复杂下腔静脉恶性肿瘤的外科处理

目的 探讨手术治疗复杂重症下腔静脉恶性肿瘤的方法及其效果.方法 2004年12月至2008年7月对8例下腔静脉肿瘤行手术治疗,其中7例患者8次在体外循环或右心房插管灌注下手术切除下腔静脉肿瘤或(和)延及右心房/室内肿瘤;1例下腔静脉平滑肌肉瘤局部复发行下腔静脉置换术.术前CT或MRI检查均已除外远处转移.结果 1例患者于术后2个月死于肝衰竭,其他7例术后症状均缓解并顺利出院.7例患者随访5～45个月,平均(15±4)个月.其中3例术后随访14～24个月,效果良好,无复发;3例术后4、5及32个月后原位复发并全身多处转移,其中1例是罕见的下腔静脉多形性恶性纤维组织细胞瘤,5个月后复发并右肾上腺转移癌,9个月后再次切除下腔静脉及右心房/室内肿瘤,术后11个月第3次复发死于心衰;另2例复发者未再次手术,其中1例术后7个月行化疗后症状缓解.1例45个月后失访.结论对于复杂腔静脉恶性肿瘤如未发现其他部位转移可采取积极手术治疗,如此可明显改善患者近期生存质量.     

复杂腔静脉恶性肿瘤的手术治疗

目的探讨手术治疗复杂重症腔静脉恶性肿瘤的方法及其效果。方法回顾性分析2004年12月至2008年7月收治的9例次腔静脉恶性肿瘤手术患者的临床资料。其中7例患者8次在体外循环或右心房插管灌注下手术切除下腔静脉肿瘤或/和延及右心房/室内肿瘤;1例下腔静脉平滑肌肉瘤术后局部复发行下腔静脉人工血管置换术;1例上腔静脉肿瘤延及左右无名静脉行上腔静脉重建。人工血管置换3例,下腔静脉补片2例。术前CT或MRI检查均已除外远处转移。结果除1例术后2个月死于肝衰竭,其余8例患者术后症状均缓解并顺利出院,平均随访时间为18(5～45)个月,其中3例术后随访14～24个月,无复发;1例术后5个月死于肝衰竭;4例术后分别于4、5、11及32个月后原位复发并全身多处转移,其中1例是罕见的下腔静脉多形性恶性纤维组织细胞瘤,5个月后复发并右肾上腺转移癌,9个月后再次切除下腔静脉及右心房/室内肿瘤,术后2个月再次复发死于心衰。另3例复发者未再次手术,其中1例术后7个月行化疗后症状缓解;1例上腔静脉肿瘤患者11个月后发现脑转移,15个月后死亡;1例45个月后失访。结论充分的术前准备及多学科的合作,复杂腔静脉恶性肿瘤如未发现其它部位转移积极手术治疗,仍可明显改善患者近期生存质量。     

复杂下腔静脉恶性肿瘤的外科处理

目的 探讨手术治疗复杂重症下腔静脉恶性肿瘤的方法及其效果.方法 2004年12月至2008年7月对8例下腔静脉肿瘤行手术治疗,其中7例患者8次在体外循环或右心房插管灌注下手术切除下腔静脉肿瘤或(和)延及右心房/室内肿瘤;1例下腔静脉平滑肌肉瘤局部复发行下腔静脉置换术.术前CT或MRI检查均已除外远处转移.结果 1例患者于术后2个月死于肝衰竭,其他7例术后症状均缓解并顺利出院.7例患者随访5～45个月,平均(15±4)个月.其中3例术后随访14～24个月,效果良好,无复发;3例术后4、5及32个月后原位复发并全身多处转移,其中1例是罕见的下腔静脉多形性恶性纤维组织细胞瘤,5个月后复发并右肾上腺转移癌,9个月后再次切除下腔静脉及右心房/室内肿瘤,术后11个月第3次复发死于心衰;另2例复发者未再次手术,其中1例术后7个月行化疗后症状缓解.1例45个月后失访.结论对于复杂腔静脉恶性肿瘤如未发现其他部位转移可采取积极手术治疗,如此可明显改善患者近期生存质量.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the surgical strategy and effects for treating complex malignant tumors of the inferior vena cava (IVC) or/and the tumors extending into right atrium/ventricle.Methods Between Dec 2004 and Jul 2008, eight patients underwent surgical resections, among those seven patients with tumors of IVC or the tumors extending into right atrium/ventricle were operated on under deep hypothermia with cardiopulmonary bypass( CPB), and one patient with recurrence of leiomyosarcoma of the IVC successfully underwent en bloc resection and caval reconstruction. The prosthetic graft was used for IVC reconstruction in two patients and vascular patch in the other two patients. Preoperative chest roentgenography, computed tomography, ultrasonography, or magnetic resonance imaging was used to exclude the presence of metastatic disease, to assess local resectability of the tumour and the extent of involvement and obstruction of the IVC. Results One patient died of liver failure postoperatively. The postoperative course was uneventful in other 7 patients. On follow-up two patients died 2 and 5 months later due to functional disorder of the liver. Three patients have been followed up for 14 - 24 months and were     

13例非粘液性心脏肿瘤的外科治疗

目的 总结非粘液性心脏肿瘤外科治疗的经验。方法 13例非粘液性心脏肿瘤中，良性肿瘤5例，原发性恶性肿瘤7例，转移性恶性肿瘤1例。5例良性肿瘤均完整切除；7例原发性恶性肿瘤中2例完整切除，2例大部分切除，3例仅做部分切除；1例转移性恶性肿瘤完整切除。结果 全组无围手术期死亡。5例心脏良性肿瘤中，1例纤维瘤患者术后6个月肿瘤复发，未再行手术治疗；其余4例患者随访3个月至11年，未见肿瘤复发。3例手术完整切除的心脏恶性肿瘤患者，其中1例随访4个月肿瘤无复发，1例术后1年死于肿瘤复发，1例恶性转移癌患者术后8个月死于多器官功能衰竭。5例行肿瘤部分切除的心脏恶性肿瘤患者，其中3例分别于术后3、6和14个月死于肿瘤复发。结论 心脏良性肿瘤手术治疗效果好，应争取彻底切除肿瘤，防止复发；心脏恶性肿瘤预后欠佳，手术目的应以明确诊断、消除或减轻临床症状为主。     

肿瘤侵犯上腔静脉的外科治疗

目的探讨上腔静脉综合征(SVCS)的手术方法,总结外科诊治经验。方法 2008年10月至2014年7月福建医科大学附属协和医院胸外科采用全上腔静脉人造血管置换或心包补片修补成形术成功治疗恶性肿瘤侵犯上腔静脉导致的SVCS患者11例,其中恶性纵隔肿瘤8例,淋巴瘤2例,肺癌1例。9例患者采用全上腔静脉人造血管置换;2例患者行上腔静脉部分切除,自体心包补片重建术。结果全组无手术死亡病例,术后患者上腔静脉梗阻症状均明显改善。全组患者术后随访8~68个月,除1例肺癌患者存活18个月后死于肿瘤复发转移,其余10例患者均无肿瘤复发,生活质量良好,术后生存时间为8个月至5年。结论采用手术扩大切除肿瘤及受侵的上腔静脉系统并行血管重建,能在短期内显著缓解SVCS的临床症状,提高生存质量,效果确切。     

延伸入右心房内肿瘤的外科治疗

目的 总结膈下肿瘤蔓延至右心房的外科治疗经验. 方法自1991 年5月～2002年11月外科治疗膈下肿瘤蔓延至右心房6例,病变来源于子宫平滑肌瘤3例,子宫间质肉瘤1例,下腔静脉粘液肉瘤1例,肾平滑肌肉瘤1例.5例完整切除右心房和下腔静脉内肿瘤,1例部分切除. 结果无手术死亡,1例粘液肉瘤患者部分切除肿瘤术后5个月死亡,其余患者随诊5个月～3年,下腔静脉内无肿瘤复发,无明显症状. 结论膈下肿瘤蔓延至右心房应积极手术治疗,手术尽量完整切除肿瘤,中期疗效良好.     

右心系统肿瘤的特点与外科治疗

目的探讨右心系统肿瘤的特点和外科治疗疗效. 方法手术治疗52例右心肿瘤中,粘液瘤26例,非粘液性良性肿瘤5例,原发性肉瘤16例,转移癌5例.21例恶性肿瘤中,完整切除7例,大部分切除10例,活检术4例.同期行三尖瓣成形术6例,三尖瓣生物瓣置换术3例,肺动脉根部同种肺动脉瓣置换术2例和房间隔缺损修补术1例. 结果手术死亡3例,手术死亡率5.77%(3/52).平均随访38.5±17.3个月,1例右心房粘液瘤术后多次复发共手术3次;远期死亡5例,死亡率10.20%(5/49),均死于肿瘤复发或转移. 结论右心系统肿瘤临床上少见,恶性肿瘤比例高,部分为转移癌,手术疗效和预后差.     

原发性下腔静脉平滑肌肉瘤的诊治体会

目的 探讨原发性下腔静脉平滑肌肉瘤的临床特点和诊治方法.方法 回顾性分析2006年6月至2009年4月收治的7例原发性下腔静脉平滑肌肉瘤的临床资料,包括临床表现、手术方法、病理结果和预后.结果 3例完整切除肿瘤,其中2例下腔静脉管壁缺损应用人工血管进行修补;1例切除部分肿瘤,恢复肝静脉血流;3例行剖腹探查肿瘤活检,明确诊断后放弃手术.7例术后病理均为原发性下腔静脉平滑肌肉瘤,3例雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)、孕激素受体(progesterone receptor,PR)呈阳性,4例呈阴性.无围手术期死亡病例,3例完整切除肿瘤者术后预防性口服华法林抗凝6个月,分别随访8、32、33个月,未发现肿瘤复发和血栓形成;1例部分切除者存活2个月,死于肝功能衰竭;3例只行肿瘤活检者均于7个月内死亡.结论 完整切除肿瘤和必要的下腔静脉重建是治疗原发性下腔静脉平滑肌肉瘤的惟一有效方法.     

累及髂血管的原发性腹膜后肿瘤的外科治疗

目的探讨累及髂血管的原发性腹膜后肿瘤的外科治疗。方法回顾性分析笔者所在医院血管中心2006年12月至2011年12月期间收治的124例累及髂血管的腹膜后肿瘤行外科治疗患者的临床资料,其中男68例,女56例;年龄16～72岁,平均年龄44岁。结果所有患者均行手术治疗,术中探查见肿瘤压迫和挤压髂血管72例,浸润血管或包绕髂血管52例。肿瘤完全切除90例,肿瘤不完全切除31例,肿瘤姑息性切除3例;其中有42例患者同时行髂血管一并切除和髂血管重建。本组患者无围手术期死亡。1例患者术后第3天出现尿瘘,经充分引流后自行愈合;1例患者出现切口脂肪液化,经更换敷料后切口愈合良好;其余患者均未出现并发症。本组患者均获随访,随访时间12～24个月,平均16个月。随访期间有12例患者死亡。90例肿瘤完全切除患者,随访期间局部复发38例,复发率为42.2%;31例肿瘤不完全切除患者,有9例死亡（6例死于肿瘤复发,3例死于心脑血管意外）,3例行姑息性肿瘤切除者在随访期间全部死亡（3例均死于肿瘤复发）。42例行髂血管一并切除和髂血管重建者,随访期间有3例出现局部复发但未再累及血管;1例患者术后7个月肿瘤复发累及下腔静脉,造成下腔静脉闭塞及双下肢静脉血栓形成;2例患者术后个8月后肿瘤复发再次累及髂总静脉,1例患者左髂总静脉移植术后10个月移植物血栓形成。结论累及髂血管的原发性腹膜后肿瘤联合血管修复重建可明显提高肿瘤切除率,降低复发率,提高远期存活率。     

腹膜后副神经节瘤8例报告

笔者回顾性分析11年间收治的8例腹膜后副神经节瘤患者的临床资料。其中男女各4例。平均年龄44.4岁。均行手术治疗。术中见肿瘤多有完整包膜，血供丰富，与腹主动脉、下腔静脉、肾静脉等关系密切。肿瘤最大直径20cm，最小3cm。5例手术完全切除，1例手术部分切除，2例手术活检。6例随访患者中1例锁骨上淋巴结活检者术后11个月死于肿瘤复发转移，5例手术完全切除肿瘤者均无瘤生存。提示该病一期手术完全切除肿瘤是重要的治疗方法。     

Tumor-related obstruction of the inferior vena cava extending into the right heart — a plea for surgery in deep hypothermic circulatory arrest

This study reviews eight patients, 39–63 years old, with tumor-related obstruction of the inferior vena cava (IVC) extending into the right atrium (n=5) and ventricle (n=3). Five patients suffered from renal cell carcinoma, 3 from sarcomatous disease. The general approach was a median sternotomy and laparotomy with hypothermic circulatory arrest (17.0–20.5°C; 23–46 min) in six patients, while in two patients, the IVC was clamped sequentially under moderate hypothermia and extracorporeal circulation. Four patients had tumor infiltration of the IVC necessitating partial caval resection. In three, the IVC was reconstructed by fabric patches or tubular prothesis. In one patient, the continuity of the IVC was interrupted permanently. Three patients underwent nephrectomy during the same procedure, two before and one after IVC disobliteration. In one patient each, pulmonary embolectomy and intrahepatic IVC stenting were performed. Two patients died early, one due to uncontrollable hemorrhage the other due to non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Six patients were discharged in good physical condition and are still alive at a mean follow-up of 24 months. Five patients have since remained free of recurrence, one patient underwent three further surgical interventions for bone metastases. We feel that IVC desobliteration is feasible in selected cases with extended tumor-related obstruction with an acceptable early risk and late outcome.     

Adrenocortical carcinoma extending into the inferior vena cava: presentation of a 15-patient series and review of the literature

BACKGROUND: Involvement of the inferior vena cava (IVC) is a controversial risk factor for surgical treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). This study aims to assess the outcome of an aggressive surgical policy for ACC extending into the IVC and discuss treatment strategies based on a review of the literature. METHODS: Over a 25-year period, 15 patients were treated for ACC extending into the IVC. The upper limit of the extension was the infrahepatic IVC in 2 patients, retrohepatic IVC in 6, and suprahepatic IVC in 7, including 4 with extension into the right atrium. Seven patients presented with concurrent metastases. The operative technique was thrombectomy (n = 13), partial resection with direct closure (n = 1), and total resection with replacement of the IVC (n = 1). Venous control was achieved by caval clamping alone (n = 4), hepatic vascular exclusion (n = 5), and the use of normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass or hypothermic circulatory arrest (n = 6). RESULTS: Two patients died postoperatively. Ten patients died of metastatic complications at 4 to 31 months. Median survival time was 8 months. Three patients were still alive after 24, 25, and 45 months of follow-up, one of whom was reoperated at 17 months for a local recurrence. No evidence of recurrent intravenous involvement was found during follow-up in any patient in whom complete resection was achieved. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that surgical treatment can be effective for management of ACC with extension into the IVC. Long-term prognosis is poor owing to delay in diagnosis, frequent associated metastatic disease and lack of effective adjuvant treatment.     

Liver Transplantation Techniques with Preservation of the Natural Venovenous Bypass: Effect on Surgical Resection of Renal Cell Carcinoma Invading the Inferior Vena Cava

Although renal tumors invading the inferior vena cava (IVC) are unusual, they represent a challenge to the surgical team because their accessibility is difficult. Liver transplantation techniques have been developed that preserve the venous collaterals, enhance the exposure, increase the safety of the resection, and avoid cardiopulmonary bypass. We describe our technique for dealing with renal tumors that have invaded the IVC, a combined experience of two centers, and the safety of the procedure and subsequent low morbidity. Between May 1997 and February 2003, a total of 45 patients (mean age 60.7 years) underwent surgical resection of a renal tumor extending into the IVC by techniques developed from liver transplantation, with the intention to avoid sternotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass. In 42 patients (93.3%) surgical resection of the tumor and thrombus was successful using the transabdominal approach while preserving the venous collaterals; 3 patients with a level IV tumor thrombus required cardiopulmonary bypass. The mean operating time was 342 minutes, and the mean estimated blood loss was 1442 cc. Postoperative ileus in one patient required laparoscopic lysis of the adhesions, and 2 patients (4.4%) died owing to multiple system organ failure and massive pulmonary embolism. The median follow-up was 36 months, during which time 6 patients developed metastatic disease and 37 were disease-free. We concluded that liver transplantation techniques enhance the surgical management of complicated urologic tumors. Patients with tumor thrombus extending to the IVC can be treated while avoiding thoracotomy and cardiopulmonary bypass.     

Surgical resection of adrenal carcinoma extending into the vena cava, right atrium and ventricle: case report and review of the literature

A case of adrenal carcinoma with the tumor thrombus extending into the right atrium and right ventricle is reported. A 46-year-old man was admitted because of abdominal distention and back pain. Angiogram, venacavography, dynamic CT, cardio-echogram and determinations of blood concentration of hormones disclosed a huge non-functional right adrenal tumor and its thrombus having extended into the right atrium and ventricle via the right adrenal vein. Right adrenalectomy and nephrectomy were followed by simultaneous removal of the tumor thrombus. The resected tumor was 14 X 11 X 7 cm in size and 880 g. The thrombus was 90 g. Pathohistological diagnosis of sarcomatoid adrenocortical carcinoma was made. The patient was discharged three weeks after operation and had been remained asymptomatic for 5 months. He died of the recurrence of the tumor on the 206th postoperative day. In the review of English and Japanese literature, 61 cases of malignant tumors extending into the right atrium were analyzed, among which only one case was an adrenal tumor. From this survey, it seems that aggressive resection would provide better survival, and a surgical excision with a use of cardiopulmonary bypass is worth trying for such conditions.     

Resection of the inferior vena cava for hepatic malignancy.

Involvement of the inferior vena cava (IVC) by hepatic tumors, although uncommon, is considered to be unresectable by standard surgical techniques. Recent advances in hepatic surgery have made combined hepatic and vena caval resection possible. The purpose of this study is to describe the surgical techniques and early results of combined resection of the liver and IVC. From 1997 to 2000, 11 patients underwent resection of the IVC along with four to seven liver segments. Resections were carried out for hepatocellular carcinoma (four); colorectal metastases (four); and hepatoblastoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumor metastases, and squamous cell carcinoma in one patient each. Ex vivo procedures were performed twice, and total vascular isolation was used in the nine other cases. The IVC was reconstructed with ringed Gore-Tex tube graft (five), primarily (five), or with Gore-Tex patches (one). There were two early deaths: one from liver failure at 3 weeks and one from sepsis secondary to a perforated segment of small bowel 4 months postresection. One patient with a gastrointestinal stromal tumor died at 32 months of recurrent tumor and one patient with hepatocellular carcinoma is alive with recurrent tumor at 16 months. The remaining patients are alive and disease free with follow-up ranging from 3 to 40 months without evidence of IVC occlusion. Combined resection of the liver and IVC is a formidable undertaking with substantial surgical risk. However, this aggressive surgical approach offers a chance for cure in patients with tumors involving the IVC that would otherwise have a dismal prognosis.     

Ex vivo and in situ resection of inferior vena cava with hepatectomy for colorectal metastases

OBJECTIVE: To describe the surgical techniques and early results of inferior vena cava (IVC) resection in patients with advanced liver tumors. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Involvement of the IVC by hepatic tumors, although rare, is considered inoperable by standard resection techniques. Concomitant hepatic and IVC resection is required to achieve adequate tumor clearance. METHODS: Between February 1995 and February 1999, 158 patients underwent hepatic resection for colorectal metastases in the authors' unit. Eight patients, aged 42 to 80 years (mean 62 years), with hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer underwent concomitant resection of the IVC and four to six hepatic segments. Resections were carried out under total hepatic vascular exclusion in four patients and ex vivo in four patients. Between 30 degrees and 360 degrees of the retrohepatic IVC was resected and replaced with an autogenous vein patch (n = 1), a ringed Gore-Tex tube graft (n = 2), a Dacron tube graft (n = 1), or a patch (n = 3) or was repaired by primary suturing (n = 1). RESULTS: There were two early deaths from multiple organ failure. One patient survived 30 months after ex vivo resection but died of renal cell carcinoma, and another died with recurrent disease at 9 months. The remaining four patients remained alive 5 to 12 months after surgery, with no hepatic failure or venous obstruction; tumor recurrence was present in two. Nonthrombotic occlusion of the neocava occurred in one patient and was stented successfully. CONCLUSIONS: Although concomitant hepatic and IVC resection is associated with a considerable surgical risk, this aggressive surgical approach offers hope for patients with hepatic tumors involving the IVC, who would otherwise have a dismal prognosis. This procedure can be performed under total hepatic vascular exclusion, with or without venovenous bypass, and by ex vivo bench resection.     

Resection of advanced stage malignant retroperitoneal neoplasms with tumor thrombus extending into the right atrium: Report of four cases

Surgery for retroperitoneal neoplasms with a tumor thrombus extension into the right atrium is challenging. This study reviewed four surgical cases of advanced stage malignant neoplasms with the tumor thrombus extending into the right atrium. The malignant neoplasms involved the kidney in two patients, and the liver and adrenal gland in one each. The tumor thrombus was removed through a longitudinal cavotomy and right atriotomy in all cases. The inferior vena cava reconstruction was performed by directly closing it in one patient and by pericardial patch suturing in another. Cardiopulmonary bypass was used for all procedures and a Pringle maneuver was used to reduce bleeding from the liver in three. There was no perioperative or hospital death. Two of the four with renal cell carcinoma were alive 7 and 13 months after the surgery. One with hepatocellular carcinoma died of recurrent malignancy after 4 months, while the patient with an adrenal carcinoma remained disease free after surgery. These cases indicate the safety of the present procedure. Although the long-term results are still unknown, there were favorable early results and a lack of perioperative complications. Surgical challenges in resecting an intracardiac extension of retroperitoneal malignancy require close cooperation among the attending urologist, and both gastrointestinal and cardiovascular surgeons.     

Surgical strategy for treating renal cell carcinoma with thrombus extending into the inferior vena cava

OBJECTIVE: A surgical strategy for treating malignant renal tumors with thrombus extending into the inferior vena cava (IVC) was assessed. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records for all patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC; n=30) or Wilms tumor (n=1) with tumor thrombus extending into the IVC who underwent surgical intervention at our institution between January 1980 and December 2001. Tumors were classified preoperatively according to the cephalad extension of thrombus, and intraoperative procedures were selected on the basis of degree of extension. Patients with RCC underwent radical nephrectomy and removal of thrombus with (n=11) or without (n=19) IVC resection. Partial normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass without cardiac arrest was used in 4 patients. The Pringle maneuver was performed in 8 patients. Infrarenal abdominal aortic cross-clamping was used in 8 patients to maintain systemic blood pressure. IVC cross-clamping and the Pringle maneuver were performed in 5 patients with suprahepatic thrombus extension. Temporary placement of a filter in the IVC or plication of the IVC above the hepatic vein was performed before hepatic mobilization, to decrease the risk for pulmonary embolism. RESULTS: One patient died intraoperatively of pulmonary embolism. Postoperative complications occurred in 11 patients; all resolved with conservative therapy. The postoperative duration of survival in patients with RCC was 37 +/- 44 months (range, 4-180 months); the 5-year survival rate was 42%. CONCLUSION: Aortic cross-clamping during IVC occlusion prevented hypotension and maintained hemodynamic stability that has required bypass in other series. This surgical treatment with the less extensive approach could result in long-term survival of patients with RCC in whom tumor thrombus extends into the IVC. We recommend that radical nephrectomy and tumor thrombectomy, with or without caval resection, be performed in these patients, with less invasive additional maneuvers.