内蒙古呼伦贝尔市饮茶型氟铝联合中毒研究

目的探讨饮茶型氟中毒是否为砖茶型氟铝联合中毒。方法对饮茶型氟中毒病区进行饮水、砖茶、奶茶、主食、副食及牧民发、血、尿氟铝水平检测,对饮茶型氟中毒病区儿童和成人进行临床检查和拍摄 X 线片,同时对成人进行血液生物化学检查,以饮水型病区及非病区居民为对照组。结果呼伦贝尔市饮茶型病区饮水、主食、副食氟铝水平均在正常范围,砖茶氟铝水平分别为(541.3±48.8)、(4351±724)mg/kg,奶茶氟铝水平分别为(3.83±0.73)、(4.28±1.56)mg/L。饮水型病区饮水氟铝水平分别为(3.68±1.05)、(0.45±0.25)mg/L。饮茶型病区牧民氟总摄入量96.15%、铝总摄入量89.60%来源于砖茶。儿童氟斑牙检出率饮茶型病区为25.24%,饮水型病区为63.17%,饮茶型病区非常显著低于饮水型病区(P<0.01);成人氟中毒检出率饮茶型病区为42.61%,饮水型病区为28.83%,饮茶型病区显著高于饮水型病区(P<0.01)。结论呼伦贝尔市饮茶型氟中毒发病机理较为复杂,可能是砖茶型氟铝联合中毒。     

鄂温克族自治旗饮茶型氟中毒调查结果分析

目的摸清鄂温克族自治旗饮茶型氟中毒病情.方法现场流行病学调查,用氟离子选择电极法检测氟化物.结果水氟含量在0.33～2.40mg/L之间,平均1.0mg/L以下,唯有巴彦托海镇水氟含量在0.94～2.4 mg/L之间,平均为1.39 mg/L;奶茶氟含量在0.56～5.70mg/L之间;尿氟含量在0.29～8.70mg/L之间;儿童氟斑牙检出率平均在30%以下;成人氟骨症X线阳性率最高为35.20%,最低为15.91%.结论鄂温克族自治旗为饮茶型氟中毒病区,南辉苏木为中等病区,应加强防治.     

陈巴尔虎旗饮茶型氟中毒调查报告

证实陈巴尔虎旗是单纯饮茶型氟中毒病区。方法 病区现场流行病学调查，用氟离子电极检测氟化物。结果 水氟含量为0．35－0．63mg/L；奶茶氟含量在0．6－4．87mg/L之间；儿童尿氟含量0．63－6．65mg/L，成人尿氟含量0．64－12．78mg/L；儿童氟斑牙检出率不超过30％，平均为21．6％；成人氟骨症X线阳性率最高为57．63％，最低检出率16．67％。结论 陈巴尔虎旗为单纯性饮茶型氟中毒病区。     

内蒙古新巴尔虎右旗地方性氟中毒流行病学调查

目的 确定贝尔湖附近牧区是否是病区，搞清病情现状及摄氟来源。方法 现况流行病学调查，按Dean氏法调查8-12岁儿童氟斑牙患病情况；检查30岁以上成年人氟骨症患病情况；用氟离子选择电报法测定儿童尿氟、饮水氟、奶茶氟及砖茶氟含量，入户调查饮奶茶量，计算人均日饮奶茶摄氟量。结果 宝东和贝尔2个调查点儿童氟斑牙患病率分别为58．65％和66．00％：成人X线氟骨症检出率分别为39．33％和31．46％，以轻度和中度为主；饮水含氟量均值分别为4．37mg／L和4．12mg／L;奶茶氟含量均值分别为5．80mg／L和5．88mg／L；人均日饮奶茶摄氟量分别为8．70mg和9．50mg。结论 贝尔湖附近牧区是以饮水型为主的饮水饮茶混合型病区；饮水含氟量和奶茶含氟量及儿童尿含氟量均较高，达到重病区水平，但儿童氟斑牙和成人氟骨症相对较轻，其原因有待进一步研究。     

2007年新疆塔城地区饮茶型氟中毒调查报告

目的了解饮用高氟砖茶对居民身体健康的危害,掌握饮茶型氟中毒的地区分布及人群分布情况。方法调查县（市）根据牧区、农业区、半农半牧区及城镇分层,各随机抽取1个乡（镇、场）,每个乡镇调查成人、8-12岁儿童各100名。检查氟斑牙、氟骨症,测定水、茶、尿氟含量。结果调查成人2 006人,平均氟斑牙、氟骨症患病率分别为19.44%,6.33%。调查8-12岁儿童2 008人,平均氟斑牙患病率为19.02%。人均年砖茶消耗量为7.12 kg,人均日饮茶量为1 763 mL;饮水、茶水含氟量均值分别为0.46 mg/L,1.35 mg/L;成人、儿童尿氟均值分别为1.598 mg/L,1.262 mg/L。结论塔城地区存在饮茶型氟中毒病区。     

2013年新疆饮茶型氟中毒监测结果分析

目的调查新疆8～12岁儿童饮茶型氟中毒的病情严重程度及36～45岁成人氟骨症情况,为制定砖茶氟含量标准提供参考。方法按照《饮茶型地方性氟中毒监测方案》,选取新疆6个县作为饮茶型地方性氟中毒病区,调查该地区人群饮用砖茶情况;用Dean氏法诊断儿童氟斑牙;X线拍片检查成人氟骨症。结果300份砖茶样本中氟含量合格率28．70％,儿童氟斑牙检出率4．63％,氟斑牙指数0．16;居民日均通过砖茶摄入的氟含量5．94mg,氟骨症检出率9．33％。结论新疆部分县砖茶氟含量超标,高于全国均值,建议商务部门严加监管茶叶市场,限制某些高氟砖茶流通,以保护人们的身体健康。     

2007年内蒙古察右后旗饮茶型氟中毒调查报告

目的 了解饮用高氟砖茶对居民身体健康的危害,掌握饮茶型氟中毒的地区分布及人群分布情况. 方法 选择水氟低于2 mg/L的4个乡镇的8个行政村,每个乡镇调查成人、8～12岁儿童各100名.检查氟斑牙、氟骨症,测定水、茶、尿氟含量. 结果 调查成人412人,平均氟斑牙、氟骨症患病率分别为32.8%,7.77%.调查8～12岁儿童451人,平均氟斑牙患病率为29.5%.人均年砖茶消耗量为3.14 kg,人均日饮茶量为1 269 mL;饮水、茶水含氟量均值分别为1.17 mg/L,2.65 mg/L;成人、儿童尿氟均值分别为2.453 mg/L,0.922 mg/L. 结论 察右后旗存在饮茶型氟中毒病区.     

理县饮茶型氟中毒流行病学调查

目的 了解理县饮茶型氟中毒病情范围与流行状况.方法 采集饮用水样、(砖)茶水样和尿样用氟离子选择电极法检测氟含量,氟斑牙诊断采用Dean氏诊断标准,氟骨症诊断按照地方性氟骨症临床诊断标准.结果 饮用水样氟含量均符合国家饮用水卫生标准(1.0 mg/L);400份(砖)茶水氟含量均值为1.59 mg/L.400名8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率29.25％,尿氟算术均数为0.43 mg/L;400名16岁以上成人氟斑牙检出率46.25％,临床氟骨症检出率32.25％;400份成人尿氟算术均数为0.73 mg/L.结论 理县为饮茶型氟中毒轻病区,加强病情监测和健康教育是防治饮茶型氟中毒的关键.     

2006年四川省饮茶型氟中毒病情调查结果分析

目的 分析四川省饮茶型氟中毒病情现状.方法 按<四川省饮茶型氟中毒流行病学调查方案>,在四川省的饮砖茶区,选择10个县,每个县按不同方位选择10个乡镇,每个乡选择2个行政村和1所中心小学,对8～12岁儿童和20岁以上成人开展氟斑牙、氟骨症、尿氟调查.氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法,氟骨症采用临床和X线检查,尿氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法.结果 调查儿童5044名、成人4053名,氟斑牙检出率分别为55.69%(2809/5044)、60.41%(4053/6709),病损以轻度为主;成人氟骨症X线总检出率、Ⅱ度临床检出率分别为44.64%(167/1241)、38.94%(3883/9973).儿童和成人尿氟平均水平分别为1.88、2.78 mg/L,超出正常范围.儿童尿氟各年龄组间差别不大,而成人尿氟高年龄段高于低年龄段.尿氟水平与氟骨症间呈正相关(r=0.74).农区、牧区和半农半牧区氟骨症临床检出率分别为31.70%(1369/4318)、50.04%(1228/2454)、40.17%(1286/3201).以牧区最高.氟骨症X线检出率男性[49.57%(229/462)]高于女性[41.72%(325/779)],性别比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=11.72,P＜0.05).结论 四川省调查区饮茶型氟中毒流行严重.     

低氟青砖茶预防饮茶型氟中毒效果观察

目的 观察不同含氟量低氟青砖茶预防饮茶型氟中毒效果.方法 选择内蒙古克什克腾旗饮茶型氟中毒病区达来诺日镇罕达罕、哈达英格嘎查作为预防试验点,分别投放含氟量为(204.5±10.2)、(308.2±15.4)mg/kg的低氟青砖茶12个月.观察指标包括预防试验点病情[采用Dean法检测20 ～ 70岁成人氟斑牙,临床及Ⅹ线法检测氟骨症,并根据《地方性氟骨症诊断标准》(WS 192-2008)进行诊断]和预防试验前后砖茶、饮水、奶茶、成人尿含氟量(采用氟离子选择电极法),并计算经奶茶的摄氟量.结果 预防试验点罕达罕嘎查成人氟斑牙检出率为68.89％(62/90),临床氟骨症检出率为55.32％(52/94),Ⅹ线氟骨症检出率为65.17％(58/89);哈达英格嘎查成人氟斑牙检出率为54.84％(51/93),临床氟骨症检出率为65.69％(67/102),Ⅹ线氟骨症检出率为61.36％(54/88).罕达罕、哈达英格嘎查预防试验前砖茶含氟量分别为(831.4±138.9)、(864.3±134.6)mg/kg,饮水含氟量分别为(0.27±0.05)、(0.54±0.24)mg/L,奶茶含氟量分别为(2.16±1.12)、(2.82±1.38)mg/L,成人尿含氟量分别为(2.78±1.57)、(2.96±1.80)mg/L,经奶茶摄氟量分别为(8.12±5.84)、(6.42±5.04)mg/d;而预防试验后砖茶含氟量分别为(204.5±10.2)、(308.2±15.4)mg/kg,饮水含氟量分别为(0.34±0.11)、(0.62±0.30)mg/L,奶茶含氟量分别为(0.97±0.33)、(1.83±0.66)mg/L,成人尿含氟量分别为(1.29±0.55)、(1.47±0.62)mg/L,经奶茶摄氟量分别为(3.45±2.05)、(3.71±2.07) mg/d.罕达罕、哈达英格嘎查预防试验后砖茶、奶茶、成人尿含氟量和经奶茶摄氟量均明显低于预防试验前(t值分别为14.30、12.97,6.46、3.95,6.69、5.72,6.27、3.57,P均＜0.01),罕达罕嘎查经奶茶摄氟量在《人群总摄氟量卫生标准》(WS/T87-1996)允许限量内(＜ 3.5 mg/d).结论 饮低氟青砖茶可以预防饮茶型氟中毒,尤以含氟量为(204.5±10.2)mg/kg的低氟青砖茶预防效果更为可靠.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.