守儿童应对方式学习自我效能感在社会支持与学习主观幸福感间的中介作用

探索应对方式和学习自我效能感在农村留守儿童社会支持与学习主观幸福感之间的中介作用,为提高农村留守儿童的学习主观幸福感提供实证依据.方法 方便抽取贵州和重庆6所农村中小学的1 618名四至九年级学生,采用社会支持评定量表、特质应对方式问卷、学业自我效能感量表和中学生学习主观幸福感量表进行调查.结果 留守儿童学习主观幸福感与学习自我效能感、积极应对、社会支持均呈正相关(r值分别为0.50,0.23,0.36,P值均<0.05),与消极应对呈负相关(r=-0.33,P<0.01).农村留守儿童的社会支持正向预测学习自我效能感和学习主观幸福感(β值分别为0.383,0.195,P值均<0.01),负向预测消极应对(β=-0.321,P<0.01);农村留守儿童的学习自我效能感正向预测学习主观幸福感(β=0.402,P<0.01);农村留守儿童的消极应对负向预测学习主观幸福感(β=-0.224,P<0.01).农村留守儿童的消极应对和学习自我效能感在社会支持与学习主观幸福感间起中介作用.结论 农村留守儿童社会支持直接并通过消极应对和学习自我效能感间接影响学习主观幸福感.     

社会支持、自我效能感对丧偶老年人主观幸福感的影响

目的了解社会支持、自我效能感对丧偶老年人主观幸福感的影响。方法采用社会支持量表、自我效能感量表和主观幸福感量表对丧偶老年人进行了调查。结果与有偶老年人相比,丧偶老年人的主观幸福感比较低,获得的社会支持较少,自我效能感较高;在主观幸福感维度中,生活满意度分别与社会支持总分、客观支持、主观支持呈显著的正相关(r=0.509、0.622、0.40);积极情感分别与社会支持总分、客观支持、主观支持、自我效能感呈显著的正相关(r=0.318、0.246、0.315、0.227);消极情感分别与社会支持总分、客观支持、主观支持、对支持的利用度、自我效能感呈显著的负相关(r=0.289、0.217、0.312、0.285、0.272)。客观支持、主观支持对生活满意度有显著的预测作用;主观支持、自我效能感对积极情感有显著的预测作用;对支持的利用度、主观支持、自我效能感对消极情感有显著的预测作用。结论社会支持、自我效能感影响丧偶老年人的主观幸福感。     

中学生体育锻炼对自我效能感自尊主观幸福感的影响

了解中学生体育锻炼状况及对自我效能感、自尊、主观幸福感的影响,为教师、家长及教育职能部门决策提供依据.方法 根据地理位置,分层随机抽取河南省5个市1 538名初中生和高中生,采用体育活动等级量表、Rosenberg自尊量表、一般自我效能感量表、情感平衡量表、一般生活满意感量表进行问卷调查.结果 河南省中学生锻炼量不足(小锻炼量)者占63%,只有37%的学生达到中等锻炼量;中学生体育锻炼量与自尊、自我效能感、情感平衡、主观幸福感之间均存在统计学意义相关(r值分别为0.16,0.23,0.12,0.17,P值均<0.01);不同锻炼量中学生的自尊、自我效能感、情感平衡与主观幸福感得分差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为5.08,12.06,7.51,8.90,P值均<0.01).结论 河南省中学生体育锻炼量普遍不足,体育锻炼量对自尊、自我效能感、主观幸福感有良好的预测作用.     

流动儿童自我效能感与领悟社会支持及孤独关系研究

目的探讨流动儿童自我效能感与领悟社会支持及孤独感之间的关系,为开展心理健康教育提供理论依据和现实指导。方法使用自我效能感量表、领悟社会支持量表和儿童孤独量表,对合肥市601名小学四～六年级儿童(流动儿童309名,非流动儿童292名)进行测查。结果流动儿童的孤独感显著高于非流动儿童;自我效能感显著低于非流动儿童;流动儿童孤独与自我效能感、领悟社会支持之间存在显著负相关;自我效能感在领悟社会支持与孤独间起着部分中介作用,其中介效应占总效应的36.15%。结论提高流动儿童对社会支持的主观感知能力,提高其自我效能感水平,有利于促进流动儿童孤独感的降低。     

大学生主观幸福感与心理社会因素

[目的]探讨影响大学生主观幸福感的心理社会因素.[方法]采用"总体幸福感量表"、 "一般自我价值感量表"、"自评抑郁量表"和"社会支持评定量表"对348名大学生进行了问卷调查.[结果] (1)主观幸福感 与社会支持、一般自我价值感存在显著的正相关(P<0.01),与抑郁存在显著的负相关(P<0.01); (2)3者对主观幸 福感的影响作用不同.[结论]抑郁对主观幸福感有直接影响;社会支持一方面作为一般自我价值感影响主观幸福感的中介直接影响主观幸福感,另一方面通过抑郁问接地影响主观幸福感;一般自我价值感只能通过抑郁和社会支持间接地影响主观幸福感.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.