大鼠帕金森氏病动物模型建立方法的改进

采用ＳＤ大鼠２０只，１５只为实验组，５只作为对照。用微量射器将６－羟基多巴（６－ＯＨＤＡ）８μｇ／４μｌ分别注入大鼠右侧黑质致密部（ＳＮｃ）和中脑腹侧背盖区９ＶＴＡ），观察大鼠行为变化及黑质和纹状体形态学改变。结果：注药４周后，毁损组动物经阿朴吗啡透发１４只出现旋转，超过７转／分为１２只（占８０％），经反复测试结果稳定；旋转鼠行Ｎｉｓｓｌ染色发现，右侧ＳＮｃ和ＶＴＡ区神经元数目明显减少；酷氨酸羟化     

高频刺激底丘脑核阻止帕金森病黑质多巴胺能神经元变性的实验研究

目的评价电刺激底丘脑核（ＳＴＮ）对帕金森病黑质多巴胺能神经元变性的影响。方法　实验用大鼠随机分为四组：第１组　纹状体仅注射６－羟基多巴（６－ＯＨＤＡ）;第２组　底丘脑核区插入电极进行刺激组;第３组　底丘脑核刺激后６－ＯＨＤＡ再注射纹状体组;第４组　假刺激底丘脑核后再注射６－ＯＨＤＡ入纹状体组。手术后６周,分别观察各组大鼠阿朴吗啡（ＡＰＯ）诱发旋转行为及黑质多巴胺能神经元改变情况。结果第１、４组出现明显的ＡＰＯ诱发对侧旋转行为,第２、３组出现同侧旋转;酪氨酸羟化酶（ＴＨ）免疫组织化学染色显示,黑质区ＴＨ免疫反应（ＴＨ－ＩＲ）神经元数目在２、３组双侧无明显不同,而１、４组注射侧ＴＨ－ＩＲ神经元数目显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论我们的结果表明,ＳＴＮ电刺激可以保护黑质多巴胺能神经元免受６－ＯＨＤＡ的毒性损害,提示这种治疗方法可以阻止或延缓帕金森病的继续发展和恶化。     

神经节苷脂对帕金森病鼠旋转行为、纹状体多巴胺浓度及黑质病理的影响

目的观察神经节苷脂对帕金森病（Ｐａｒｋｉｎｓｏｎｄｉｓｅａｓｅ，ＰＤ）鼠模型的旋转行为、纹状体多巴胺浓度及黑质病理的影响。方法将６－羟基多巴胺用立体定向法注入大鼠一侧中脑被盖腹侧区制作ＰＤ大鼠模型，并于同侧侧脑室注射混合型神经节苷脂（ａｍｉｘｅｄｇａｎｇｌｉｏｓｉｄｅｐｒｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎ，ＧＭ），观察ＧＭ对由阿朴吗啡所诱发的旋转行为、受损侧纹状体多巴胺浓度及黑质病理的影响。结果ＧＭ能减轻ＰＤ大鼠模型的旋转行为、使受损侧纹状体多巴胺浓度下降和黑质神经细胞减少。结论ＧＭ可减轻６－羟基多巴胺对黑质多巴胺能神经元的损伤。     

转基因成肌细胞脑内移植后帕金森病鼠纹状体多巴胺含量的变化

材料与方法雄性ＳＤ大鼠１００只，体重２３０～２５０克，用６－羟多巴胺（６－ＯＨＤＡ）立体定向微量注射损毁大鼠右侧黑质制备偏侧帕金森病（ＰＤ）大鼠模型。模型建立三周后，用阿朴吗啡（ＡＰＯ）诱发大鼠向左侧（未损伤侧）旋转，表明模型制作成功。以往，我们将大...     

神经节苷脂对帕金林病鼠旋转行为,纹状体多巴胺浓度及黑质…

观察神经节苷脂对帕金森病鼠模型旋转行为、纹状体多巴胺浓度及黑质病理的影响。方法将６－羟基多巴胺用立体定地注入大鼠－－侧中脑被盖腹侧区制作ＰＤ大鼠模型，并于同侧侧脑室注射混合型神经节苷脂，观察ＧＭ对由阿朴吗啡所诱发的旋转行为、受损侧纹状全多巴胺浓度及黑质病理的影响。结果 ＧＭ能减轻ＰＤ大鼠模型的旋转行为，、受损侧纹状体多巴胺浓度下降和黑质神经细胞减少。结论ＧＭ可减轻６－羟基多巴胺对黑质多巴胺了的听凭     

帕金森病大鼠黑质纹状体中氨基酸含量的变化

目的：观察帕金森病大鼠黑质纹状体中氨基酸神经递质的变化。方法：将６－羟多巴胺（６－ＯＨＤＡ）注入鼠右侧黑质内以建立偏侧帕金森病模型,检测其黑质和纹状体中四种氨基酸的含量。结果：帕金森病大鼠损毁侧谷氨酸（Ｇｌｕ）、天门冬氨酸（Ａｓｐ）、甘氨酸（Ｇｌｙ）、和ｒ－氨丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）的含量较未损毁侧显著增加（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结论：兴奋性氨基酸可能参与了６－ＯＨＤＡ所致的黑质纹状体内神经元损伤。     

损毁丘脑底核阻止6—OHDA对大鼠多巴胺能神经元的损？…

目的观察不同时期毁损丘脑底核对大鼠中脑黑质多巴胺神经元６－羟基多巴胺（６－ＯＨＤＡ）损伤的保护作用。方法将６０只Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠随机分为６组,每组１０只。对照组采用６－０ＨＤＡ立体定向注入大鼠右侧前脑内侧束（ＭＦＢ）和中脑被盖腹侧区（ＶＴＡ）,制成偏侧帕金森病（ＰＤ）模型。实验组分为第Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ和Ⅴ组,分别于６－ＯＨＤＡ注射前７ｄ、注射后１ｈ、２ｈ、３ｄ、７ｄ５个不同时间点,局部注射海藻氨酸（     

脑源性神经营养因子对帕金森病大鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元的影响

目的 观察脑源性神经营养因子（Ｂｒａｉｎ ｄｅｒｉｖｅｄ－ｎｅｕｒｏｔｒｏｐｈｉｃ ｆａｃｔｏｒ,ＢＤＮＦ）对帕金森病（Ｐａｒｋｉｎｓｏｎｄｉｓｅａｓｅ,ＰＤ）大鼠模型黑质多巴胺能神经元的影响。方法将６－羟基多巴胺用立体定向法注入大鼠一侧中脑黑质制作 ＰＤ大鼠模型,并在注入６－羟基多巴胺之间每天向预伤侧壳核区定位注入ＢＤＮＦ,采用酪氨酸羟化酶免疫组化方法及透射电镜等观察ＢＤＮＦ对黑质多巴胺能神经元的显微超微结构影响。结果　ＢＤＮＦ能改善６－羟基多巴胺造成的ＰＤ大鼠黑质多巴胺能神经元数目减少及超微结构影响。结论　ＢＤＮＦ可减轻６－羟基多巴胺对黑质多巴胺能神经元的毒性作用。     

CCK—8及损毁MFB对腹侧被盖区和伏核多巴胺,CCK—8含量的影响

应用荧光分光光度法和放射免疫法，在以６－羟基多巴胺（６－ＯＨＤＡ）单侧损毁内侧前脑束（ＭＦＢ）制备的偏侧帕金森病（ＰＤ）大鼠模型身上，测定了腹侧被盖区（ＶＴＡ）和伏核（Ａｃｂ）中多巴胺（ＤＡ）和八胺胆囊收缩素（ＣＣＫ－８）的含量，并测定了ＴＶＡ和Ａｃｂ区微量注射ＣＣＫ－８对正常大鼠ＤＡ含量的影响。结果如下：ＰＤ大鼠模型损毁侧ＶＴＡ和Ａｃｂ的ＤＡ和ＣＣＫ－８的含量与健康及对照组相比均减少（Ｐ〈０．０     

高频刺激底丘脑核阻止帕金森病黑质多巴胺能神经元变性的 …

目的 评价电刺激底丘脑核（ＳＴＮ）对帕金森病黑质多巴胺能神经元变性的影响。方法 实验用大鼠随机分为四组：第１组 纹状体仅注射６－羟基多巴（６－０ＨＤＡ）;第２组 底丘脑核区插入电极进行刺激组;第３组 底丘脑核刺激后６－ＯＨＤＡ再注射纹状体组;第４组 假刺激 丘脑核后再注射６－ＯＨＤＡ入纹状体组。手术后６周,分别观察各组大鼠阿朴吗啡诱发旋转行为及黑质多巴胺能神经地改变情况。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Effect of high simple dose of cisplatinum and of radiation on the brain of rabbit

Abstract

In former studies of intracarotid and intravenous administration of cisplatinum, separate and combined with brain irradiation, we found no cerebral damage. In this study! gradually increasing high doses (above the therapeutic ones) of cisplatinum were administered intravenously to one series of rabbits arid increasing high amounts of irradiation (above the therapeutic amounts) were given to another series. Although the rabbits that received highest doses of irradiation developed areas of alopecia and skin ulcers on the head! the general clinical and histopathologic examination of the rabbits brains in both series was normal. The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of high doses of intravenous cisplatinum and irradiation on the rabbits brains. [Neural Res 1997; 19: 216–218]