脑缺血预处理对海马神经元内游离钙离子的影响

目的研究脑缺血预处理(CIPC)对大鼠海马神经元凋亡及神经元内游离钙离子浓度([Ca2+]Ⅰ)的影响。方法建立脑缺血、CIPC、MK801干预及尼莫地平干预模型,应用TUNEL检测海马区神经元凋亡,激光扫描共聚焦显微镜检测神经元内游离Ca2+。结果脑缺血组及MK801组凋亡神经元数及神经元内游离Ca2+相对荧光像素值均最高,两组间无统计学差异(P0.05);CIPC组两者都明显减少(P0.05);尼莫地平组比CIPC组更明显减少(凋亡神经元,P0.01;相对荧光像素值,P0.05)。结论 CIPC通过适量的增加海马神经元[Ca2+]Ⅰ诱导脑缺血耐受;MK801抵消了这种作用;尼莫地平增强了脑缺血耐受。     

高糖对缺氧神经元的影响及钙相关机制研究

研究高糖对神经元缺氧的影响,并探讨其钙相关机制.利用SD大鼠大脑皮质神经元体外缺氧模型,通过对细胞活力的检测,观察浓度分别为22.7(对照组),30,40,50,60(高糖组)mmol/L的葡萄糖对神经元缺氧的影响;以Fura-2/Am为荧光指示剂,测定细胞内游离钙离子浓度([Ca2+]i.结果发现当培养基中葡萄糖浓度达到60 mmol/L时,高糖可引起缺氧神经元损伤;与对照组相比,有钙介质与无钙介质中静息[Ca2+]i均升高,P＜0.01;但对照组与高糖组在有钙介质中对氯化钾(KCl)、谷氨酸(Glu)刺激引起的[Ca2+]i升高无明显差异,P＞0.05;在无钙介质中,对氯化钙(CaCl2)引起的[Ca2+]i增高率无明显差别,P＞0.05.本研究表明:高糖对神经元的损伤作用可能与其促进细胞内钙离子释放,诱发细胞内钙超载有关.     

不同温度对谷氨酸诱发原代培养皮质神经元损伤的保护机制

目的探讨不同温度对谷氨酸诱发皮质神经元损伤的保护机制。方法体外培养新生24 h内Wistar大鼠的皮质神经元,毒性剂量的谷氨酸(200μmol·L-1)诱致皮质神经元损伤,随机分为37℃组(常温)和33℃组(亚低温),两组再根据谷氨酸持续作用时间点(10 min,3 h,6 h,24 h)分为4个亚组,标记为T1,T2,T3,T4。两组细胞均在损伤后24 h,通过激光扫描共聚焦显微镜测量细胞内Ca2+浓度([Ca2+]i)、线粒体内Ca2+浓度([Ca2+]m)及线粒体跨膜电位(ΔΨm)。结果 37℃组和33℃组的[Ca2+]i及[Ca2+]m均随损伤时间的延长而显著性增加,同时伴有ΔΨm显著下降(P0.05);33℃组较37℃组[Ca2+]i及[Ca2+]m的增加明显减少,同时显著减低ΔΨm下降幅度(P0.05)。结论 33℃可抑制谷氨酸诱发皮质神经元损伤时的[Ca2+]m内流,减少[Ca2+]m,维持ΔΨm。     

2ME2对全脑缺血大鼠模型HIF-1α及凋亡相关基因的作用

目的 探讨2-甲氧基雌二醇(2ME2)对全脑缺血大鼠缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)及凋亡相关基因的作用. 方法 将成年雄性SD大鼠168只按随机数字表法分为伞脑缺血组(n=84)和全脑缺血2ME2干预组(n=841),然后按再灌注时间不同又分为6h、12h、24h、48h、72h、5d和7d7个亚组.采用改良的Pu刘lsineli 4-VO法制作全脑缺血大鼠模型.应用Nissl染色进行海马神经元计数,免疫组化及RT-PCR技术进行HIF-1α、caspase-3蛋白及RTP801 mRNA表达检测. 结果 全脑缺血2ME2干预组48h至7d亚组神经元计数分别为37.09±3.52、26.93±3.10、22.22±3.091、6.98±3.07.与全脑缺血组相应时间点亚组相比明显增加,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).全脑缺血2ME2干预组48h至7d亚组HIF-1α、caspase-3蛋白表达阳性细胞计数分别为11.47±1.98、20.27±2.07、3.12±0.89、1.07±0.83和12.39±1.67、20.65±2.01、15.6l±1-26、6.57±1.12,与全脑缺血组相应时间点亚组相比明显减少,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).全脑缺血2ME2干预组12h至5d亚组RTP801mRNA表达吸光度比值分别为0.750±0.078、1.008±0.090、0.717±0.072、0.431±0.047、0.231±0.028,与全脑缺血组相应时间点亚组相比明显减低,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 在全脑缺血急性期,2ME2抑制HIF-1α及凋亡相关基因RTP801、caspase-3的表达,具有一定的神经保护作用.     

短暂陛全脑缺血/再灌注损伤致大鼠海马组织BNIP3表达水平的改变

目的 观察全脑缺血/再灌注损伤后大鼠海马组织Bc12/腺病毒E1819kD相互作用蛋白3(BNIP3)表达水平的改变. 方法 取10只成年雄性Wistar大鼠,采用随机数字表法分为假手术组和全脑缺血/再灌注72h组,每组5只.通过尼氏染色检测缺血模型是否引起海马神经元死亡.另取14只成年雄性Wistar大鼠采用随机数字表法分为假手术组(4只)、全脑缺血/再灌注1h组(5只)、全脑缺血/再灌注6h组(5只).在全脑缺血/再灌注后,于对应时间点取三组大鼠海马组织制备蛋白样品.western blot检测各时间点BNIP3表达水平的改变. 结果 (1)与假手术组比较,全脑缺血/再灌注72 h组中海马CAI区神经元形态不规则.细胞皱缩.胞核碎裂消失,表明海马神经元死亡.(2)大鼠海马组织BNIP3单体表达水平在全脑缺血/再灌注后上调,与假手术组相比.全脑缺血/再灌注1 h组(2.543±0.473)与全脑缺血/再灌注6 h组(2.942±0.777)的海马组织BNIP3单体蛋白表达水平都升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).但全脑缺血/再灌注1 h组与全脑缺血/再灌注6 h组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).BNIP3双聚体在各时间点表达水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05). 结论 全脑缺血/再灌注损伤可以引起大鼠海马组织BNIP3单体表达水平上调.     

慢性癫癎模型海马神经元内钙稳态和钙动力学的长期变化

目的 探讨海马神经元内长期钙离子([Ca2+]i)和动力学变化在癫疴发生机制中的作用.方法 建立氯化锂-匹罗卡品慢性癫癎模型,于致痫后6 h和1、3、7、14、30 d不同时间点应用激光共聚焦显微镜观察离体海马神经元内[Ca2+]i的变化以及谷氨酸负荷后神经元内[Ca2+]i恢复速度的变化.结果 正常对照组大鼠急性分离海马神经元[Ca2+]i为(95.4±22.1)nmol/L,致癎后急剧升高至(867.6±35.2)nmol/L,第7天降低(292.8±18.3)mnol/L,此后持续在此水平,30 d后降至(220.8±17.6)nmol/L,仍高于对照组(t=12.55,P<0.01);正常对照组大鼠92%的海马神经元内[Ca2+]i处于正常范围内(25～150 nmol/L),致癎后6 h,所有神经元[Ca2+]i均有升高,并且85%的神经元高于500 nmol/L,致癎7、14、30 d后分别有75%、60%、52%的神经元[Ca2+]i高于正常值,但高于500 nmol/L者逐渐减少;经接触5 μmol/L谷氨酸人工脑脊液2 min后,对照组神经元可在(9.5±3.4)min内恢复至基线水平,而急性期、潜伏期、慢性期的癫癎神经元均存在明显延迟(t=5.08、4.56、4.21,P<0.01).结论 氯化锂-匹罗卡品致疴后可造成海马神经元内长期的[Ca2+]i和钙动力学改变,该种长期可塑性改变在慢性癫癎模型的诱发和维持中起着重要作用.     

p38MAPK在脑缺血后处理大鼠海马区的表达与意义

目的观察脑缺血后处理大鼠海马区神经元p38MAPK表达变化,探讨脑缺血后处理的脑保护机制。方法将96只雄性SD大鼠随机均分为假手术组(Sham组)、脑缺血组(IR组)、脑缺血后处理组(IpostC组)。Sham组只切开头部皮肤不电凝,分离颈总埋线不夹闭。IR组采用改良的Pulsinelli四血管闭塞(4-VO)法制作全脑缺血大鼠模型,缺血时间20min;IpostC组于IR组恢复再灌注前给予再灌注15s/缺血15s,重复3次处理。每组又按恢复再灌注后6h、24h、48h、72h分为4个亚组(每个亚组8只大鼠)。应用光镜观察各组大鼠海马区神经元形态变化;免疫组织化学染色和Western Blot检测海马区磷酸化p38MAPK表达情况。结果 IR组大鼠海马区神经元结构损伤严重,各时间点神经元坏死率增加,神经元磷酸化p38MAPK表达增多,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);与IR组比较,IpostC组大鼠海马区神经元结构损伤明显改善,各时间点神经元坏死率下降,神经元磷酸化p38MAPK表达明显增多,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论脑缺血后处理对全脑缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能与下调p38MAPK表达有关     

血管性痴呆大鼠认知功能及nNOS的表达

目的 探讨血管性痴呆(VD)大鼠认知功能、海马神经元结构及nNOS的表达.方法 采用双侧颈总动脉结扎法制备慢性前脑缺血动物模型,40只老龄大鼠随机分为假手术组(S)、模型组(M).应用水迷宫、透射电镜及免疫组化方法对2组大鼠学习记忆、神经元结构、nNOS表达进行观察.结果 与假手术组比较,大鼠水迷宫学习记忆能力在造模2个月后差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),大鼠海马神经元在造模后变性水肿明显,大鼠海马及颞叶皮层nNOS在造模2个月后表达增加 (P＜0.05).结论 海马及颞叶皮层nNOS表达增加,神经元变性,可能导致血管性痴呆大鼠学习记忆障碍.     

急性脑梗死患者血小板磷酸二酯酶活性变化及共影响因素研究

目的 观察急性脑梗死患者血小板磷酸二酯酶(PDE)亚型活性变化,探讨影响其因素.方法 对30例急性脑梗死患者分别于发病第1、4、8、15天检测血小板PDE活性、环核苷酸含量、[Ca2+]I水平,并以10例年龄相当的健康体检者为正常对照.结果 与对照组比较,急性脑梗死患者发病第1、4、8天时血小板PDE2、PDE3亚型活性降低,环腺苷酸(cAMP)含量降低,胞浆[Ca2+]I水平升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);PDE5亚型活性及环鸟苷酸(cGMP)含量则无明显变化.相关分析显示,PDE2活性、PDE3活性与cAMP含量、[Ca2+]I水平均无相关关系,cAMP含量与[Ca2+]I水平间呈负相关关系(R2=0.921,P<0.05).结论 脑梗死急性期血小板胞浆cAMP含量降低,[Ca2+]I水平升高,血小板处于活化状态;血小板PDE2、PDE3通过降低活性、减轻cAMP降低程度、抑制血小板活化而在脑梗死急性期发挥保护作用.     

脑缺血对大鼠皮层及海马铜蓝蛋白表达的影响

目的 探讨脑缺血对大鼠皮层及海马中铜蓝蛋白(Ceruloplasmin,Cp)表达的影响.方法 雄性Wistar大鼠60只,随机分为脑缺血1、3、7、28 d组和假手术对照组,每组各12只.实验组结扎双侧颈总动脉造成大鼠脑缺血,假手术对照组仅分离出双侧颈总动脉但不结扎.采用反转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测皮层及海马组织中Cp mRNA的表达,免疫组织化学观察皮层及海马组织中Cp的表达.结果 大鼠皮层和海马均表达Cp mRNA.皮层和海马Cp mRNA的表达随缺血时间的延长逐渐降低,缺血1、3、7、28 d组表达均低于假手术组(P＜0.01).脑组织脉络丛细胞、室管膜细胞、皮层和海马的星形胶质细胞、血管内皮细胞均表达Cp;而皮层和海马的锥体细胞和颗粒细胞均不表达Cp.缺血1 d组皮层及海马Cp表达与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05);缺血3 d组皮层和海马Cp表达低于假手术组(P＜0.05);缺血第7、28 d组Cp表达减少极为显著(P＜0.01).脑缺血大鼠皮层和海马中铁含量与Cp的表达呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.831(P＜0.01)和-0.809(P＜0.01).结论 脑缺血可诱导大鼠皮层及海马中Cp表达降低.脑缺血后Cp表达减少可能参与了脑缺血引起的铁含量升高及神经元铁沉积的过程.     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Summary of legislation of 1935 of interest to the department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -     

Summary of legislation of 1941 of interest to the Department of Mental Hygiene

Psychiatric Quarterly -     

Asymmetry of on- and off-pathways of blue-sensitive cones of the retina of macaques

Macaque retinal ganglion cells whose receptive-field center recieves input from blue-sensitive cones show an overt asymmetry of the frequency of ON-center and OFF-center varieties, an asymmetry not present in ganglion cells whose center receives input from the other two cone types. A similar asymmetry of ON/OFF responses is found in the local electrotetinogram (d-wave) mediated by signals from blue-sensitive cones. ‘Blue-ON-center’ ganglion cells have larger receptive-field centers and shorter conduction latencies than other opponent-color varieties, suggesting an appreciable degree of receptor convergence and presumably large cell bodies. Intracellular stainings of these neurons with Procion Yellow show that they correspond to diffuse stratified (Parasol) ganglion cells whose flat-topped dendritic arborization stratifies in the sclerad half of the inner plexiform layer. In view of the known characteristics of macaque bipolar cells and of the ON/OFF asymmetry, it is proposed that these ganglion cells are postsynaptic to cone-specific flat bipolars possibly mediating sign-inverting synaptic contacts. The results also indicate a reversal, for the blue-cone pathway, of the ON/OFF lamination of the inner plexiform layer that has recently been described in other species.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.