被动血凝试验和酶联免疫吸附试验作鼠疫血清诊断的比较

酶联免疫吸附试验(Elisa)已被作为在人、食肉动物和啮齿动物中检测鼠疫抗体的方法加以研究。结果表明:Elisa 可代替标准的被动血凝试验(PHA)作人类鼠疫诊断和进行鼠疫监测与控制活动。和 PHA 不同,Elisa 可用于在病人血清或其他标本中测量特异的免疫球旦白(IgG、IgM 等)。本文描述 Elisa 作鼠疫血清学诊断优于 PHA的特点并比较这些方法的价值和局限性。     

用被动血凝和酶联免疫吸附试验做鼠疫血清学诊断的结果比较

为探索一种检测人、食肉动物和啮齿动物体内鼠疫抗体的方法,我们对酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)进行了研究。结果表明,ELISA 可以代替标准的被动血凝试验(PHA),用于诊断人类鼠疫、鼠疫控制和监测活动。与 PHA 不同,ELISA 可用于测定病人血清和其他样品中的特异免疫球蛋白(IgG、IgM 等)。本文报告用 ELISA做鼠疫血清学诊断在某些方面比 PHA 先进,同时也对上述两种检验技术的优点和局限性进行了比较。     

2010—2012年福建口岸鼠形动物携带病原体监测结果分析

目的掌握福建口岸鼠形动物间鼠疫、肾综合征出血热和钩端螺旋体病等传染病的流行情况,为采取相应的防治措施提供依据。方法2010—2012年采用鼠笼法在福建口岸捕获鼠形动物;以间接血凝和反向间接血凝实验对鼠血清和肝脏分别进行鼠疫F1抗体及抗原的检测;以套式RT-PCR对鼠肺进行汉坦病毒核酸检测;以PCR对鼠肾进行钩端螺旋体核酸检测。结果本次监测采集1279份鼠血清及2430份鼠肝脏标本,分别进行鼠疫F1抗体、F1抗原检测,均为阴性;采集的845份鼠肾标本检出钩体核酸阳性29份,阳性率为3.43%;采集的2340份鼠肺标本检出汉坦病毒核酸阳性150份,阳性率为6.41%,均为家鼠型。结论福建口岸鼠疫处于静息状态,鼠形动物传播肾综合征出血热和钩端螺旋体病的风险存在,应加强对主要宿主携带病原体的检测,并针对其流行特点采取措施。     

免疫血清对鼠疫杆菌的杀伤作用

1.豚鼠和家兔免疫血清对28℃生长的鼠疫杆菌株EV、559均有杀伤活性。该活性见于细菌和血清37℃作用一段时间后。
2.鼠疫杆菌的不同株(EV、559)对免疫血清杀伤敏感性及杀伤动态表现不同。前者的杀伤在接触早期就开始。后者在进入对数生长期后才开始。
4.免疫血清杀菌能力初步认为与保护力相关
。5.免疫豚鼠间接血凝(PHA)试验阴性并不能绝对认为是缺乏抗鼠疫免疫力。     

江西省钩端螺旋体分离株脉冲场凝胶电泳分型和分析

目的 采用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)技术,对江西省钩端螺旋体(钩体)患者及动物宿主中分离的钩体菌株型别进行分子流行病学调查.方法 利用核酸内切酶Not Ⅰ对提取的钩体菌株染色体DNA进行酶切,通过PFGE将DNA片段分离.获得的PFGE图像采用分析软件BioNumerics 4.0进行处理并建立数字化数据库,以相似度＞75%为标准,将获各钩体PFGE图谱与中国15群15型钩体参考标准株进行比较并进行聚类分析.结果 江西省不同地区(的139株钩体可分为46个PFGE型,优势型为LepNot Ⅰ.0071、LepNotⅠ.0072和LepNotⅠ.0043型,分别占所有钩体菌株的28.06%、15.11%和7.19%.139株钩体分离株中,84.89%(118/139)菌株的PFGE图谱与6群6型中国钩体参考标准株基本相符,其中32.37%(45/139)钩体菌株属于黄疸出血群赖型,15.83%(22/139)和15.11%(21/139)钩体菌株分别属于澳洲群澳洲型和爪哇群爪哇型.结论 PFGE是一种快速、准确、高效的钩体分型方法 .黄疸出血群赖型是江西省人群及动物中优势血清型,澳洲群澳洲型和爪哇群爪哇型位于其次.     

广西西林鼠疫疫情发生及应对措施实施的研究

目的掌握动物鼠疫向人间传播规律,对鼠疫宿主动物(鼠类)、指示动物(犬类)进行日常监测,发现动物鼠疫早期活动迹象。方法采用间接血凝试验(IHA)、胶体金法检测动物血清中鼠疫F1抗体;病原学检测包括分离培养、反向间接血凝试验(RIHA)、胶体金检测动物脏器中鼠疫F1抗原。结果血清(鼠、人、犬)利用IHA法检测鼠疫F1抗体总阳性率为0.57%(1/175)、其中指示动物犬血清鼠疫F1抗体阳性率为2.1%(1/48)、而宿主动物鼠血清、人血清均为阴性;鼠脏器应用RIHA法、胶体金法检测鼠疫F1抗原阳性率分别为0.59%(1/168)、4.17%(7/168)、分离培养为阴性。结论广西西林县存在微弱的动物鼠疫流行。掌握指示动物、宿主动物阳性标本涉及的疫源地,能尽快对疫区进行有效的灭鼠灭蚤处理、切断鼠疫由动物向人间传播的途径、达到最终遏制鼠疫的目的 。     

酶联免疫吸附试验检测鼠疫抗体实验研究

1980年作者等应用ELISA间接法对189份长尾黄鼠血清和217份灰旱獭血清检测了鼠疫抗体,并与间接血凝试验(PHA)比较。结果ELISA法检出黄鼠阳性血清44份,旱獭8份。而PHA法检出黄鼠阳性血清25份,旱獭2份。经多次重复试验,结果相同,证明ELISA滴度高于PHA。用鼠疫强毒菌和EV菌分别以7~10亿菌/毫升给黄鼠皮下接种,经14~35天后,可产生血凝素,个别的黄鼠可产生较高的血凝素和ELISA高滴度。从而为检测鼠疫抗体提供了一种新的敏感有效的技术方法。     

云南省2001年鼠疫监测结果分析

20 0 1年全省 10 3个县 (市 )开展了鼠疫监测工作 ,动物细菌学检验 63 849只 ,检出鼠疫菌 13 1株 ,其中鼠类检出 12 9株 (黄胸鼠 117株、褐家鼠 10株、小家鼠 1株、大足鼠 1株 ) ;昆虫细菌检验 16895组 ,分离到鼠疫菌 5 1株 ,均分离自印鼠客蚤 ;鼠疫间接血凝检验动物血清 183 5     

应用放射免疫沉淀试验检测鼠疫F_1抗体

作者用放射免疫沉淀试验(RIP)检测鼠疫F_1抗体,经测试鼠疫免疫血清及人工免疫黄毛鼠血清,其敏感度较间接血凝试验(IHA)滴度高64～68倍;对小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌,假性结核耶尔森氏菌及钩端螺旋体无交叉反应,应用本法检查鼠类血清5380份,2份阳性,占0.037％,认为不能排除疫源地的存在。     

清远市17年间钩端螺旋体病流行病学分析

目的:探讨钩端螺旋体病(钩体病)流行规律。方法:对清远市1988~2004年钩体病流行病学调查及监测资料进行统计分析。结果:(1)全市钩体病年均发病率为1·67/10万,死亡率为0·09/10万,病死率为5·31%;钩体病发病有明显的地区、时间和人群分布特征。(2)从病人血和动物脏器中分离鉴定了16株钩体,分属4种菌群,分别为犬热群、秋季热群、赛罗群和爪哇群;健康人血清和疑似病人血清抗体阳性率分别为25·25%和12·86%,菌群均以黄疸出血群为主;鼠血清抗体阳性率为27·84%,菌群以爪哇群为主;水禽(鸭)血清抗体阳性率为4·00%。结论:清远市人群钩体隐性感染和鼠带菌率均处于较高水平,从人群中分离出赛罗群钩体以及从水禽类(鸭)血清检出拜伦群和致热群钩体抗体在广东省属首次报告。需继续对钩体流行菌株和流行特征进行监测调查,控制钩体病的流行。     

2005年长泰县钩端螺旋体病疫源地调查

[目的]掌握监测点钩体病的疫情动态变化,为制定防治对策提供参考依据。[方法]对2005年福建省钩端螺旋体病监测点长泰县钩体病主要宿主动物动态及其带菌情况、血清抗体群与健康人群钩体免疫水平进行调查。[结果]监测点未有疫情报告。监测点平均鼠密度为6.71%;黄毛鼠占52.88%,血清钩体抗体阳性率为79.07%,感染菌群主要是爪哇群、波摩那群;从黄毛鼠中分离出3株钩体（爪哇群2株、澳洲群1株）。健康人群钩体抗体阳性率为16.08%,随着年龄的增长抗体阳性率逐渐增高（P〈0.01）,菌群较为分散。[结论]长泰县监测点是钩体病的自然疫源地,主要宿主动物为黄毛鼠,健康人群感染菌群复杂。     

中越河口-老街边境地区鼠传疾病病原的调查研究

〔目的〕掌握中越河口—老街边境地区鼠携带汉坦病毒、钩端螺旋体和鼠疫杆菌的情况。〔方法〕2008年11月和2009年4月在云南省河口县和越南老街市的居民区用鼠笼捕鼠,取鼠肺、肝和肾脏组织。从鼠肺中提取RNA,用RT-PCR方法扩增汉坦病毒核酸;从鼠肝和肾脏中提取DNA,用PCR方法分别扩增鼠疫杆菌和钩端螺旋体核酸。〔结果〕在河口—老街边境地区捕获黄胸鼠、褐家鼠、大足鼠、小家鼠、臭鼳鼱和斯氏家鼠共198只,黄胸鼠数量最多,占总数的79.8%;从老街黄胸鼠鼠肺中检测到3份汉坦病毒核酸,阳性率为4.41%;从河口黄胸鼠、褐家鼠和大足鼠鼠肾中共检测到7份钩端螺旋体核酸,河口黄胸鼠钩端螺旋体核酸阳性率为11.36%;未检测到鼠疫杆菌核酸。〔结论〕中越河口—老街边境地区鼠传疾病病原有汉坦病毒和钩端螺旋体,应加强当地鼠传疾病的监测。     

广西两座大型水电站库区鼠疫自然疫源地调查

[目的]了解龙滩水电站和百色水利枢纽库区鼠疫主要宿主动物和媒介蚤的种类和构成,为预防和控制鼠疫提供科学依据。[方法]采用现场流行病学方法调查龙滩水电站库区的16个村屯和百色水利枢纽库区的12个村屯。用笼捕法调查鼠密度和蚤指数,并检测鼠、蚤标本。[结果]龙滩水电站库区的鼠密度为3.68%,以黄胸鼠为优势鼠种;鼠体蚤指数为1.45,以印鼠客蚤为优势蚤种。百色水利枢纽库区的鼠密度为9.76%,以褐家鼠为优势鼠种;鼠体蚤指数为1.23,以印鼠客蚤为优势蚤种。[结论]龙滩水电站和百色水利枢纽库区具备形成家鼠鼠疫自然疫源地的基本条件,有必要采取以灭鼠、灭蚤为主的卫生学处理措施。     

2017年云南省剑川县新发疫点动物间鼠疫疫情调查

目的 对2017年剑川县一起动物间鼠疫疫情进行调查。方法 以距离鹤庆县疫点马厂最近的大庆自然村为中心进行调查,搜集自毙鼠、用鼠笼和自制的油条为诱饵捕鼠,解剖采集鼠类组织和血清,并采集调查地区的狗血清。用间接血凝试验检测鼠疫F1抗体,对采集到的鼠组织和蚤样本进行鼠疫细菌学检测和鼠疫F1抗原检测,分离到的鼠疫菌进行噬菌体裂解试验鉴定。结果 共捕获鼠222只,捡获自毙鼠14只。齐氏姬鼠占38.14%（90/236）,大绒鼠占32.63%(77/236),黄胸鼠占12.71%(30/236),其它鼠种占16.53%(39/236)。鼠染蚤率为47.03%（111/236）。共获蚤345匹,其中棕形额蚤占54.78%（189/345）,特新蚤指名亚种占22.61%(78/345),方叶栉眼蚤占21.45%(74/345),其它蚤种占1.16%(4/345)。以上样本经细菌学检验、反向间接血凝试验,从一只自毙黄胸鼠分离到鼠疫菌1株,鼠疫F1抗原阳性。并从该自毙鼠捡获的棕形额蚤和一只捕获的齐氏姬鼠染带的特新蚤指名亚种中各分离到鼠疫菌1株。共采集狗血清52份,间接血凝试验检测鼠疫F1抗体阳性率57.69%（3/52）。采集鼠血清69份,鼠疫F1抗体阳性率72.46%（5/69）。结论 在剑川县大庆自然村确定了动物鼠疫流行,提示我们应进一步加强鼠疫监测及防控工作。     

The first outbreak of human plague in Lushoto district,north-east Tanzania

A one-week investigation was performed at Mkunki and Mavumo (ward of Shume, Lushoto district, Tanzania) at the time of outbreak (June, 1980). Rodents, people, domestic dogs and fleas were examined. 36 rats, mostly Rattus rattus, were caught and used in serological and bacteriological analysis for plague. 48 fleas, mostly Xenopsylla brasiliensis, were collected from the captured rodents. 413 people and 11 dogs were examined. All rodent, carnivorous and human sera were tested for plague antibodies, using the Passive Haemagglutination (PHA) test. Similarly protein extracts from rodent organs were tested for Yersinia pestis fraction I. Impression smears prepared from these organs were stained with methylene blue and examined for presence of bipolar bacteria. Bacteriological isolation of Y. pestis was performed on bubo aspirates and/or blood samples of ten patients.Over-all total and infested flea indices of rodents were 1.3 and 3.7, respectively. Bipolar organisms were demonstrated in 13.3% of the rodent smears while specific agglutinating plague antibodies were detected in 3.3% of the tested rodent sera. Y. pestis fraction I antigen was detected in 8.3% of the rodents. Of all the human sera tested, 1.4% contained specific plague antibodies. Y. pestis was bacteriologically isolated and biochemically confirmed in 16.7% of the cultured specimens. All the dog sera were negative for plague.It was generally concluded that the causative agent of the outbreak was Yersinia pestis and that the disease probably spread from Rongai (Rombo district).     

云南省自然感染鼠疫媒介生物的研究

目的掌握云南省家、野鼠两型鼠疫疫源地自然感染鼠疫媒介生物的地理分布及季节变化。方法整理核实我所1974—2006年有关鼠疫监测和调查资料，并通过SPSS13．0统计软件进行处理和分析。结果家鼠鼠疫疫源地自然感染鼠疫节肢动物有印鼠客蚤、缓慢细蚤、人蚤等8种，其中印鼠客蚤为该疫源地的主要媒介，1982—2006年云南省自印鼠客蚤累计分离鼠疫菌618株，占92．65％；野鼠鼠疫疫源地自然感染鼠疫的动物有特新蚤指名亚种、方叶栉眼蚤等7种，其中特新蚤指名亚种为主要媒介，最近在玉龙县发现其染疫蚤；棕形额蚤为次要媒介，1974—2006年自特新蚤指名亚种和棕形额蚤各分离鼠疫菌14株，各占15．56％。从家鼠鼠疫疫源地媒介生物中检出的鼠疫菌集中在6—8月，最高为8月。野鼠疫源地媒介昆虫季节变化调查和监测结果基本一致，呈双峰，集中于4月和12月。结论两型疫源地有着各自不同的染疫媒介，其地理分布有着明显区别，染疫情况和季节变化也有着相对的独立性。     

Evidence for the extinction of plague in Hawaii

Plague (infection by Yersinia pestis) was present in Hawaii for the period 1899-1957 and caused at least 370 fatalities. The first infections came from immigrant commensal rats, probably Rattus rattus and Rattus norvegicus, on ships from the Orient. Both species were already established in Hawaii and became the widespread local carriers of plague, supplemented by Rattus exulans which had colonized the islands in ancient Polynesian times. The flea Xenopsylla vexabilis arrived with R. exulans, and its near relative Xenopsylla cheopis accompanied the ship rats. Following each introduction to port cities, plague subsided after a few years but remained active in rural areas of two islands for nearly 50 years. In Hamakua District on Hawaii, the demise of plague was characterized by its repeated terminal migrations from persistent foci, a rapid decline in expected numbers of infected rats and fleas, and negative serologic evidence from rodent reservoirs and mongooses in massive surveys. The simple biotic system--bacterium, three rodents, and two fleas--appeared unable to maintain the disease over time. Improved sanitation, mechanized agriculture, gradients in rainfall and temperature, and the collapse of reservoir and vector populations during drought are cited as probable factors in the extinction of plague.     

合浦县啮齿动物种类及其分布的研究

目的掌握合浦县啮齿动物的种类、构成与分布,为鼠疫的预防控制提供依据。方法用笼捕法对家栖和野栖啮齿动物进行调查,并进行分类。结果黄胸鼠和褐家鼠是室内优势鼠种,黄毛鼠和板齿鼠是室外优势鼠种;平均鼠密度为10.75%,室内(11.46%)高于室外(10.04%);黄胸鼠、褐家鼠、臭鼩鼱、黄毛鼠和板齿鼠的密度分别为4.09%、3.88%、3.20%、6.86%和2.51%。结论黄胸鼠、褐家鼠、臭鼩鼱、黄毛鼠和板齿鼠均是合浦县鼠疫预防控制的主要对象。     

Differentiation of variola, monkeypox, and vaccinia antisera by radioimmunoassay.

Poxvirus antisera adsorbed with “homologous” and “heterologous” poxvirus-infected chorioallantoic membranes (CAM) were differentiated by solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA). Mixtures of the antiserum dilutions and infected CAM were added directly (without centrifugation) to poxvirus-infected CAM antigens affixed to wells of microtitration plates. The affixed antigens combined with unadsorbed antibodies, and the cross-reactive antigen—antibody complexes were removed by washing. The results showed that adsorption of an antiserum with variola-, vaccinia-, or uninfected-CAM antigen and subsequent reaction of each in RIA with monkeypox- and uninfected-CAM antigens allowed the identification of antivariola, antivaccinia, or antimonkeypox sera.     

Reservoir hosts of Leptospira inadai in India

Isolation of Leptospira from the kidneys of Rattus rattus wroughtoni hinton, Rattus rattus rufescens, Bandicota bengalensis and Bandicota indica was attempted in Bangalore in southern India. In total, 296 spirochaetes were isolated from 1,348 kidney cultures (an isolation rate of 22%). A batch of fifty-six isolates from India was identified, based on serological and polymerase chain reaction analysis, of which twenty-three isolates were identified as L. inadai by the World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, in Brisbane. This is the first record of isolation of L. inadai from rodents. The preponderance of L. inadai in four different species of rodents suggests that these animals could be the natural reservoir hosts of L. inadai, and raises a critical question as to the likely impact of this species of Leptospira on the renal carrier status of other Leptospira pathogenic to humans and animals in this part of India. Virulence studies conducted at the University of Trieste in Italy, revealed that isolates of L. inadai from India were moderately or totally serum resistant when subjected to a serum killing test. To establish the possible seroprevalence of this species in the population, the inclusion of L. inadai in the battery of leptospiral antigens used for sero-epidemiological studies is recommended.