无包块乳腺癌的早期诊断(附43例分析)

目的探讨无包块乳腺癌的诊断方法。方法回顾性分析43例无包块乳腺癌患者的临床资料。结果22例伴有乳头溢液的无包块乳腺癌患者,经钼靶摄片检查诊断出乳腺癌2例;17例选择性乳管造影检查者明确乳腺癌诊断14例;13例乳管镜检查者明确乳腺癌诊断12例。乳腺癌筛查经钼靶摄片检查诊断出无包块乳腺癌21例;超声检查未能发现此类乳腺癌。结论乳管镜和选择性乳管造影检查对伴有乳头溢液的无包块乳腺癌有重要诊断价值;钼靶摄片检查对无临床症状和体征的早期乳腺癌有诊断价值,超声检查对无包块乳腺癌诊断价值有限。     

乳管镜对以病理性乳头溢液为首发症状乳腺癌诊断价值分析

目的 评估乳管镜在以病理性乳头溢液为首发症状乳腺癌中的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析2016年8月至2019年8月中国医科大学附属第四医院（380例）和新疆塔城地区人民医院（30例）收治的共410例以病理性乳头溢液为首发症状病人的临床资料，所有病人术前均行乳管镜、超声及钼靶检查。分析乳管镜检查中与乳腺癌诊断密切相关的因素，比较不同检查方式对乳腺癌诊断的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值。结果 410例病人均接受手术治疗，并进行术后病理学诊断，其中乳腺癌31例（7.6%）。乳管镜检查结果中，良性病例与恶性病例的溢液颜色、溢液量及病灶深度差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。乳管镜对于乳腺癌术前评估诊断的敏感度为90.3%，明显高于超声（61.3%）和钼靶检查（48.4%），三者特异度差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。超声联合钼靶检查敏感度为71.0%，而在此基础上联合乳管镜检查可使诊断的敏感度提高至93.5%。结论 在以病理性乳头溢液为首发症状乳腺癌的诊断中，乳管镜检查的敏感度显著高于超声和钼靶，增加乳管镜检查能够显著提高乳腺癌诊断的敏感度，避免漏诊。     

乳腺钼靶X线摄影和B超筛查资料分析

目的探讨乳腺钼靶X线摄影和超声检查两种方法对乳腺癌筛查的价值,以寻找适宜的乳腺癌筛查方法。方法对本地35~69岁经初筛后387名可疑乳腺异常的妇女,行乳腺钼靶X线摄影,有异常或不能评估者再用超声检查,超声检查阳性或可疑者行穿刺活检以确定乳腺癌诊断。结果 387例中,腺体成分在5 0%以上者占83.22%,经X线摄影发现有22例阳性,2 2例阳性经B超检查亦为阳性,75例不能评估。75例不能评估者B超检查有3例阳性。行穿刺活检25例,确诊乳腺癌17例,其中2例已达III期以上。钼靶X线发现乳腺癌的敏感性为72.73%,B超为6 8.0%,差异无统计学意义(P0.0 5)。结论本地筛查妇女乳腺大部分为腺体致密型。X线摄影在致密型乳腺的乳腺癌筛查中未呈现出比超声检查的优越性。     

乳管镜对以病理性乳头溢液为首发症状乳腺癌诊断价值分析

目的 评估乳管镜在以病理性乳头溢液为首发症状乳腺癌中的诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析2016年8月至2019年8月中国医科大学附属第四医院（380例）和新疆塔城地区人民医院（30例）收治的共410例以病理性乳头溢液为首发症状病人的临床资料,所有病人术前均行乳管镜、超声及钼靶检查。分析乳管镜检查中与乳腺癌诊断密切相关的因素,比较不同检查方式对乳腺癌诊断的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值。结果 410例病人均接受手术治疗,并进行术后病理学诊断,其中乳腺癌31例（7.6%）。乳管镜检查结果中,良性病例与恶性病例的溢液颜色、溢液量及病灶深度差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。乳管镜对于乳腺癌术前评估诊断的敏感度为90.3%,明显高于超声（61.3%）和钼靶检查（48.4%）,三者特异度差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。超声联合钼靶检查敏感度为71.0%,而在此基础上联合乳管镜检查可使诊断的敏感度提高至93.5%。结论 在以病理性乳头溢液为首发症状乳腺癌的诊断中,乳管镜检查的敏感度显著高于超声和钼靶,增加乳管镜检查能够显著提高乳腺癌诊断的敏感度,避免漏诊。     

桂林市11 167名妇女乳腺癌筛查结果分析

目的:调查桂林市城区35～69岁妇女乳腺癌的发病情况。方法:采用临床乳腺检查初筛、选择性彩色超声、选择性乳腺钼靶X线摄片以及病理切片检查,对桂林市城区35～69岁11 167例妇女进行乳腺癌筛查。结果:共检出乳腺癌7例,检出率为62.68/10万。其中60～69岁年龄段的乳腺癌检出率为322.23/10万,50～54岁者为57.87/10万,40～44岁者为41.46/10万,35～39岁者为76.80/10万,45～49岁与55～59岁年龄段未检出乳腺癌。结论:桂林市城区妇女乳腺癌患病率较高。该筛查模式对于无肿块型乳腺癌有可能造成漏检。对我国乳腺癌筛查合适的模式还需要探索,建议重点探索基于B超检查的筛查模式。     

高频B超在中国妇女致密型乳腺的乳腺癌筛查中的应用

目的：探讨超声检查及定位在中国妇女致密型乳腺发生的早期乳腺癌筛查中的作用。方法：对2002年2月—2006年4月来湘雅医院乳腺科门诊就诊及体检中心健康检查的5万余名女性行乳腺高频超声检查，筛查出乳腺肿块4 000余例，其中经手术病理证实的致密型乳腺患者乳腺癌142例（肿块最大横径均≤2cm），将患者的超声检查与钼靶片结果资料进行分析对比。结果：在142例致密型乳腺的乳腺癌患者中，超声发现微小钙化47例（33.10％），敏感性达74.60％，准确率为88.73％;钼靶发现泥沙样钙化38例（26.76％），敏感性60.32％，准确率为82.39％。钙化灶的检出率为44.37％。其中超声发现微小肿块110例（77.46％），敏感性88.71％，准确率为90.14％;钼靶片发现100例（70.42％），敏感性80.65％，准确率为83.10％。12例临床上未扪及肿块患者均在超声定位下准确地切除病灶。结论：（1）高频超声检查在中国妇女致密型乳腺的乳腺癌筛查中检出小肿块及恶性钙化的敏感性以及准确率要高于钼靶片检查。（2）高频超声检查可作为年青妇女、致密型乳腺以及扁平型乳腺早期乳腺癌筛查的有效方法之一，它不仅提高早期乳腺癌的诊断率也提高了保乳率，值得推广使用。     

~(99m)Tc-MIBI乳腺显像与乳腺X线照相在乳腺癌诊断中的价值

目的　评价99mTc MIBI乳腺显像与乳腺X线照相检测乳腺癌的实用性。方法　对 10 0例10 6个经临床检查可疑乳腺病灶的妇女进行乳腺钼靶X线照相和99m Tc MIBI乳腺显像检查 ,并与病理学诊断结果进行对比。结果　与病理组织学诊断比较 ,钼靶照相检测乳腺癌特异性为 44 .6% ,阳性预测值为 3 1.7% ;99mTc MIBI乳腺显像检测乳腺癌的特异性为 87.8% ,阳性预测值为 76.9%。结论　99mTc MIBI乳腺显像对乳腺癌的诊断较乳腺X线照相具有较大的临床价值     

钼靶X线对乳腺良恶性病变诊断的临床意义

目的 评价钼靶X线检查对乳腺良恶性病变诊断的临床意义.方法 对100例临床可触及乳腺肿块患者进行钼靶X线检查,分析病变的X线征象,并与病理结果 进行对照.结果 100例患者中钼靶X线诊断为乳腺癌40例,良性病变60例.术后病理证实乳腺癌46例,良性病变54例.钼靶X线诊断正确率为87%.结论 乳腺钼靶X线检查是诊断和鉴别乳腺良恶性肿瘤首选有效的影像学方法.     

乳腺癌的早期诊断

目的:探讨早期乳腺癌的临床特点及诊断方法,为提高早期乳腺癌的诊断率提供参考依据.方法:回顾性分析78例早期乳腺癌的临床资料,术前均行超声、钼靶x线、超声定位穿刺活检.结果:78例病人中乳腺腺体局限性增厚47例(60.3％),可触及结节者仅29例(37.2％);无任何体征者2人(2.5％).超声联合钼靶x线及超声定位穿刺活检对早期乳腺癌的诊断符合率分别为91.02％,92.30％,与单纯超声及钼靶x线检查相比有显著性差别.结论:高危年龄妇女乳腺增生伴症状加重、乳腺局限性增厚是早期乳腺癌的重要表现;及时对乳腺结节、局限性增厚、钼靶x线致密影等可疑病灶行组织学穿刺活检或超声联合钼靶检测可提高早期乳腺癌的诊断率.     

彩色多普勒超声与钼靶摄片对乳腺癌的诊断价值

目的:评价彩色多普勒超声与钼靶X线联合应用对乳腺癌的诊断价值,以提高乳腺癌的检出率.方法:选择经手术病理证实的乳腺癌患者76例,对其超声、X线征象及其准确性进行统计学分析.结果:检出乳腺癌的准确性分别为:彩色多普勒超声80.3 ％(61/76),钼靶X线76.3％(58/76),两者比较差别无显著性:综合两者影像检查的准确性为93.4％(71/76),明显优于单一彩色多普勒或钼靶X线检查(P＜0.05).结论:彩色多普勒可作为首选与钼靶X线作用互补,综合两种影像检查能显著提高对早期乳腺癌的诊断率,在提高妇女的生命生活质量上,有其明显的实际意义.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.