双水平正压通气无创呼吸机在建立人工气道呼吸衰竭患者中的应用

目的探讨双水平正压通气在建立人工气道呼吸衰竭患者序贯治疗中的价值。方法分析15例呼吸衰竭气管插管(5例)或切开(10例)机械通气患者,肺部感染基本控制,均有自主呼吸,病情稳定,呼吸机通气模式为压力支持,但撤机困难。改用双水平正压通气(BiPAP)无创呼吸机,连接气管导管,呼吸支持治疗,观察患者血气分析指标的变化及预后。结果 15例患者应用BiPAP无创呼吸机后,pH、PaO2、PaCO2基本正常,13例停用BiPAP,拔除气管导管,封闭气管切口,1例转康复医院继续治疗,1例因再次感染死亡。结论双水平正压通气可应用于病情稳定,撤机困难的建立人工气道呼吸衰竭患者的序贯治疗。     

无创正压通气在外科术后发生急性呼衰患者中过渡撤机的临床48例分析

目的比较无创正压通气(NPPV)和有创正压通气(IPPV)救治外科术后发生急性呼吸衰竭(ARF)的临床效果,评估NPPV在治疗中(过渡撤机)的作用。方法对48例外科术后发生ARF的患者先采用气管插管IPPV治疗72h后不能撤机者进行NPPV以过渡撤机,观察比较IPPV72h后与NPPV12h后两者HrBPR及动脉血气分析各指标。结果IPPV72h后与NPPV12h后,各指标HrBPRPaO2PaCO2均稳定,差异无显著性(P0.05)48例中,39例成功撤机,9例因并发心、脑、血液系统疾病重新气管插管或气管切开进行IPPV。结论在经过选择的外科术后发生ARF患者中经气管插管IPPV治疗72h后难以撤机者,实施NPPV以过渡撤机,可达到理想的通气支持治疗效果。     

BiPAP在有创-无创序贯治疗中的临床观察

目的探讨双水平正压通气(BiPAP)无创呼吸机在呼吸衰竭气管切开患者序贯治疗中的可行性。方法选择15例呼吸衰竭气管切开机械通气患者,肺部感染基本控制,均有自主呼吸,生命体征稳定,呼吸机通气模式为压力支持、但撤机困难,应用双水平正压通气无创呼吸机,连接气管切开导管,行序惯呼吸支持治疗,观察呼吸机参数及患者呼吸频率、心率、血气分析,并于同期住院的15例呼吸衰竭患者经口鼻面罩行无创通气相比较。结果两组患者通气24、72 h吸气压、呼气压、潮气量、每分通气量、呼吸次数、心率、pH、PaO2、PaCO2无明显差异,但有创通气组漏气量明显减于无创通气组。结论 BiPAP无创呼吸机应用于稳病情定,但撤机困难的气管切开呼吸衰竭患者序贯治疗是可行、安全、有效的。     

有创无创呼吸机在呼吸衰竭气管切开患者的临床观察

目的探讨双水平正压通气在呼吸衰竭气管切开患者序贯治疗中应用的价值。方法选择10例呼吸衰竭气管切开机械通气患者,肺部感染基本控制,均有自主呼吸,病情稳定,呼吸机通气模式为压力支持、但撤机困难。应用双水平正压通气无创呼吸机,连接气管切开导管,呼吸支持治疗,观察患者呼吸次数、心率、血压、血气分析指标的变化及预后。结果双水平正压通气无创呼吸机可应用于呼吸衰竭气管切开患者的呼吸支持治疗,患者呼吸次数、心率、血压稳定,PH、PaO2、PaCO2基本维持正常。观察、随访24周,10例患者中7例停用BiPAP,拔除气管导管,封闭气管切开开口。1例BiPAP通气24周,病情稳定。2例因再次感染死亡。结论双水平正压通气可应用于病情稳定,但撤机困难的气管切开呼吸衰竭患者序贯治疗。     

无创呼吸机治疗AECOPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭临床疗效回顾性分析

目的探讨无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期(AECOPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者临床疗效。方法选取202例AECOPD合并呼吸衰竭的患者接受无创正压呼吸机的治疗,分为有合并症组A组(合并高血压、冠心病、糖尿病)和无合并症组B组,分别比较两组治疗前后动脉氧分压(PaO2)、动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2),比较两组撤机时间的统计学差异性。结果与A组相比较,撤机时间无差异(P>0.05),治疗后PaO2、PaCO2无差异(P>0.05);各组无创正压通气治疗前后PaO2、PaCO2差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论早期合理利用无创正压通气,可明显改善AECOPD呼吸衰竭患者PaO2、PaCO2;合并症并无降低其治疗效果和延长撤机时间。     

无创正压通气与呼吸兴奋剂辅助治疗慢阻肺急性呼吸衰竭的对照研究

目的探讨无创正压通气与呼吸兴奋剂治疗慢阻肺急性呼衰的效果。方法对62例AECOPD患者分为两组,分别予双水平气道内正压通气(BiPAP)及呼吸兴奋剂辅助治疗。结果BiPAP通气治疗明显改善动脉血气,降低心率(HR)和呼吸频率(RR),减少辅助呼吸肌参与(P0.05)。结论无创正压通气辅助治疗AECOPD急性呼吸衰竭明显优于呼吸兴奋剂。     

BiPAP在慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭治疗中的应用

目的：观察无创双水平气道正压通气（BiPAP）对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法：将69例COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者随机分为治疗组（BiPAP通气）和对照组（呼吸兴奋剂）,观察治疗前、后动脉血氧分压（PaO2）、动脉血二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）、血氧饱和度（SpO2）等指标的变化,同时比较两组气管插管例数及住院病死率。结果：治疗组患者PaQ、SpO2的升高及PaCO2的下降明显优于对照组患者（P均〈0．05）,治疗组经口气管插管2例,死亡3例,均为COPD评分5～8分之间;对照组气管插管13例,死亡9例。结论：使用Bi—PAP无创通气能明显改善COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的通气功能,并发症少。     

无创呼吸机治疗冠心病所致急性心力衰竭的临床分析

目的评价无创正压通气(noninvasive positive pressure ventilation,NIPPV)在冠心病致急性左心衰竭抢救治疗中的临床价值。方法对41例冠心病致急性左心衰竭患者在常规治疗下不能有效改善低氧血症时,使用双水平正压通气(BiPAP)治疗,观察治疗前、后临床症状、体征的变化,血气分析结果动脉血pH、氧分压(PaO2)、二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)、平均动脉压(MAP)及血氧饱和度(SaO2)的变化。结果39例患者在无创机械通气后呼吸困难明显减轻;血气分析结果动脉血pH、PaO2、PaCO2、HR、RR、MAP及SaO2较治疗前明显改善;症状和体征也明显改善。治疗总有效率95.1%。结论无创BiPAP可明显改善冠心病致急性左心衰竭患者低氧血症,提高冠心病抢救成功率。     

无创正压通气联合呼吸兴奋剂治疗慢性阻塞性肺疾病并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的疗效观察

目的探讨经面罩或鼻罩无创正压通气同时静滴呼吸兴奋剂对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭的疗效。方法将50例住院确诊为COPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者随机分成两组，A组采用BiPAP机正压通气；B组BiPAP机正压通气加静滴呼吸兴奋剂治疗，连续5d，比较治疗前后各项血气指标及其转归。结果B组治疗1d、5d后PaCO2的下降显著优于A组。B组有创通气的发生率显著低于A组。结论双水平气道正压通气联合呼吸兴奋剂治疗COPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭，能显著改善呼吸衰竭，尤其是高碳酸血症，减少有创机械通气的机会，值得临床推广应用。     

无创正压通气对COPD急性发作伴高碳酸血症治疗效果

目的 观察无创正压通气(NPPV)对慢性阻塞性肺病急性发作(AECOPD)伴慢性高碳酸血症、pH值≥7.35住院患者效果.方法 48例患者随机分为标准治疗组(对照组),药物治疗加NPPV组(NPPV组).比较两组患者呼吸频率(R)、心率、呼吸困难症状评分(DSS)、血气、入住ICU和住院时间差异及并发症.结果 两组动脉血pH和PaCO2均改善,NPPV组变化更明显.NPPV组24 h后R下降较快(P<0.05)、PaCO2(P>0.05)和pH值(P<0.05)改善、DSS减轻更明显.出院时,NPPV组血气值、DSS无显著差异.所有患者均成功地出院,NPPV组住院时间比对照组明显缩短(P<0.05);腹胀和焦虑是最常见的并发症.结论 AECOPD伴慢性呼吸衰竭、pH值≥7.35患者施行NPPV可更快改善血气、减轻症状、缩短住院时间.     

Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation Treatment for Acute Respiratory Failure in SARS

This study describes the blood gases features and short-term outcomes with noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) treatment in the management of acute respiratory failure (ARF) during a severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic. Between April 22 and May 1, 2003, 120 patients meeting clinical criteria for SARS were admitted to a hospital for infectious diseases in Beijing, China. At 6 weeks after onset, 25% of patients (30/120) had experienced ARF. Of interest, 16 of these patients (53%) exhibited hypercapnia (PaCO₂> 45 mm Hg), and 10 hypercapnic events occurred within 1 week of admission. The occurence of hypencapnia or CO₂retention and was accompanied by myalgias. NPPV was instituted in 28 patients; one was intolerant of NPPV. In the remaining 27 patients, NPPV was initiated 1.2 ± 1.6 days after ARF onset. An hour of NPPV therapy led to significant increases in PaO₂and PaO₂/FiO₂and a decrease in respiratory rate (p< 0.01). Endotracheal intubation was required in one third of the patients (9 of 27) who initially had a favorable response to NPPV. Remarkable pulmonary barotrauma was noticed in 7 of all 120 patients (5.8%) and in 6 of those (22%) on NPPV. The overall fatality rate at 13 weeks was 6.7% (8/120); it was higher (26.7%) in those needing NPPV. No caregiver contracted SARS. We conclude that NPPV is a feasible and appropriate treatment for ARF occurring as a result of a SARS infection.     

2014~2015年度无创正压通气进展

无创正压通气(NPPV)在 COPD 急性加重(AECOPD)、急性心源性肺水肿(ACPE)、多种病因导致呼吸衰竭患者、需撤机患儿和婴幼儿中的应用呈稳步增长,而有创通气(IMV)使用有所下降,在“合适的患者”中应用 NPPV 作为一线治疗可获益,在有指征时,应及早应用。Meta 分析提示,对于 ALI/ARDS 患者,应用 NPPV 可降低气管插管率,对于急诊患者的院前治疗,支持早期应用 NPPV。部分研究结果支持在伴有慢性高碳酸血症的呼吸衰竭患者中应用较高强度的 NPPV 治疗,可降低病死率,能改善总体生存率、运动能力和生活质量评分。     

无创正压通气在心外科术后患者中的应用

目的:回顾性研究无创正压通气(NPPV)对心外科体外循环(CPB)术后出现急性呼吸衰竭(ARF)患者的安全性和有效性。方法:回顾本院心外科全麻CPB术后成年患者(年龄>16岁)450例,其中24例在拔管后出现ARF,根据ARF的病因分为6例肺炎、7例心源性肺水肿、11例CPB相关性肺损伤,比较NPPV使用前、后1h的氧合指数、心率、呼吸次数和动脉血pH,并用患者围手术期的临床特征作为参数来分析NPPV失败的预测因素。结果:NPPV平均使用时间(12.33±11.97)h,氧合指数、心率、呼吸次数和动脉血pH在使用前、后1h均明显改善(均P<0.01)。NPPV使66.67%的患者避免再次气管插管,其中对心源性肺水肿和CPB相关性肺损伤的疗效满意,成功率分别是85.71%和90.91%;而肺炎的患者均失败。所有患者均无NPPV并发症。有意义的单因素预测因素是NPPV治疗后1h的PaO2/FiO2<200,初次机械通气的时间和肺炎,多因素分析显示肺炎是预测NPPV失败的独立因素(OR0.063;95%CI 0.008～0.501)。结论:心外科CPB术后患者拔管后出现ARF,NPPV可以有效改善肺部氧合,减低再次气管插管的需要,但要严格选择病例。     

Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome following esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: a clinical comparative study

Objective

To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) in the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) following esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.

Methods

In this retrospective evaluation, we included 64 patients with ARDS following esophagectomy for esophageal cancer between January 2009 and December 2011. The primary evaluations were 28-day fatality and actual fatality. The secondary evaluations were sex, age, onset time, pH value, PaO₂/FiO₂, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE-II) score, and presence or absence after surgery of major surgery-related complications such as cardiac arrest, anastomotic fistula, and acute renal dysfunction.

Results

NPPV applied as the first-line intervention for ARDS following esophagectomy for esophageal cancer avoided intubation in 30 patients (30/64, 48.4%). There were no significant differences in gender, age, PaO₂/FiO₂, SOFA score, or APACHE-II score between the NPPV group and the patients who required invasive positive pressure ventilation (IPPV group) (P>0.05) at the time of onset, while differences in the PaO₂/FiO₂ (P<0.05) after 24 h of NPPV and presence of major surgery-related complications were highly significant (P<0.01).

Conclusions

NPPV may be an effective option for the treatment of ARDS/acute lung injury (ALI) following esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. However, conversion to invasive mechanical ventilation should be considered in patients with severe postoperative complications such as acute renal dysfunction and cardiac arrest and in those with PaO₂/FiO₂ <180 after 2 h of NPPV.KEYWORDS : Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV), esophagectomy, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)     

无创正压通气治疗慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期呼吸衰竭临床研究

目的评价无刨正压通气（NPPV）治疗慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）急性加重期呼吸衰竭的价值。方法收集2004年01月至2006年08月住我院重症监护室（ICU）54例COPD急性加重期呼吸衰竭的患者，观察所有患者在常规治疗基础上，进行NPPV治疗后的临床表现、动脉血气的变化。结果1例不能耐受、4例改用有创机械通气，49例患者经NPPV治疗2h后呼吸困难缓解，心率、呼吸频率下降（P〈0．05），动脉血气指标、氧合指数改善（P〈0．05）。结论NPPV能明显改善COPD急性加重期呼吸衰竭的症状、低氧血症、氧合指数及二氧化碳潴留，说明NPPV治疗有效，耐受件好，并发症少。     

无创正压通气治疗煤工尘肺合并呼吸衰竭的疗效研究

目的 探讨无创正压通气(NPPV)治疗煤工尘肺合并呼吸衰竭的疗效和安全性.方法 回顾分析2013年6月1日至2015年6月30日收治的煤工尘肺合并呼吸衰竭患者,共71例的临床资料.按是否进行无创正压通气分成NPPV组和对照组.主要观察指标是两组的病死率、气管插管率、呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率、住院时间;次要观察指标是两组的基础、治疗后2~4h、治疗24~48h生命体征、动脉血气分析测值和急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ).NPPV主要并发症包括气压伤、痰堵窒息、胃胀气、误吸、低血压.对数据应用SPSS软件进行统计学分析.结果 本研究共纳入对照组31例,NPPV组40例,.气管插管率NPPV组为12.5%(5/40),对照组为25.8%(8/31)(χ2=2.067,P=0.150);住院病死率,NPPV组为12.5%(5/40),对照组为29.0%(9/31)(χ2=3.015,P=0.082);VAP发生率,NPPV组为2.5%(1/40),对照组为9.6%(3/31)(P=0.311).NPPV组住院时间显著低于对照组[(10.37±2.34)d vs(13.61±4.70)d,P=0.001].生理指标改变:治疗后2~4h,与对照组比较NPPV组呼吸(RR)、PaCO2得到更好的改善(P<0.05),NPPV组与基础比较收缩压(SBP)得到改善(P<0.05),心率(HR)、RR、PaCO2、PaO2有显著改善(P<0.01).治疗24~48h后,NPPV组与对照组两组间比较RR、PaCO2得到更好的改善(P<0.05),NPPV组与基础比较pH值得到改善(P<0.05),HR、SBP、RR、PaCO2和PaO2得到显著改善(P<0.01).结论 NPPV较常规治疗可以更好改善煤工尘肺合并呼吸衰竭患者的 HR、SBP、RR、pH、PaCO2和PaO2,缩短住院天数,是煤工尘肺合并呼吸衰竭患者的有效治疗手段,值得进一步多中心大样本前瞻性随机对照研究.     

Incidence and mortality after acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome in Sweden, Denmark, and Iceland. The ARF Study Group.

To determine the incidence and 90-d mortality of acute respiratory failure (ARF), acute lung injury (ALI), and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), we carried out an 8-wk prospective cohort study in Sweden, Denmark, and Iceland. All intensive care unit (ICU) admissions (n = 13,346) >/= 15 yr of age were assessed between October 6th and November 30th, 1997 in 132 of 150 ICUs with resources to treat patients with intubation and mechanical ventilation (I + MV) >/= 24 h. ARF was defined as I + MV >/= 24 h. ALI and ARDS were defined using criteria recommended by the American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS. Calculation to correct the incidence for unidentified subjects from nonparticipating ICUs was made. No correction for in- or out-migration from the study area was possible. The population in the three countries >/= 15 yr of age was 11.74 million. One thousand two hundred thirty-one ARF patients were included, 287 ALI and 221 ARDS patients were identified. The incidences were for ARF 77.6, for ALI 17.9, and for ARDS 13.5 patients per 100,000/yr. Ninety-day mortality was 41.0% for ARF, including ALI and ARDS patients, 42.2% for ALI not fulfilling ARDS criteria, and 41.2% for ARDS.     

非心脏手术患者围术期大量输血后发生急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合征的危险因素及预后分析

目的:分析非心脏手术患者围手术期大量输血后发生急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)的相关危险因素,并总结其预后的影响。方法:回顾2008年1月至2012年12月,非心脏手术后入SICU治疗,符合围手术期输血总量≥1 500mL的患者102例,其中术后发生ALI/ARDS的患者34例(A组),未发生ALI/ARDS的患者68例(B组),对比两组患者的性别、年龄、心功能、手术时间、术中出血量、围手术期输血液制品的总量、输液量、术后并发症及病死率等指标,总结A组患者术后氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)的变化趋势,寻找影响ALI/ARDS发生的危险因素。结果:A组较B组患者手术时间长、输血总量及输液量多(P0.05)。A组患者术后氧和指数在术后第2天达到最低(P0.05)。A组患者气管插管时间、SICU停留时间较B组延长,术后二次气管插管、肾衰竭、多脏器功能不全综合征(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome,MODS)等并发症的发生多于B组(P0.05),A组患者病死率较B组高(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,手术时间及术中输液量是影响ARDS发生的危险因子。结论:非心脏手术患者围手术期大量输血后发生ALI/ARDS的原因与患者手术时间、输血总量及输液量有关,发生ALI/ARDS的患者预后差。缩短手术时间、减少输血及输液量对改善手术患者的预后有一定作用。对于有发生ALI/ARDS倾向的患者,术后积极治疗是关键。     

无创正压机械通气在治疗急性胰腺炎所致急性呼吸窘迫综合征中的应用

目的 探讨无创正压机械通气( NPPV)治疗急性胰腺炎并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的临床价值。方法 回顾性分析2007年1月至2010年5月收治的27例急性胰腺炎并发ARDS患者行NPPV治疗的病例资料,对比治疗前后患者心率、呼吸频率、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、氧合指数(OI)及动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)的变化情况。结果 27例患者中,25例(92.6％)经NPPV治疗后,心率、呼吸频率从上机前的(118.4±13.4)次/min、(32.1±1.7)次/min降低到上机后48 h的(81.9±8.5)次/min、(19.9±2.1)次/min,PaO2、OI及PaCO2从上机前的(74.1±5.0)mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)、(148.2±10.0) mmHg、(28.7±1.6) mmHg增加到上机后48 h的(110.4±20.8) mmHg、(204.5±71.1) mmHg、(38.4±3.6) mmHg,最终顺利脱机并过渡为文丘里面罩给氧;2例(7.4％)患者呼吸情况恶化,最终改为经口气管插管接有创呼吸机辅助呼吸。结论 急性胰腺炎并发ARDS患者使用NPPV治疗的疗效满意。NPPV操作相对简单,容易学习和掌握,并发症少,值得在临床上推广应用。     

Endothelin-1 level in epithelial lining fluid of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by endothelial cells, has been implicated in the dysfunction of various organs. To determine the role of ET-1 in acute lung injury (ALI) and ARDS, ET-1 levels were measured in epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and plasma obtained from patients with ALI/ARDS. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of patients with ALI/ARDS in the intensive care unit of two university hospitals was performed. Patients with ALI/ARDS underwent bronchoscopic microsampling to collect ELF on the day of onset of the disease. Patients who underwent bronchoscopy to examine a small peripheral pulmonary nodule served as controls. RESULTS: In the 23 patients with ALI/ARDS, the ET-1 level in ELF was significantly greater than that in plasma (P < 0.001). In contrast, ET-1 was not detectable in the ELF from six of the seven control subjects. The albumin concentration of ELF, used as a marker of endothelial and epithelial permeability, correlated with the ET-1 level in ELF (P < 0.001). The oxygenation index (PaO(2)/FiO(2)) was also correlated with ET-1 concentration in ELF (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In patients with ALI/ARDS, ET-1 is produced mainly in the lung and is associated not only with pulmonary vasoconstriction but also the development of permeability oedema, leading to the impairment of oxygenation.