利培酮治疗儿童少年精神分裂症的临床应用

目的:了解利培酮治疗儿童少年期首发精神分裂症或分裂样精神病的疗效、安全性和剂量.方法:对2002年至2003年来我院青少儿心理门诊就诊,符合中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第3版诊 断标准,≤16岁的儿童少年62例,给予利培酮治疗12周,采用简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)评定临床疗效,副反应量表(TESS)及实验室检查评定安全性.结果:利培酮平均起效剂量为(0.86±0.28)mg/d,平均治疗剂量为(3.16±1.08)mg/d,显效率为82.26%,有效率为96.77%.不良反应有锥体外系反应(EPS)和轻度困倦.结论:利培酮可作为儿童少年期精神分裂症或分裂样精神病的一线治疗药物.     

利培酮与奋乃静治疗儿童少年期首发精神分裂症对照研究

目的 研究利培酮治疗儿童少年期首发精神分裂症或分裂样精神病的疗效、安全性和不良反应.方法 将79例儿童精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,分别用利培酮与奋乃静治疗,疗程12周.以阳性和阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定疗效,副反应量表（TESS）评定不良反应.结果 利培酮组和奋乃静组之间疗效无显著性差异,两组治疗后的PANSS总分及各因子分较治疗前均显著下降,利培酮组的不良反应发生率低于奋乃静组.结论 利培酮对儿童少年期首发精神分裂症疗效略优于奋乃静,且安全性好,不良反应小.     

利培酮对儿童期首发精神分裂症的临床应用

目的:了解利培酮治疗儿童期首发精神分裂症患者的疗效及安全性。 方法:对40例年龄<14岁患儿以利培酮治疗8周,以简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)评定疗效,以副反应量表(TESS)及实验室监测评价安全性。 结果:利培酮平均治疗剂量为(2.84±O.71)mg/d,总有效率为87.5％,不良反应主要为锥体外系反应。 结论:对儿童期首发精神分裂症,利培酮疗效较好,安全性高。     

利培酮对首发精神分裂症疗效观察

目的 观察利培酮治疗首发精神分裂症的疗效及副作用。方法 对54例符合CCMD～2～R诊断精神分裂症、分裂样精神障碍、分裂情感性精神障碍的住院或门诊首发患进行12周利培酮治疗,以简明精神病量表(BPRS)、临床总体印象量表(CGI)及副反应量表(TESS)评定疗效和副作用。结果 显效率70．3％,有效率81．5％,起效时间1周,静坐不能发生率31.7％,失眠18．5％。结论 利培酮治疗首发精神分裂症是有效和安全的。     

利培酮治疗儿童精神分裂症临床对照研究

目的：探讨利培酮与奋乃静治疗儿童精神分裂症疗效与不良反应的差异。方法：对62例住院的首发儿童精神分裂症或分裂样精神病患者，随机分为利培酮组(32例)和奋乃静组(30例)，以简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)评定疗效，进行对比分析。结果：利培酮显著进步率为75％；奋乃静为47％，以前者显著较好。结论：利培酮可用以治疗儿童精神分裂症。     

利培酮治疗老年期首发精神分裂症临床观察

目的 研究利培酮治疗老年期首发精神分裂症的临床疗效和副反应。方法 将符合CCMD-2-R诊断标准的62例老年期首发精神分裂症住院病人(年龄≥60岁)随机分为两组，分别给予利培酮和奋乃静治疗，疗程8周，以简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)评定疗效，用不良反应症状量表(TESS)评定副反应。结果 利培酮与奋乃静疗效差异无显著性，利培酮的副反应主要为失眠、恶心呕吐等轻微反应，奋乃静锥体外系副反应较重。结论 利培酮、奋乃静两种药物对老年期精神分裂症的疗效相当，利培酮副反应轻微，安全性好。     

利培酮治疗老年期精神分裂症对照研究

目的:比较利培酮和奋乃静治疗老年期首发精神分裂症的疗效和安全性. 方法:将96例老年期首发精神分裂症住院患者,随机分为利培酮组和奋乃静组,分别给予利培酮和奋乃静治疗.疗程8周.以简明精神病评定量表(BPRS)评定疗效,用副反应量表(TESS)评定不良反应. 结果:利培酮与奋乃静临床疗效差异无显著性.利培酮的不良反应主要为失眠,恶心、呕吐.奋乃静锥体外系反应较重. 结论:利培酮治疗老年期首发精神分裂症疗效较好,安全性高,有利于长期巩固维持治疗.     

利培酮与奋乃静治疗少儿精神分裂症对照观察

目的：研究利培酮治疗儿童少年期首发精神分裂症的疗效和安全性。方法：将79例儿童精神分裂症随机分为两组，分别用利培酮与奋乃静治疗。疗程12周。以阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）评定疗效，治疗中出现的症状量表（TESS）评定不良反应。结果：利培酮组和奋乃静组疗效差异无显著性，两组治疗后PANSS总分及各因子分较治疗前均显著下降，利培酮组的不良反应发生率低于奋乃静组。结论：利培酮对儿童少年期首发精神分裂症疗效略优于奋乃静，且安全性好，不良反应小。     

利培酮与氯氮平联用治疗精神分裂症对照研究

目的：研究利培酮单用及与氯氮平合用对首发精神分裂症的疗效。方法：根据入院先后对91例首发精神分裂症患者分为单用利培酮及与氯氮平合用组，用简明精神病评定量表（BPRS）、副反应症状量表（TESS）评定两组疗效及副反应。结果：两组疗效差异无显著性，而联用组副反应明显高于单用组。结论：利培酮合并氯氮平治疗首发精神分裂症并不能提高疗效，反而加重副反应。     

奥氮平与利培酮治疗青少年首发精神分裂症对照研究

目的比较奥氮平与利培酮治疗青少年首发精神分裂症的疗效和安全性。方法对60例青少年期首发精神分裂症患者随机分为两组,分别给予奥氮平与利培酮治疗8周。于治疗前及治疗后1、2、6、8周末进行阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)及副反应量表(TESS)评定。结果奥氮平与利培酮总的疗效无显著性差异,均能快速起效,PANSS总分比较治疗第1周与第2周末奥氮平组显著低于利培酮组,利培酮组锥体外系反应显著多于奥氮平组。结论奥氮平与利培酮均是治疗首发青少年精神分裂症安全有效的非典型抗精神病药物,可根据患者的不同情况分别选择。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。     

Effect of high simple dose of cisplatinum and of radiation on the brain of rabbit

Abstract

In former studies of intracarotid and intravenous administration of cisplatinum, separate and combined with brain irradiation, we found no cerebral damage. In this study! gradually increasing high doses (above the therapeutic ones) of cisplatinum were administered intravenously to one series of rabbits arid increasing high amounts of irradiation (above the therapeutic amounts) were given to another series. Although the rabbits that received highest doses of irradiation developed areas of alopecia and skin ulcers on the head! the general clinical and histopathologic examination of the rabbits brains in both series was normal. The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of high doses of intravenous cisplatinum and irradiation on the rabbits brains. [Neural Res 1997; 19: 216–218]