高分辨CT在肺结核诊断和鉴别诊断的价值

目的：探讨高分辨力CT诊断和鉴别诊断肺结核的价值。方法：回顾分析46例经手术、活检和临床治愈证实的肺结核病。全部病例均做了胸部平片和HRCT扫描，其中14例做了增强CT扫描。结果：在46例肺结核中：①磨玻璃密度与实变41例，占89．1％。②空洞29例，占63％。③树芽征24例，占52．2％。④随机分布的结节8例，占17．4％。⑤小叶问隔增厚2例，占4．4％。⑥支气管、血管周围间质增厚5例。占10％。HRCT能够发现平片和常规CT不能或不能全部显示的许多征象，如小叶中心分布的气腔结节，小气道结节(树芽征)，肺间质异常和马赛克灌注等。结论：HRCT能够对肺结核做出准确诊断。     

螺旋CT及三维重组技术在肺结核中的诊断价值

目的探讨螺旋CT及各种三维重组技术在肺结核诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析经病理和临床证实的肺结核病例145例,全部病例行螺旋CT扫描,针对不同病例行CTVE、MPR及CPR等不同类型三维重组。结果螺旋CT(尤其是HRCT)能够显示小叶中心结节、树芽征、结核空洞、干酪肺炎、粟粒结节、支气管播散、支气管结核、淋巴结肿大和钙化等肺结核的不同表现。螺旋CT诊断正确率为96.6%,结合各种三维重组方式后,诊断正确率99.31%。结论螺旋CT结合各种三维重组法能够对肺结核做出准确诊断。     

不典型肺结核的X线及CT诊断

目的 分析不典型肺结核的X线、CT表现,提高对不典型肺结核的认识.方法 回顾性分析80例得到证实的不典型肺结核的影像资料,包括胸部CR片,常规CT及HRCT扫描,其中56例CT增强扫描.结果 不典型肺结核X线、CT表现有下列4种,以节段肺叶实变表现为主30例,结节肿块型32例,支气管内膜结核8例,纵隔及肺门淋巴结肿大型10例.结论 不典型肺结核的影像表现多样,在诊断过程中综合各种检查手段,结合临床、检验化验等做出诊断.     

不典型肺结核CT诊断

分析不典型肺结核CT表现,并探讨其CT诊断价值.材料和方法:回顾性分析不典型肺结核63例,所有病例均得到证实,CT扫描包括常规层厚和薄层扫描或HRCT扫描,52例行增强扫描.结果:不典型CT表现有6种,粟粒性病变缺乏临床症状8例,肺炎实变型16例,磨玻璃密度阴影4例,气管支气管结核20例,结节或肿块9例,纵隔淋巴结结核6例.结核诊断率39.7%(25例),误为肿瘤19.0%(12例).结论:不典型肺结核CT表现多样,类似肺炎和肺癌,多数诊断困难.     

Kartagener综合征的影像诊断（附6例分析及文献复习）

目的探讨Kartagener综合征的影像特征及诊断价值。方法报道Kartagener综合征6例,全部病例均摄有胸部及副鼻窦X线平片,均行胸部CT平扫及副鼻窦横断、冠状CT扫描,1例行HRCT扫描并对影像表现进行了回顾性分析。结果所有患者的胸腔及腹腔内脏完全转位,胸片见“右位心”并伴有支气管扩张症（6例X线平片均可诊断为支扩,其中1例HRCT显示“印戒”征及“轨道”征）。全部病例均可见上颌窦炎,其中1例伴有筛窦炎。结论影像学表现是诊断kartagener的主要依据。     

普通双层螺旋CT对肺部单发结节的临床诊断价值

目的评价普通双层螺旋CT对肺部单发结节的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析30例肺部单发结节患者的常规螺旋CT扫描(SCT),双层高分辨率CT(HRCT)及三期增强扫描所见进行对比分析。结果常规SCT、HRCT对病变定位、定量诊断差异无统计学意义,而HRCT和三期扫描对良性结节、恶性结节、炎性结节的诊断率分别为93%、92%、100%,后两者与常规SCT比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论胸部普通双层SCT,结合结节局部HRCT及三期扫描,对结节定性诊断和鉴别诊断都有重要价值。     

肺郎格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症的临床、X线、CT表现(2例报告并文献复习)

目的探讨肺郎格汉斯细胞组织细胞增生症(PLCH)的临床、X线及CT表现,以提高对该病的影像学认识。方法回顾性分析2例病理证实的PLCH患者的临床、X线和CT资料。2例患者均行胸部螺旋CT、高分辨CT(HRCT)扫描及X线胸部平片摄影,1例行头颅CT扫描。结果 2例患者CT及HRCT均为双中上肺野广泛分布的高密度小结节状影、纤维条索影及囊状和蜂窝状影。1例头颅CT示右枕骨局限性骨质破坏;胸部平片示双肺野透光度减低,双肺纹理模糊;另1例胸部平片示双肺纹理紊乱,右肺中野可见多个小囊状低密度区;纵隔影明显增宽。结论 PLCH的X线、CT及HRCT表现有一定的特征性,尤其是HRCT显示病变更加清晰,结合临床资料可提高对此病的诊断,确诊仍需病理学诊断。     

HRCT在补充PET/CT对肺内结节诊断中的应用价值

目的:通过总结HRCT在PET/CT对肺内结节数量及病灶内部、周围情况检出率的补充,以探讨HRCT在补充PET/CT诊断中的应用价值。方法:自2007年7月～2008年7月行全身PET/CT检查的受检者中,92例(男性50例,女性42例)发现肺内结节并且高度可疑为恶性肿瘤,常规进行同机HRCT扫描,比较、分析HRCT及PET/CT肺内结节内部及周围征像。结果:全身PET/CT检查发现肺内结节92个,而HRCT发现肺内结节102个;HRCT对肺内结节的内部及病灶周围情况的检出率优于PET/CT,在6例PET阴性结节中有3例经HRCT扫描诊断为恶性并经病理证实。结论:HRCT可以补充PET/CT对肺内结节的诊断,减少漏诊及误诊,实现双方的优势互补。     

孤立性肺结节CT诊断的评价（附54例分析）

目的：探讨孤立性肺结节的CT表现及诊断。方法：对54例3．0cm以下的孤立性肺结节CT表现进行回顾性分析,其中恶性肿瘤30例,良性病变24例。CT常规扫描加病灶薄层扫描28例,常规扫描后行病灶区HRCT26例,增强扫描4例。结果：26例行HRCT扫描者术前显示病灶特征性改变,并作出正确诊断者22例（84．6％）,病灶局部薄层扫描术前诊断正确者15例（57．6％）,3例恶性肿瘤及1例良性肿瘤增强扫描均显示明显强化。结论：HRCT对肺癌及限局性机化性肺炎的鉴别诊断有较高价值,对孤立性肺结节以HRCT结合增强扫描并综合分析CT表现有助于提高定性诊断。     

HRCT扫描结合MSCT动态增强扫描在肺内孤立性结节的诊断价值

目的：评价HRCT扫描结合MSCT动态增强扫描在诊断肺内孤立性结节（SPNs）的价值。方法：收集直径小于3cm的肺内孤立性结节患者48例,其中周围型肺癌28例,单发转移瘤5例,肺炎性假瘤5例,结核瘤4例,肺血管瘤2例,支气管肺腺瘤2例、肺错构瘤2例。48例患者均先行常规胸部CT扫描,然后对兴趣区行HRCT扫描,然后行胸部动态增强扫描,并测量其CT值增强幅度。结果：HRCT扫描结合MSCT动态增强扫描诊断肺内孤立性小结节的正确率为90%,HRCT扫描可以更好显示病灶边缘特征及内部结构,动态增强扫描可见肺内恶性结节大多均匀增强,且增强CT值大于20HU,平均增强CT值为35HU。良性结节多周边增强,且增强CT值小于10HU。结论：根据SPNs的HRCT基本形态特征,并结合MSCT动态增强扫描强化特征有助于肺内孤立性结节的定性诊断,提高术前诊断正确率。     

支气管肺癌的影像诊断

肺癌的主要影像检查方法为X线胸片、CT、MRI等,其中高电压胸片、高分辨CT是早期发现及鉴别诊断的最重要的方法。螺旋CT的影像重建技术和MRI对于肿瘤的分期有重要价值。中央型肺癌的早期X线表现为支气管的阻塞性改变,HRCT显示支气管狭窄、管壁增厚及管腔结节。周围型肺癌的早期X线表现为肺内结节或小斑片阴影,HRCT显示结节有分叶、空泡或细支气管气像、边缘毛糙及胸膜凹陷征。CT或MRI增强扫描显示肿瘤明显强化。经皮肺穿刺活检是诊断肺癌的重要方法。螺旋CT对于病变的多平面重建、三维重建及仿真支气管内镜可从多个角度显示病变的形态,对病变的鉴别诊断起辅助作用。对于肺癌转移的诊断方面,CT及MRI可较准确地判断淋巴结转移,三维CT血管重建（CAT）及MR血管成像（MRA）可准确地诊断肿瘤对血管的侵犯。MRI是确定胸壁转移的可靠方法。中心型肺癌需与肺结核及慢性肺炎鉴别,周围型肺癌应与结核球、慢性炎性结节等肺内孤立结节病变鉴别。在充分发挥X线胸片及HRCT检查的基础上,有目的地选择其他影像方法进行综合影像诊断,可提高肺癌的早期诊断及鉴别诊断水平。     

肺炎性假瘤的HRCT诊断

目的 探讨肺炎性假瘤的CT表现.方法 21例经手术或病理证实的肺内直径小于2.0 cm炎性假瘤患者均经胸部高分辨力CT（RHCT）检查.其中,15例又经增强CT扫描.结果HRCT证实,21例病人中,浅分叶征见于6例,棘状突起5例,晕征8例,血管集束征5例.在接受增强扫描的15例中,增强后5例的病灶有轻度强化,而其余10例的病灶无明显强化,所有病例的病灶边缘均较光整.结论 HRCT对诊断肺内直径小于2.0 cm的炎性假瘤具有重要价值.而各种CT征象的综合分析有利于确诊.     

磨玻璃样改变的HRCT检查及其对弥漫性肺疾病的诊断价值

评价肺部磨玻璃样改变的高分辨率ＣＴ（ＨＲＣＴ）检查、病理基础以及它在弥漫性肺疾病（ＤＰＤ）中的诊断价值。材料和方法：一组连续的经病理学检查或临床综合其它各种检查而明确诊断的弥漫性肺疾病，经普通Ｘ线、ＣＴ和ＨＲＣＴ检查，ＨＲＣＴ采用层厚为１－１．５ｍｍ，间隔为１０ｍｍ，高空间频率重建算法。有病理学结果者则与之对照。结果：本组ＤＰＤ包括７３例，ＨＲＣＴ显示磨玻璃样改变征象１６例，分别为过敏性肺炎５例、淋巴瘤ｌ例、皮肌炎２例、特发性肺纤维化３例、类风湿性肺炎２例、放射性肺炎１例和肺水肿２例。普通Ｘ线仅显示９例（Ｐ＜０．０１）。病理学上磨玻璃样改变由肺泡腔内渗出、肺泡间隔增厚所致。结论：ＨＲＣＴ是显示肺部早期异常表现——磨玻璃样改变十分有效的方法，但对弥漫性肺疾病的鉴别诊断缺乏特异性。     

孤立性肺结节的CT征象(附65例分析)

目的分析孤立性肺结节的CT影像学特征,及早诊断恶性结节。方法搜集经临床治疗后观察证实或病理证实的65例孤立性肺结节,其中恶性结节35例(周围型肺癌);良性结节30例(结核球18例,炎性结节10例,错构瘤2例)。所有病例行常规CT扫描,并对部分结节病灶进行HRCT检查。结果典型结节并具有深分叶征,毛刺征,小泡征,含气支气管征,胸膜凹陷征,血管集束征对恶性结节的诊断具有较高价值。结论CT,特别是HRCT对孤立性肺结节的定性诊断具有十分重要的作用。     

艾滋病相关肺孢子菌肺炎影像学诊断

目的:分析艾滋病患者的肺孢子菌肺炎影像学特点。材料和方法:收集58例AIDS患者经临床诊断发生肺孢子菌肺炎的胸片(40例)和CT(20例),并分析其影像表现。结果:肺孢子菌肺炎的典型表现是两侧肺门周围对称性磨玻璃影、网状或网状结节影,呈斑片或地图状分布,由肺门向外周肺野发展并融合趋势;不典型表现为肺内多发结节、肺囊肿、胸腔积液、气胸、肺门及纵隔淋巴结肿大等。HRCT显示以上征象明显高于胸片。临床主要表现为低热、干咳、进行性呼吸困难及低氧血症。结论:艾滋病患者发生肺孢子菌肺炎时有一定的影像特点,影像检查有助于该病的诊断和鉴别。     

高分辨力CT在肾移植术后疑似肺炎患者中的应用价值

目的:评价高分辨率CT(HRCT)在诊断肾移植术后疑似肺炎中的应用价值。方法:33例肾移植术后疑似肺炎患者行胸片、胸部HRCT检查。所有患者均经影像学、实验室检查及临床随访而明确诊断。对33例患者的胸片和HRCT图像进行回顾性对比分析。结果:33例中10例(30.3%)胸片未见异常,其中9例HRCT提示肺炎并最终证实;23例胸片和HRCT均见异常,22例最终证实为肺炎,其中18例HRCT可提供更多更准确的信息,仅4例(12.1%)胸片与HRCT及最终诊断结果基本一致。结论:HRCT较胸片更敏感,有助于早期确诊肺炎,所有疑似肺炎的肾移植患者均应行HRCT检查,肾移植术后肺炎常见HRCT改变为磨玻璃样改变、小结节影和小片状实变。     

High-resolution CT in renal transplant patients with suspected pulmonary infections

Objective: This prospective study was carried out to assess the usefulness of high-resolution CT (HRCT) of the chest in immunocompromised renal transplant patients with suspected pulmonary infections.Material and Methods: Twenty-one consecutive renal transplant patients with clinically suspected pulmonary infections underwent chest radiography, HRCT and other tests including bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). HRCT was performed using a high spatial frequency algorithm with 2-mm-thick sections at 10-mm intervals from apices to domes of the diaphragm. The findings on chest radiography and HRCT were interpreted by two thoracic radiologists and the usefulness of HRCT was evaluated. The images were interpreted independently by two radiologists, who were blinded to the findings of other imaging modalities and the final diagnosis. Any differences regarding the imaging findings were resolved through consensus.Results: Final diagnosis was obtained in 17 patients, and no cause for symptomatology was established in 4 patients. The spectrum of infections included pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in 11 patients, cytomegalovirus pneumonia (CMV) in 2 patients, cryptococcal and streptococcal pneumonia, pulmonary aspergillosis and esophageal candidiasis in 1 patient each. Compared to chest radiography, HRCT revealed additional findings in 11 patients. HRCT findings were suggestive of underlying infection in 11 patients. The final diagnosis coincided with HRCT diagnosis in all but 1 patient. HRCT findings were non-specific in 3 patients and normal in 7. The findings were concordant in 19 cases. The results were not in agreement in only 2 cases.Conclusion: HRCT can provide useful information and suggest the diagnosis in a significant proportion of renal transplant patients with pulmonary infection.     

Comparison of plain chest radiography and high-resolution CT in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a sub-Saharan Africa study

The objective of the study was to determine the proportion of patients with missed lesions on plain chest radiographs compared with high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) in 49 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Patients underwent plain chest radiography and HRCT scans of the chest at admission. Microbiological investigations for CAP were performed. An experienced radiologist, without knowledge of clinical or pathological data, reported the chest radiographs and HRCT scans. The study group included 26 females and 23 males, aged 18-53 years (mean age 36 years). Organisms were isolated from 26 patients (53%). In 40 patients (82%), the HRCT scans demonstrated lesions not visualized on the plain chest radiographs. There was 100% correlation between plain radiographic and HRCT scan findings in nine cases (18%). Lesions that were not visualized on the plain radiographs but elucidated on HRCT included: pleural effusion (n = 14), ground-glass opacification (n = 20), pericardial effusion (n = 8), cavitation (n = 4), cysts (n = 4), bullae (n = 4), abscess (n = 1) and pneumothorax (n = 1). In 20 of 23 cases, hilar lymphadenopathy, identified on HRCT, was not recognized on plain chest radiographs. In patients in whom an organism was isolated, a correct HRCT diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis, bacterial pneumonia and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) was made in 80%, 84% and 100% of cases, respectively. The proportion of patients with missed lesions on plain chest radiographs in HIV infected patients with CAP was high. This has important implications for management and prognosis. HRCT scans correlate well with the microbiological diagnosis when reported by an experienced radiologist.     

HRCT findings of chest complications in patients with leukemia

High-resolution CT (HRCT) findings of several chest complications occurring in leukemic patients were reviewed. Although most entities show non-specific HRCT findings including ground-glass opacity and air-space consolidation, characteristic findings are observed in several pulmonary complications including Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, fungal infections, miliary tuberculosis, leukemic infiltration, pulmonary edema, bronchiolitis obliterans, and bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. A combination of these characteristic HRCT findings and the information obtained from the clinical setting may help in achieving a correct diagnosis of chest complications occurring in leukemic patients.