两种川贝复方制剂抗炎作用及其机制研究

目的 探究川贝复方制剂的抗炎作用及机制。方法 雄性SD大鼠随机分成模型组、阳性组(12ml/kg·bw)、川贝复方制剂配方Ⅰ低、高剂量组(2.5 ml/kg·bw、7.5 ml/kg·bw),川贝复方制剂配方Ⅱ低、高剂量组(3.3 ml/kg·bw、9.9 ml/kg·bw)。应用皮下注射Dextran T-40致大鼠足肿胀模型和棉球致大鼠肉芽肿模型,观察川贝复方制剂的抗炎作用。测定足肿胀大鼠血清中一氧化氮(NO)含量和总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性,以及肿足渗出物中的丙二醛(MDA)和前列腺素E2(PGE2)水平;测定肉芽肿大鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)水平。结果 川贝复方制剂配方Ⅰ和Ⅱ对大鼠足肿胀和肉芽肿均有抑制作用(P<0.05),但二者的抗炎作用无差异(P>0.05)。两种配方均能降低足肿胀大鼠血清中NO(P<0.05)、肿足炎性渗出物中MDA(P<0.05)和PGE2(P<0.05)含量,提高SOD活性(P<0.05),并能降低肉芽肿大鼠血清中IL-1β(P<0.05)及TNF-α(P<0.05)水平。结论 川贝复方制剂配方Ⅰ和Ⅱ对大鼠炎症均有防治作用,其机制可能与抑制炎症介质产生和抗氧化作用有关。     

樱桃冻干粉对大鼠痛风性关节炎抗炎作用的研究

目的 观察樱桃冻干粉对尿酸钠诱导的痛风性关节炎大鼠的足爪肿胀程度和炎症反应的影响,并探讨樱桃冻干粉的抗炎作用机制.方法 将40只Wistar雄性大鼠随机分为4组即对照组、模型组、樱桃冻干粉实验低(10 g/kg)、高(20 g/kg)剂量组,每组各10只.对照组和模型组用普通饲料喂养,樱桃冻干粉实验低剂量组用含樱桃冻干粉10g/kg(樱桃冻干粉重量/饲料重量)的饲料喂养,高剂量组用含樱桃冻干粉20 g/kg(樱桃冻干粉重量/饲料重量)的饲料喂养.分别喂养8周后,除对照组外,其余3组大鼠用5％尿酸钠溶液建造右后足急性痛风性关节炎模型,建模6h后对大鼠足爪肿胀程度进行测量,分别测定大鼠肿胀足爪组织中NO、PGE2的水平和血清中白细胞介素IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子TNF-α的水平.结果 樱桃冻干粉对痛风性关节炎致大鼠足爪肿胀程度有明显的抑制作用,与模型组相比差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),可明显降低大鼠肿胀足爪组织中的炎性因子NO、PGE2的水平(P＜0.05)和血清中促炎因子IL-6、TNF-α的水平(P＜0.05).结论 樱桃冻干粉能够减缓痛风性关节炎所致大鼠足爪肿胀,抑制炎症反应,其作用机制可能与樱桃中花青素能够抑制促炎因子IL-6和TNF-α的生成,从而降低组织中炎性因子PGE2和NO水平有关.     

香椿叶水提物对小鼠炎症抑制作用

目的研究香椿叶水提物抗炎作用机制。方法观察香椿叶水提物对二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓肿胀、角叉菜胶所致大鼠足肿胀、炎症组织和血清中前列腺素E2(PGE2)、一氧化氮(NO)含量的影响。结果0.5,1.5 g/kg香椿叶水提物灌胃给药能明显抑制对二甲苯所致小鼠耳廓肿胀,抑制率分别为33.85%和46.98%;对照组大鼠注射角叉菜胶2,4 h后,足跖肿胀度为(0.68±0.19),(1.12±0.10)mL,6 h时开始恢复;对角叉菜胶所致正常大鼠足肿胀,香椿叶水提物高、低剂量组注射3和2 h后与对照组比较可明显抑制;低、高剂量香椿叶水提物可降低肿胀足爪组织中NO及PG E2含量;低剂量香椿叶水提物可降低血清中NO含量。结论香椿叶水提物可能通过影响炎症介质释放和减少NO的生成而起到抑制角叉菜胶性大鼠足肿胀作用。     

活络健骨胶囊抗炎效应的实验研究

目的观察活络健骨胶囊(HJC)的实验抗炎效应。方法分别采用大鼠胸膜炎、大鼠足跖肿胀及炎性组织PGE2含量作为3种抗炎试验模型。结果HJC低、中、高剂量组均能抑制或减轻鸡蛋清所致大鼠足跖炎性肿胀反应,与空白对照比较:低剂量组有效(P<0.05);中、高剂量组在30、60 m in时显效(P<0.01),在120、180 m in时作用更显著(P<0.001),与B组比较显示具有与双氯芬酸相当的抗炎效果(P>0.05)。HJC对大鼠足跖肿胀重量的抑制与空白对照比较:高剂量组作用显著(P<0.001),中剂量组有效(P<0.05),低剂量组无统计学意义。HJC对大鼠炎性组织中PGE2含量的影响与空白组比较:低剂量组有效(P<0.05),中、高剂量组作用显著(P<0.001),与阳性对照组比较:差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。此外,中、高剂量的HJC对大鼠胸膜腔白细胞渗出有抑制作用(P<0.05);但HJC各剂量组对大鼠胸膜腔渗出容积均无明显影响。结论实验显示,HJC具有良好的抗炎作用,其抗炎作用强度与双氯芬酸基本相同。     

杭白菊挥发油的抗菌抗炎作用及对PGE2的影响

目的研究杭白菊挥发油抗菌抗炎作用及其可能的机制。方法采用体外抗菌法、小鼠耳壳二甲苯肿胀法、角叉菜胶致大鼠足趾肿胀法,观察不同浓度和剂量杭白菊挥发油对细菌和炎症的影响,并检测PGE2的含量。结果杭白菊挥发油有明显的抗菌效果;对二甲苯致小鼠耳壳肿胀、角叉菜胶致大鼠足肿胀有抑制作用,并能减少PGE2的含量。结论杭白菊挥发油有抗菌抗炎作用,其抗炎作用可能与抑制PGE2的产生有关。     

桑椹花青素对大鼠佐剂性关节炎抑制作用

目的 研究桑椹花青素对佐剂性关节炎的抗炎功效.方法 将60只大鼠随机分为6组,在除正常对照组外的所有大鼠右后足跖皮内注射弗氏完全佐剂0.1 ml,观察大鼠左后足肿胀度,用比色法检测动物血清的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)及一氧化氮(NO)的水平;用放射免疫法测定血清和继发性炎症区域炎症因子白细胞介素-1(IL-1)和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)的水平.结果 桑椹花青素对大鼠继发性足肿胀有一定抑制作用,与模型组相比,桑椹花青素高、中、低组左侧继发性足肿胀度明显低于模型组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);能够明显提高大鼠血清中的GSH-Px、SOD活力及T-AOC水平,降低血清中MDA含量;降低血清及关节浸液中IL-1β和TNfa的水平,在抑制血清NO的合成中有一定的作用.结论 桑椹花青素对佐剂性关节炎具有一定抑制作用,其抗炎活性可能与其较强的抗氧化活性有关.     

复方龙葵颗粒剂药效学实验研究

目的通过对复方龙葵颗粒动物实验研究,探讨止咳、祛痰、抗炎作用。方法设复方龙葵颗粒大(10.0g.kg-1)、小(5.0g.kg-1)剂量组,对照组(0.9%氯化钠针25ml.kg-1)、阳性药物对照组[喷托维林组(0.1g.kg-1)氯化铵组(0.5g.kg-1)阿司匹林组(0.1g.kg-1]①小鼠二氧化硫引咳模型上进行止咳实验②小鼠酚红气管分泌实验③小鼠和大鼠非特异性炎症模型上进行抗炎实验(小鼠二甲苯耳廓肿胀和大鼠卵蛋白后足肿胀抗炎实验)。结果①止咳实验复方龙葵颗粒大、小剂量组,喷托维林组能明显延长潜伏期,减少咳嗽次数,与对照组比较,均存在差异极显著性(P<0.01)②分泌实验复方龙葵颗粒大、小剂量组,氯化铵组均明显增加酚红分泌量,与对照组比较存在差异显著性(P<0.05)。抗炎实验对二甲苯所致小鼠耳廊肿胀率和卵蛋白所致大鼠后足肿胀率,复方龙葵颗粒大、小剂量组,阿司匹林组有明显减少肿胀率,与对照组比较,均存在差异极显著性(P<0.01)。结论复方龙葵颗粒具有止咳、祛痰、抗炎作用。     

黄芪总苷对大鼠脑缺血机制与前列腺素的关系

目的:研究黄芪总苷(astragalosides,AST)预处理的脑保护作用机制及其与前列腺素E2的关系.方法:采用间断静脉推注AST模拟预适应的实验方法,观察大鼠大脑中动脉栓塞再灌致脑梗死体积、血清中前列腺素E2(prostaglandin E2,PGE2)的含量的变化.结果:AST(20,40,80mg.kg-1)预处理明显减少脑梗塞体积、并可明显降低血清中PGE2含量.结论:黄芪总苷预处理对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤具有明显的保护作用,其机制与脑组织中减少PGE2的产生有密切的关系.     

胡黄连苷Ⅱ治疗脑缺血的机制及最佳剂量和时间窗研究

目的通过正交试验优化胡黄连苷Ⅱ治疗大鼠脑缺血损伤的最佳剂量和时间窗。方法应用双侧颈总动脉结扎法建立大鼠前脑缺血模型,按正交试验设计分组,经腹腔注射胡黄连苷Ⅱ干预治疗,酶联免疫吸附法检测血清水通道蛋白4(AQP4)、基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP9)、环氧合酶2(COX2)的含量,综合评价胡黄连苷Ⅱ治疗脑缺血损伤的疗效。结果胡黄连苷Ⅱ治疗脑缺血损伤的最佳效果,根据血清AQP4含量分析为脑缺血2.0 h腹腔注射20 mg·kg-1体重;根据血清MMP9含量分析为脑缺血1.5 h/20 mg·kg-1体重,根据血清COX2含量分析为脑缺血1.5 h/10 mg·kg-1体重。结论从用药剂量最小化和治疗时间窗最大化原则综合评价,胡黄连苷Ⅱ治疗脑缺血损伤的治疗时间窗和剂量为脑缺血1.5~2.0 h腹腔注射10~20 mg/kg体重。     

大、小鼠吸收和代谢双酚A的差异

目的 探讨相同剂量双酚A(bisphenol A,BPA)经口染毒后,引起大、小鼠血清BPA浓度差异的机制.方法 无特定病原体(specic pathogen free,SPF)级雄性SD大鼠和ICR小鼠各18只,一次性经口给予300 mg/kg的BPA后,在第0.5、1.0、12.0小时时间点各采集6只大、小鼠血液,用荧光-高效液相色谱法(fluorescence-high performance liquid chromatography,FL-HPLC)检测血清中BPA浓度;大、小鼠各6只采用原位小肠吸收模型循环灌流100 ml 0.1 mmol/L BPA灌流液,用FL-HPLC法分别检测第0.5、1.0、2.0小时时间点灌注液中BPA浓度和灌流后2.0 h血清中的浓度;采用逆转录PCR(RT-PCR)方法检测大、小鼠肝脏尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶2B1(UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B1,UGT2B1)mRNA的表达水平,并采用FL-HPLC法检测UGT2B1的酶活性;大、小鼠各6只禁食24 h后,一次性经口给予300 ms/kg BPA,收集24 h粪便,用FL-HPLC法检测粪便中BPA含量.结果 300 ms/kg BPA经口染毒后第0.5、1.0、12.0小时时间点小鼠血清中BPA浓度分别为(66.57±14.95)、(51.16±16.06)、(22.73±5.00)μg/ml,大鼠血清中BPA浓度分别为(15.63±5.65)、(18.34±5.02)、(7.65±2.58)μg/ml,各时间点小鼠均高于大鼠,差异有统计学意义(F值分别为50.660,17.957,8.420,P值均＜0.05);0～、0.5～、1.0～2.0 h小鼠小肠各时间段吸收速率分别为(10.20±4.20)、(1.49±0.67)、(1.31±0.55)μg·cm-2·min-1均高于大鼠相应时间段吸收率[(1.87 ± 0.69)、(0.47±0.13)、(0.36 ± 0.08)μg·cm-2·min-1],差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为14.954、8.877、11.536,P值均＜0.05).0.1 mmol/L BPA灌肠2 h后小鼠血清中的BPA浓度为(22.64±4.35)μg/ml,高于大鼠的(4.13±0.83)μg/ml,差异有统计学意义(F=74.643,P=0.000);大鼠肝脏中BPA代谢酶UGT2B1 mRNA的表达水平和酶活性明显高于小鼠;300 mg/kg BPA经口染毒24 h后,大鼠经粪便排出的BPA量为(1.50±0.32)mg/g,高于小鼠的(0.57±0.35)ms/g,差异有统计学意义(F=21.215,P=0.001).结论 大、小鼠经口给予300 mg/kg BPA染毒后,由于小鼠肠吸收BPA的能力高于大鼠,而大鼠代谢及排出BPA能力高于小鼠,引起小鼠血清中BPA的浓度明显高于大鼠.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.