胶质瘤egr-1基因表达水平与其细胞增殖和凋亡关系的研究

目的：探讨胶质瘤细胞egr-1基因表达水平与肿瘤恶性程度、细胞增殖活性及凋亡程度的关系。方法：用原位杂交、原位细胞凋亡检测和免疫组化染色方法观察了73例不同级别的胶质瘤。结果：73例胶质瘤egr-1mRNA和EGR-1蛋白阳性表达率均为100％．这两种阳性肿瘤细胞密度均随肿瘤恶性程度升高而相应增加，不同级别组间比较差异均有显著性（P〈0．01）。73例胶质瘤增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）阳性肿瘤细胞和凋亡肿瘤细胞检出率均为100％。随肿瘤恶性程度升高，PCNA阳性肿瘤细胞密度增加而凋亡肿瘤细胞密度减少，不同级别组间比较差异均有显著性（心0．05～0．01）。经直线相关分析证实，egr-1mRNA、EGR-1蛋白和PCNA阳性肿瘤细胞密度彼此间均呈显著性正相关（r=0．685～0．999，P〈0．01），前三种阳性肿瘤细胞密度均与凋亡肿瘤细胞密度呈显著性负相关（r=-0．758—0．775，P〈0．01）。结论：egr-1基因表达水平对评价胶质瘤生物学行为有重要参考价值。胶质瘤细胞egr-1基因表达异常增加可能是促进肿瘤细胞增殖和抑制其凋亡的重要因素，并在胶质瘤发生及恶性进展过程中均起重要作用。     

胶质瘤p27Kip1、bcl-2和PCNA蛋白的表达

目的　探讨胶质瘤p2 7Kip1,bcl 2和PCNA蛋白表达与肿瘤恶性程度、细胞增殖活性、凋亡程度的关系。方法　采用免疫组化染色S P法检测 66例不同级别的胶质瘤 p2 7Kip1,bcl 2和PCNA蛋白的表达。结果　在 66例胶质瘤中 ,p2 7Kip1表达 18例(2 7% ) ,bcl 2表达 2 0例 (3 0 % ) ,PCNA表达 5 1例 (77% )。p2 7Kip1蛋白表达率随着胶质瘤级别升高而减少 ;bcl 2蛋白表达率随肿瘤级别升高而相应增加 ;PCNA表达随胶质瘤级别升高阳性反应强度增加 ;但Ⅰ、Ⅱ与Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级组间无显著性差异。结论　p2 7Kip1蛋白表达的缺失可能与胶质瘤的发生有关 ;bcl 2基因可能间接抑制细胞凋亡而与胶质瘤的分型、细胞的增殖活性以及潜在的临床行为无直接关系 ;PCNA的表达与星形胶质细胞瘤的恶性行为有关     

转染连接蛋白基因对人脑胶质瘤细胞间隙连接通讯及其生长变化的研究

目的 研究连接蛋白（Cx)基因对人脑胶质瘤细胞的细胞间隙连接通讯（GJIC）及其增殖的抑制作用,探索以Cx43基因治疗胶质瘤的可行性。方法 将含Cx43cDNA的质粒,以脂质体介导转染Cx43表达缺失的TJ905人胶质母细胞瘤细胞,通过Northern印染杂交、原位杂交及免疫组化染色检测Cx43mRNA及蛋白表达,划痕标记荧光染料示踪技术（SLDT）检测GJIC,MTT法测定细胞增殖率,核仁组成区嗜银蛋白（AgNOR)染色检测细胞增殖活性,TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡。结果 转染后TJ905细胞有不同程度的Cx43mRNA和蛋白表达及GJIC恢复。Cx43表达水平高的克隆细胞增殖明显下降,细胞凋亡并未增加。结论 Cx43基因及GJIC在恶性胶质瘤的发生发展过程中起重要作用,可能成为恶性胶质瘤基因治疗的优选靶的之一。     

肿瘤抑制蛋白p33ING1b在消化系统肿瘤中的研究进展

肿瘤抑制蛋白p33ING1b为生长抑制基因-1(ING1)的主要表达产物,它在细胞增殖和细胞周期调控、细胞衰老、DNA损伤修复、细胞凋亡和核染色质重塑中发挥重要作用。其表达异常与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关。本文就肿瘤抑制蛋白p33ING1b在消化系统肿瘤中的研究进展做一综述。     

胶质瘤p^27Kipl、bcl-2和PCNA蛋白的表达

目的：探讨胶质瘤p^27Kipl，bcl-2和PCNA蛋白表达与肿瘤恶性程度、细胞增殖活性、凋亡程度的关系。声去采用免疫组化染色S-P法检测66例不同级别的胶质瘤p^27Kipl，bcl-2和PCNA蛋白的表达。结果：在66例胶质瘤甲，p^27Kipl表达18例(27％)，bcl-2表达20例(30％)，PCNA表达51例(77％)。p^27Kipl蛋白表达率随着胶质瘤级别升高而减少．bcl-2蛋白表达率随肿瘤级别升高而相应增加；PCNA表达随胶质瘤级别升高阳性反应强度增加；但Ⅰ、Ⅱ与Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级组间无显著性差异。结论：p^27Kipl蛋白表达的缺失可能与胶质瘤的发生有关；bcl-2基因可能间接抑制细胞凋亡而与胶质瘤的分型、细胞的增殖活性以及潜在的临床行为无直接关系；PCNA的表达与星形胶质细胞瘤的恶性行为有关。     

p33ING1b 基因对SW480细胞生长增殖的影响

背景与目的:p33ING1b基因作为一个新的候选抑瘤基因,具有多种生物学功能.本实验旨在研究p33ING1b基因对人结肠癌细胞SW480生长的影响.方法:经Western印迹和免疫细胞化学鉴定,通过生长曲线绘制、软琼脂集落形成实验和流式细胞仪分析检测p33ING1b基因转入对SW480细胞生长增殖以及细胞周期改变和凋亡率方面的影响,并用Western印迹法,检测3组细胞p53、p21WAF1、Bax及Bc1-2蛋白的表达情况,探讨p33ING1b基因抑瘤的可能分子机制.结果:与未转染组(SW480)和空载体组(pcDNA3.1( )/SW480)相比,p33ING1b蛋白转染组(pcDNA3.1( )/p33ING1b/SW480)细胞生长增殖速度减慢(P＜0.05);软琼脂集落形成率降低(P＜0.01);凋亡率增高(P＜0.05),而对细胞周期的改变不明显(P＞0.05).p33ING1b基因在SW480细胞中高表达,能有效抑制SW480细胞的生长,并促进其凋亡.Western印迹法分析显示SW480细胞中p33ING1b基因高表达,导致Bax蛋白表达水平升高、Bc1-2蛋白质表达水平降低,差异有显著性(P＜0.05):p53及p21WAF1蛋白表达水平稍有升高,但差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论:高表达外源性p33ING1b基因后,SW480细胞生长增殖速度减慢,凋亡增加,其机制可能与Bax蛋白表达上调、Bc1-2蛋白表达下调有关.     

下调Akt1表达对胆管癌HUCCA-1细胞增殖、凋亡的影响

目的:观察Akt1干扰后胆管癌HUCCA-1细胞增殖、细胞周期及凋亡变化,及其与下游蛋白的相关性.方法:构建干扰质粒siAkt1转染胆管癌HUCCA-1细胞,Western印迹法及qRT-PCR法检测转染效率及Akt1下调后凋亡相关基因表达.MTT法检测细胞增殖,PI法检测细胞周期,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡.结果:MTT显示,与MOCK组和siRNA control组对比,siAkt1转染后HUCCA-1细胞增殖能力减弱,在72h及96h差异均具有显著性(P＜0.05);转染siAkt1细胞停留在G1期比例增高,G2及S期比例减少(P＜0.05);转染后早期凋亡及晚期凋亡率均升高(P ＜0.05;P ＜0.01).在siAkt1转染后,凋亡相关基因p85mRNA及p-Akt1(磷酸化的Akt1)mRNA表达水平降低(P＜0.05),Cleaved Caspase-9 mRNA及Cleaved Caspase-8mRNA表达升高(P＜0.05).凋亡相关基因p85及p-Akt1蛋白表达降低(P＜0.05),Cleaved Caspase-9及Cleaved Caspase-8蛋白表达水平升高(p＜0.05).结论:对胆管癌HUCCA-1细胞中Akt1表达进行下调导致细胞增殖能力下降,促进细胞进入G1期,凋亡率升高,机制与其下游Cleaved Caspase基因表达具有相关性.     

P57KIP2和PCNA在人脑胶质瘤中的表达及其意义

目的研究有丝分裂抑制因子P57KIP2、增殖细胞核抗原PCNA蛋白在人脑胶质瘤中的表达及其意义.方法免疫组化S-P法检测46例脑胶质瘤中P57KIP2与PCNA蛋白的表达情况.结果 P57KIP2蛋白在脑胶质瘤中的表达阳性率分别为34.8%,显著低于正常脑组织的阳性率75%(P＜0.01);PCNA蛋白在脑胶质瘤中的表达阳性率为60.9%,显著高于正常脑组织的20%(P＜0.01).两者的表达率均与肿瘤的恶性程度(P＜0.05,P＜0.05)及两年生存率有关(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).P57KIP2与PCNA的表达密切相关(P＜0.01,rs=-0.537).结论 P57KIP2基因的表达水平与肿瘤细胞增殖活性有密切的关系,其表达水平的改变在肿瘤生长中起关键作用.P57KIP2和PCNA的联合检测有利于更准确地判断细胞的增殖活性和预后.     

P33ING1、p53在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达及与细胞凋亡的相关性

目的:探讨抑癌基因P33ING1在膀胱移行细胞癌(BTCC)中的表达及其与p53蛋白表达及细胞凋亡的相关性.方法:利用免疫组化S-P法和TUNEL.法检测83例BTCC及11例正常膀胱黏膜组织P33ING1、p53的表达及细胞凋亡指数(AI).结果:83例膀胱移行细胞癌组织中,P33ING1蛋白的阳性表达率为59.03%,而正常膀胱黏膜组织中P33ING1蛋白阳性表达率为90.9%.P33ING1蛋白表达与膀胱移行细胞癌的WHO肿瘤分级有相关性.spearman相关分析表明P33ING1蛋白表达与p53蛋白表达正相关(P<0.05).AI与P33ING1及p53蛋白表达无相关性.结论:P33ING1在膀胱移行细胞癌中表达下降可能在膀胱移行细胞癌的发生、发展过程中起重要作用,P33ING1与p53基因具有协同作用,同时检测p53的状态和P33ING1表达水平,对于膀胱癌的诊断、治疗和预后判断可能具有积极意义.     

脑胶质瘤中bcl-2 基因表达水平及临床意义

 目的 探讨bcl-2基因在胶质瘤细胞中的表达水平与肿瘤恶性程度和临床预后的关系. 方法 用免疫组化染色和原位杂交检测61例人胶质瘤组织和20例正常人脑组织中bcl-2蛋白和bcl-2 mRNA的表达. 结果 免疫组化染色55例（87.0%）表达bcl-2蛋白,原位杂交显示58例（92.8%）表达bcl-2 mRNA,两者的表达水平呈正相关,bcl-2在转录水平的表达明显高于蛋白质水平,且bcl-2表达水平与胶质瘤病理分级呈显著正相关系,而20例正常人脑组织中仅4例表达bcl-2蛋白,6例表达bcl-2 mRNA（均P〈0.01）. 结论 恶性胶质瘤细胞中普遍存在bcl-2基因的高表达,表达水平与胶质瘤的恶性程度、临床预后存在密切关系,bcl-2基因可能成为恶性胶质瘤基因治疗的靶点.     

Religiosity and Physical and Emotional Functioning Among African American and White Colorectal and Lung Cancer Patients

The literature suggests that religiosity helps cope with illness. The present study examined the role of religiosity in functioning among African Americans and Whites with a cancer diagnosis. Patients were recruited from an existing study and mailed a religiosity survey. Participants (N = 269; 36% African American, 56% women) completed the mail survey, and interview data from the larger cohort was utilized in the analysis. Multivariate analyses indicated that in the overall sample religious behaviors were marginally and positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Among women, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Religiosity was not a predictor of study outcomes for men. Among African Americans, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and vitality. Among Whites, religious behaviors were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a mixed role of religious involvement in cancer outcomes. The current findings may have applied potential in the areas of emotional functioning and depression.     

Occupational and environmental radiation and cancer

Epidemiologic evidence on the relation between occupational and environmental radiation and cancer is reviewed. Studies of pioneering radiation workers, underground miners, and radium dial painters revealed excess cancer deaths and contributed to the setting of radiation protection standards and to theories of carcinogenesis. Occupational exposures today are generally much lower than in the past, thus any associated increases in cancer will be difficult to detect. Pooling investigations of these more recently exposed workers, however, has the potential to validate current estimates of risk used in radiation protection. New information on the effects of chronic radiation exposure also may come from studies in the former Soviet Union of Chernobyl clean-up workers and of workers at the Mayak nuclear facilities. Studies of environmental radiation exposures, other than radon, are largely inconclusive, due mainly to the difficulties in detecting the low risks associated with low dose exposures. Thyroid cancer, however, has been linked to environmental radiation from the Chernobyl accident and from nuclear weapons tests. Low-level radiation released during normal operations at nuclear plants has not been found to increase cancer rates in surrounding populations. Radon, a human carcinogen, is the most ubiquitous exposure to human populations; remediating high residential-radon levels is recommended, recognizing that the exposure can never be removed completely because it occurs naturally.     

Vitamin D and melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer risk and prognosis: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis

Vitamin D is formed mainly in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and can as well be taken orally with food or through supplements. While sun exposure is a known risk factor for skin cancer development, vitamin D exerts anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on melanocytes and keratinocytes in vitro. To clarify the role of vitamin D in skin carcinogenesis, we performed a review of the literature and meta-analysis to evaluate the association of vitamin D serum levels and dietary intake with cutaneous melanoma (CM) and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) risk and melanoma prognostic factors. Twenty papers were included for an overall 1420 CM and 2317 NMSC. The summary relative risks (SRRs) from random effects models for the association of highest versus lowest vitamin D serum levels was 1.46 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60–3.53) and 1.64 (95% CI 1.02–2.65) for CM and NMSC, respectively. The SRR for the highest versus lowest quintile of vitamin D intake was 0.86 (95% CI 0.63–1.13) for CM and 1.03 (95% CI 0.95–1.13) for NMSC. Data were suggestive of an inverse association between vitamin D blood levels and CM thickness at diagnosis. Further research is needed to investigate the effect of vitamin D on skin cancer risk in populations with different exposure to sunlight and dietary habits, and to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation is effective in improving CM survival.     

New and emerging radiosensitizers and radioprotectors

The combination of chemotherapy and radiation has led to clinical breakthroughs in several disease sites, and current work continues to define optimum combinations of proven chemotherapy as well as more recently available, noncytotoxic agents. Administration of systemic therapies allows modulation of radiation response to improve tumor control (radiosensitization) or to prevent normal tissue toxicity (radioprotection). Substantial progress has been made in identifying the targets of standard chemotherapeutic radiation sensitizers and protectors as well as in the introduction of a new generation of molecularly targeted therapies in combination with radiation. We have reviewed the most recent, predominantly early phase clinical trials combining systemic agents with radiation. Although the proof of an improved schedule ultimately needs to come from well-run Phase III trials, the search among schedules could be shortened by the use of surrogate endpoints such as presence of active drug metabolites in the tumor. This has been accomplished only in a few cases and needs to become a more standard part of radiation sensitizer and protector trials.     

Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk

The possibility that fruit and vegetables may help to reduce the risk of cancer has been studied for over 30 years, but no protective effects have been firmly established. For cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract, epidemiological studies have generally observed that people with a relatively high intake of fruit and vegetables have a moderately reduced risk, but these observations must be interpreted cautiously because of potential confounding by smoking and alcohol. For lung cancer, recent large prospective analyses with detailed adjustment for smoking have not shown a convincing association between fruit and vegetable intake and reduced risk. For other common cancers, including colorectal, breast and prostate cancer, epidemiological studies suggest little or no association between total fruit and vegetable consumption and risk. It is still possible that there are benefits to be identified: there could be benefits in populations with low average intakes of fruit and vegetables, such that those eating moderate amounts have a lower cancer risk than those eating very low amounts, and there could also be effects of particular nutrients in certain fruits and vegetables, as fruit and vegetables have very varied composition. Nutritional principles indicate that healthy diets should include at least moderate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but the available data suggest that general increases in fruit and vegetable intake would not have much effect on cancer rates, at least in well-nourished populations. Current advice in relation to diet and cancer should include the recommendation to consume adequate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but should put most emphasis on the well-established adverse effects of obesity and high alcohol intakes.     

肾上腺素能β受体与肿瘤生长及转移

大量研究表明肿瘤细胞可表达β受体，而一些神经递质、药物和社会心理因素可能通过β受体影响肿瘤的生长和转移，β受体激动剂、β受体阻滞剂以及抑郁等社会心理因素可加强或削弱这种作用。这为表达β受体肿瘤的治疗开辟了新的道路，提供了新的治疗靶点。     

VEGF及KDR在大肠腺瘤和腺癌中的表达及意义

目的：探讨VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌中的表达及临床病理特征的关系。方法：大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌组织标本各100例,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测VEGF和KDR在标本中的表达情况。结果：VEGF和KDR在大肠腺癌组中的阳性表达明显高于大肠腺瘤组（P〈0.05）;在正常大肠黏膜均未见VEGF和KDR表达的阳性染色;VEGF阳性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率为70%,显著高于VEGF阴性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率16%,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：大肠腺癌组织中KDR的表达与肿瘤大小、转移情况、浸润深度密切相关;VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤中的表达与患者的年龄、性别及分型均无相关性,而与增生程度相关（P〈0.05）。在大肠腺癌患者中VEGF及KDR表达更高,二者具有协同效应。     

Cell and tissue interactions in carcinogenesis and metastasis and their clinical significance

This review describes a new vision for future directions in the study of metastatic cancer biology and pathology. It is based upon clinical and experimental observations on the constituent cell lineages within a neoplasm and on tumour-host interactions. The vision incorporates information from studies in population biology, developmental biology and experimental pathology as well as investigations upon human malignant disease. The assembled information reveals that invasion and metastasis are supra-cellular manifestations of "emergent behavior" among combinations of normal and malignant cell lineages in vivo. Emergent behavior is a combinatorial interactive process in which a population displays new traits which cannot be achieved by individuals acting separately and which subside when the specific population mix disaggregates. Disruption of such pathological interactions in the field of a developing primary or secondary tumour is, therefore, required to disable the malignant population and arrest progression without tissue destruction. These conclusions originate, in part, from principles which govern the sociobiology and group behavior of bees, ants, fish, birds and human societies. In all these social organisms, external factors can disrupt signaling mechanisms and induce expanding self-perpetuating rogue behavior, leading to social disintegration. These principles also apply to cellular societies composing higher animals, which likewise need intrinsic rules to maintain social order and avoid anarchy, and recognition of this is essential for advancing future research on the mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Summarised evidence is presented here to support the conclusion that miscommunications between cells and tissues in the region of the developing tumour and its metastases are the main direct perpetrators of malignant disease. Genetic lesions (mutations, deletions, translocations, reduplications, etc.), commonly seen in cancers, can significantly disrupt important molecular pathways in the networks of communications needed to sustain orderly tissue/organ structure and function. However, genetic lesions can also, themselves, be induced by abnormal cell interactions initiated by extrinsic carcinogenic agents such as chemicals, viruses, hormones and radiation. The evidence shows that, irrespective of the initiating cause, it is this miscommunication in the region of a developing tumour and its metastases that is ultimately responsible for the emergence and progression of the disease. The article describes how this information collectively, provides a framework for designing specific novel therapeutic approaches targeting the cell and tissue interactions driving tumour metastasis and its manifold effects on the whole body.