伐昔洛韦片人体生物等效性评价

目的:评价伐昔洛韦受试片剂与参比片剂的生物等效性。方法:采用随机交叉试验设计,22名健康男性志愿者分别单剂量口服伐昔洛韦受试片剂和参比片剂300 mg。采用高效液相色谱法测定血清中伐昔洛韦的浓度。结果:伐昔洛韦受试片剂和参比片剂的AUC_(0～t)分别为(8.2±s 1.8)和(7.9±2.2)mg·h·L~(-1);AUC_(0～∞)分别为(8.6±1.9)和(8.3±2.2)mg·h·L~(-1);c_(max)分别为(2.6±0.6)和(2.7±0.8)mg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为(1.1±0.5)和(1.0±0.4)h;t_(1/2)分别为(3.1±0.6)和(2.9±0.5)h。结论:伐昔洛韦受试片剂与参比片剂具有生物等效性。     

氨酚伪麻美芬片Ⅱ/氨麻苯美片中对乙酰氨基酚的药动学和生物等效性

目的:研究氨酚伪麻美芬片Ⅱ/氨麻苯美片中对乙酰氨基酚的人体药动学和生物等效性。方法:采用随机交叉试验设计,20名健康男性受试者分别单剂量口服氨酚伪麻美芬片Ⅱ/氨麻苯美片受试制剂和参比制剂2片,高效液相色谱法测定血浆中对乙酰氨基酚的浓度。结果:氨酚伪麻美芬片Ⅱ受试制剂和参比制剂中对乙酰氨基酚的c_(max)分别为(7.6±s 2.1)和(6.6±1.2)mg·L~(-1),t_(max)分别为(0.9±0.6)和(1.1±0.6)h,AUC_(0～16)分别为(29±4)和(28±5)mg·h·L~(-1),受试制剂中对乙酰氨基酚的相对生物利用度为(103±8)%。氨麻苯美片中c_(max)分别为(6.0±1.0)和(6.2±1.2)mg·L~(-1),t_(max)分别为(1.5±0.7)和(1.3±0.7)h,AUC_(0～16)分别为(29±6)和(29±7)mg·h·L~(-1),相对生物利用度为(99±10)%。结论:按对乙酰氨基酚测定,受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

2种舒他西林片的人体生物等效性

目的：比较口服2种舒他西林片的相对生物利用度。方法：20名健康男性受试者采用随机交叉试验设计。反相高效液相色谱法测定单剂量口服2种舒他西林片750 mg后的氨苄西林、舒巴坦血药浓度。DAS程序计算药动学参数,AUC,c_(max)对数转换后进行分析。结果：口服舒他西林受试制剂和参比制剂氨苄西林的c_(max)分别是(10.8±s 1.9),(10.4±1.8)mg·L~(-1)；t_(max)分别是(0.68±0.14),(0.66±0.12)h；AUC_(0-t)分别为(22±4),(22±4)mg·h·L~(-1)；AUC_(0-∞)分别为(24±5),(23±4)mg·h·L~(-1)；t_(1/2)分别是(1.07±0.26),(1.13±0.25)h。口服舒他西林受试制剂和参比制剂舒巴坦的c_(max)分别是(7.4±1.3),(7.3±1.2)mg·L~(-1),t_(max)分别是(0.66±0.12),(0.70±0.10)h,AUC_(0-t)分别为(13.7±2.8),(13.2±2.3)mg·h·L~(-1)；AUC_(0-∞)分别为(14.2±2.9),(13.7±2.5)mg·h·L~(-1)；t_(1/2)分别是(0.97±0.19),(0.87±0.24)h。结论：2种舒他西林片具有生物等效性。     

头孢克肟胶囊在健康志愿者的生物等效性研究

目的:研究头孢克肟胶囊在健康人体内的生物等效性。方法:20名健康男性志愿者双周期、随机交叉、自身对照,口服单剂量试验和对照头孢克肟胶囊200 mg。用HPLC-UV检测法和微生物法测定血药浓度,所得数据用3P97软件处理,按一室模型计算药代动力学参数。结果:试验及对照制剂HPLC法测定的C_(max)分别为2.317±0.536和2.87±0.492 mg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为4.1±0.7和4.3±0.7 h;AUC_(0-16)分别为17.251±5.087和16.954±4.536 mg·L~(-1)·h;AUCO_(0-∞)分别为18.386±4.559和18.138±3.931 mg·h·L~(-1)。微生物法测定的C_(max)分别为2.437±0.495和2.361±0.435 mg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为4.13±0.65和3.90±0.45 h;AUC_(0-16)分别为18.741±3.931和18.064±3.350 mg·h·L~(-1);AUCO_(0-∞)分别为20.109±4.497和19.403±3.693 mg·h·L~(-1)。对AUCO_(0-16)、AUC_(0-∞)、C_(max)进行双向单测检验,无显著性差异。HPLC法和微生物法测定的试验品相对生物采利用度分别为(101.53±18.21)％,(103.30±15.78)％,结论:试验头孢克肟胶囊和对照制剂具有生物等效性。HPLC法与微生物法呈相关性。     

恩曲他滨片在健康人体的药动学和生物等效性

目的:评价国产恩曲他滨片和进口胶囊在健康人体的药动学及生物等效性。方法:20名健康男性受试者按2制剂双周期的交叉试验设计单剂量口服200 mg的进口恩曲他滨胶囊(参比制剂)和国产恩曲他滨片(受试制剂)后,采用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中恩曲他滨的浓度,使用DAS 1.0软件计算药动学参数,用方差分析和双单侧t检验评价2种制剂的生物等效性。结果:参比制剂和受试制剂的c_(max)分别为(2.4±s 0.6)和(2.1±0.5)mg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为(1.0±0.4)和(1.1±0.4)h;AUC_(0～14)分别为(9.2±1.4)和(8.7±1.1)mg·h·L~(-1);AUC_(0～∞)分别为(9.6±1.4)和(9.1±1.1)mg·h·L~(-1);t_(1/2)分别为(3.1±0.3)和(3.1±0.3)h。受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(96±9)%,2种制剂主要药动学参数差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。结论:2种制剂在人体内具有生物等效性。     

氯唑西林片剂与胶囊剂的人体生物等效性

目的评价氯唑西林片剂与胶囊剂在人体内的生物等效性。方法20名健康男性受试者随机交叉给药,单剂量口服500 mg受试制剂氯唑西林片和参比制剂氯唑西林钠胶囊,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定氯唑西林的血药浓度,用3P97软件进行药动学参数计算和生物等效性评价。结果受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数:t_(1/2)分别为(1.3±s 0.3)和(1.21±0.26)h,c_(max)分别为(14±4)和(15±4) mg·L~(-1),t_(max)分别为(0.73±0.26)和(0.74±0.17)h,AUC_(0～t)分别为(23±5)和(24±6)mg·h·L~(-1),AUC_(0～∞)分别为(23±5)和(25±6)mg·h·L~(-1),经方差分析和双单侧t检验显示,主要药动学参数无显著差异;受试制剂的相对生物利用度为(98±27)%。结论2种氯唑西林制剂具有生物等效性。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定美托洛尔缓释片的人体药动学及生物等效性

目的建立测定人血浆中美托洛尔浓度的液相色谱-串联质谱(LC—MS/MS)法,研究健康受试者单剂量和多剂量口服美托洛尔受试制剂和参比制剂后的药动学和生物等效性。方法40名男性健康志愿者进行随机双交叉试验,分别单剂量和多剂量口服美托洛尔受试制剂和参比制剂100 mg,采用LC—MS/ MS法测定血药浓度,用DAS软件计算主要药动学参数。结果单剂量时受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数如下:c_(max)分别为(144±s 43)和(164±40)μg·L~(-1),t_(max)分别为(3.7±1.2)和(3.5±0.8)h,t_(1/2)分别为(6.0±2.5)和(4.9±2.0)h,AUC_(0～24)分别为(1 639±787)和(1 658±636)μg·h·L~(-1),相对生物利用度为(97±21)%。多剂量达稳态时受试制剂和参比制剂的主要药动学参数如下:c_(max)分别为(241±170)和(232±75)μg·L~(-1),c_(min)分别为(115±66)和(121±64)μg·L~(-1),t_(max)分别为(3.7±1.0)和(3.5±1.6)h,AUC_(ss)分别为(1 905±882)和(1 992±834)μg·h·L~(-1),c_(av)分别为(159±73)和(166±69)μg·L~(-1),DF分别为(77±30)%和(75±31)%。受试制剂与参比制剂的AUC_(0～t),AUC_(0～∞)或AUC_(ss),c_(max)和t_(max)均符合生物等效性要求。结论建立的LC—MS/MS法专属、准确、灵敏度适宜。测定的美托洛尔受试制剂和参比制剂生物等效。     

舒他西林2种片剂的人体生物等效性

目的：研究2种舒他西林片剂的药动学及相对生物利用度,并评价其生物等效性。方法：采用随机交叉试验设计,18名受试者单剂量口服750 mg受试制剂和参比制剂,以高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定血药浓度。结果：受试制剂和参比制剂中的氨苄西林主要药动学参数t_(max),c_(max),t_(1/2)和AUC_(0-8)分别为：(1．1±s0．3)和(1．2±0．4)h；(10±5)和(11±6)mg·L~(-1)；(1．8±0．5)和(1．6±0．4)h；(22±15)和(22±15)mg·h·L~(-1)。受试制剂中氨苄西林对参比制剂氨苄西林的相对生物利用度F为(100±10)%。受试制剂和参比制剂中的舒巴坦主要药动学参数t_(max),c_(max),t_(1/2)和AUC_(0-8)分别为：(1．2±0．3)和(1．3±0．4)h；(5．5±1．2)和(5．6±1．1)mg·L~(-1)；(1．5±0．3)和(1．46±0．28)h；(10．6±2．1)和(10．2±1．6)mg·h·L~(-1)。受试制剂中舒巴坦对参比制剂舒巴坦的相对生物利用度F为(102±11)%。结论：2种舒他西林制剂具有生物等效性。     

利巴韦林片在健康人体的生物等效性

目的评价利巴韦林2种片剂的生物等效性。方法20例男性健康受试者采用随机双交叉设计试验,用液相色谱-串联质谱法测定单剂量口服利巴韦林片受试制剂和参比制剂各300 mg后利巴韦林的血药浓度,所得数据采用软件BAPP2.0计算主要药动学参数。结果利巴韦林参比制剂与受试制剂主要药动学参数:t_(max)分别为(1.4±s 0.5)h,(1.9±1.0)h;c_(max)分别为(610±183)μg·L~(-1)和(598±194);μg·L~(-1),t(1/2)分别为(38±4)h和(36±5)h,AUC_(0～96)分别为(8 035±1795)μg·h·L~(-1)和(7 868±1 756)μg·h·L~(-1)。以AUC~(0～t)计算,利巴韦林受试制剂的平均相对生物利用度为(98±11)%,统计学结果表明2种制剂主要药动学参数c_(max)、AUC_(0～t)和t_(max)均无显著差异。结论本方法准确、专属、灵敏,2种制剂在人体内具有生物等效性。     

氨酚伪麻美芬片Ⅱ在健康人体内的药动学和生物等效性

目的研究2种国产氨酚伪麻美芬片Ⅱ在健康人体内的药动学及生物等效性。方法20名健康男性受试者按2制剂双周期交叉试验设计口服受试制剂和参比制剂各2片,采用高效液相色谱-紫外法测定血浆中对乙酰氨基酚的浓度,高效液相色谱-质谱联用法测定血浆中伪麻黄碱和右啡烷的浓度,使用DAS软件计算药动学参数并进行生物等效性统计分析。结果参比制剂和受试制剂中对乙酰氨基酚的c_(max)分别为(6 600±s 1200),(7600±2100)μg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为(1.1±0.6),(0.9±0.6)h;A4 UC_(0～16)分别为(27 900±4700),(28 700±4 400)μg·h·L~(-1);t(1/2)分别为(4.0±1.0),(4.2±1.4)h;伪麻黄碱的C_(max)分别为(213±33),(222±34)μg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为(1.8±0.5),(1.6±0.6)h;AUC_(0～24)分别为(1 676±261),(1 659±282)μg·h·L~(-1);t_(1/2)分别为(4.6±0.5),(4.6±0.5)h;右啡烷的c_(max)分别为(7±4),(7.5±2.9)μg·L~(-1);t_(max)分别为(2.1±0.6),(1.9±0.7)h;AUC_(0～24)分别为(38±15),(39±12)μg·h·L~(-1);t_(1/2)分别为(6±3),(5.1±2.7)h。以AUC_(0～t)计算,受试制剂中对乙酰氡基酚、伪麻黄碱和右美沙芬的相对生物利用度分别为(103±8)%,(100±18)%,(109±27)%,2种制剂的主要药动学参数经统计学检验,差异无显著意义(P>0.05)。结论2种制剂具有生物等效性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Glycofection: The Ubiquitous Roles of Sugar Bound on Glycoplexes

Glycofection (transfection by using sugar-substituted polylysine) was assessed in order to provide an alternative to viral vectors for the transfer of genes into vascular smooth muscle cells. A rabbit vascular smooth muscle cell line (Rb-1 cells) was selectively transfected by using glycoplexes (glycosylated polylysine/pSV2LUC complexes) in the presence of 10 mu M of the fusogenic peptide GALA. A sugar-specific transfection was obtained when the glycofection was conducted for 1 h with glycoplexes containing either alpha Gal, alpha -Glc, alpha -GalNAc, beta -GlcNAc, or beta -GalNAc residues. The gene expression was high after transfection, with glycoplexes bearing alpha Gal, alpha -GalNAc, or beta -GalNAc residues that were weakly internalized, and low with glycoplexes carrying Lact or Rha residues that were well taken up by cells. These results suggest that 1) glycofection can be a good approach for a selective transfer of genes intovascular smooth muscle cells, 2) an efficient uptake of the glycoplexes is not the unique limiting step for an efficient transfection, and 3) the sugar-dependent trafficking of the glycoplexes inside the cells may account for the transfection efficiency.