经尺骨鹰嘴V形截骨治疗复杂肱骨髁问骨折

目的 探讨经尺骨鹰嘴V形截骨治疗复杂肱骨髁间骨折的手术方法及疗效。方法 采用经尺骨鹰嘴V形截骨内固定治疗肱骨髁间骨折31例,对手术入路方法等进行分析。结果 术后随访7～18个月,平均12个月。按Cassebaum法对肘关节功能进行评定,优良率77％。结论 经尺骨鹰嘴V形截骨是治疗复杂肱骨髁间骨折较好的入路,能减少软组织损伤,再配合早期功能锻炼,术后效果好,并发症相对较少。     

经尺骨鹰嘴V形截骨治疗复杂肱骨髁间骨折

目的 探讨经尺骨鹰嘴V形截骨治疗复杂肱骨髁间骨折的手术方法及疗效.方法 采用经尺骨鹰嘴V形截骨内固定治疗肱骨髁间骨折31例,对手术入路方法等进行分析.结果 术后随访7～18个月,平均12个月.按Cassebaum法对肘关节功能进行评定,优良率77%.结论 经尺骨鹰嘴V形截骨是治疗复杂肱骨髁问骨折较好的人路,能减少软组织损伤,再配合早期功能锻炼,术后效果好,并发症相对较少.     

经尺骨鹰嘴截骨双钢板内固定治疗肱骨髁间骨折

目的 探讨经尺骨鹰嘴截骨双钢板内固定治疗肱骨髁间骨折的手术方法及疗效.方法 采用经尺骨鹰嘴截骨双钢板内固定治疗肱骨髁间骨折患者65例.结果 65例均获随访,时间5个月～2年.骨折愈合时间3～6个月.无骨不连、骨化性肌炎、迟发性尺神经受压、内固定失效等并发症.按Aitken Rorabeck评分标准评定肘关节功能:优43例,良12例,可10例,优良率84.6%.结论 经尺骨鹰嘴截骨是治疗肱骨髁间骨折的较好入路,手术解剖复位重建肘关节稳定,术后早期功能锻练,是肘关节功能恢复的重要因素.     

经尺骨鹰嘴截骨治疗肱骨髁问C型骨折

目的探讨经尺骨鹰嘴关节内垂直截骨及关节外斜形截骨治疗肱骨髁间C型骨折的手术方法及疗效。方法采用2种经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路内固定治疗肱骨髁间骨折28例，对手术入路、时间、术后肘关节功能，及并发症等进行分析。结果术后随访6～38个月，平均13个月。按Cassebaum法对肘关节功能进行评定，经尺骨鹰嘴关节内垂直截骨组优良率75％，经尺骨鹰嘴关节外斜形截骨组优良率83％。结论经尺骨鹰嘴截骨是治疗肱骨髁间C型骨折较好的入路，尤其是经尺骨鹰嘴关节外斜形截骨更具有易操作，有利于截骨部骨折的愈合，以及术后肘关节功能恢复并发症低等优点。     

两种手术入路治疗肱骨髁间骨折疗效分析

目的评价尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路与肱三头肌舌形瓣入路治疗肱骨髁间骨折手术疗效。方法手术治疗56例肱骨髁间骨折,行尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路32例,肱三头肌舌形瓣入路24例。结果对于AO/ASIF分型C1C2型肱骨髁间骨折,尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路比肱三头肌舌形瓣入路手术时间长,但骨折暴露充分。对于C3型骨折,两种入路手术时间相近,前者肘关节功能评分比后者显著较高。结论尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路治疗肱骨髁间骨折暴露充分,术后肘关节功能优于肱三头肌舌形瓣入路。     

经尺骨鹰嘴V形截骨双钢板内固定治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折

目的探讨经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路并应用肱骨内外侧柱双钢板固定治疗肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折的方法和疗效。方法 2004年4月至2009年1月采用经尺骨鹰嘴V形截骨双钢板内固定治疗粉碎性肱骨髁间骨折33例,其中C1型7例,C2型15例,C3型11例。全部获得随访,随访时间5～30个月（平均19个月）,用改良Cassebaum评分系统对其疗效评定。结果 33例骨折全部愈合,平均愈合时间18.7周。术后疗效优17例,良11例,可4例,差2例,优良率84.8%。结论解剖复位骨折,重建肘关节的稳定性以及早期的功能锻炼是肘关节功能恢复的关键因素。经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路显露骨折充分,肱骨内、外侧柱双钢板固定肱骨髁间骨折牢固可靠,并可满足患者早期进行关节功能锻炼。     

经尺骨鹰嘴截骨治疗肱骨髁问C型骨折

目的 探讨经尺骨鹰嘴关节内垂直截骨及关节外斜形截骨治疗肱骨髁间C型骨折的手术方法及疗效.方法 采用2种经尺骨鹰嘴截骨人路内固定治疗肱骨髁间骨折28例,对手术入路、时间、术后肘关节功能,及并发症等进行分析.结果 术后随访6～38个月,平均13个月.按Cassebaum法对肘关节功能进行评定,经尺骨鹰嘴关节内垂直截骨组优良率75%,经尺骨鹰嘴关节外斜形截骨组优良率83%.结论 经尺骨鹰嘴截骨是治疗肱骨髁间C型骨折较好的入路,尤其是经尺骨鹰嘴关节外斜形截骨更具有易操作,有利于截骨部骨折的愈合,以及术后肘关节功能恢复并发症低等优点.     

经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路双锁定钢板垂直固定治疗肱骨髁间骨折疗效观察

目的探讨应用肱骨远端解剖型锁定钢板,经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路垂直固定治疗肱骨髁间骨折的临床疗效。方法对36例肱骨髁间骨折采用经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路双锁定钢板垂直固定。结果本组获随访13～27个月,肱骨骨折及尺骨截骨处均骨性愈合;肘关节功能按照Mayo评分:优16例,良15例,可4例,差1例,优良率86.1%。结论采用经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路肱骨远端解剖型锁定钢板垂直固定治疗肱骨髁间骨折疗效满意,值得推广应用。     

尺骨鹰嘴截骨双解剖锁定钢板治疗成人肱骨髁间粉碎型骨折

目的介绍尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路双解剖锁定钢板内固定治疗成人肱骨髁间粉碎型骨折的手术方法和临床疗效。方法对31例成人肱骨髁间粉碎型骨折均采用尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路,双解剖锁定钢板内固定治疗,其中男19例,女12例;年龄19～67岁,平均37.3岁。采用Mayo肘关节功能评分标准进行功能评价。结果对本组患者随访6～18个月,尺骨鹰嘴截骨处均Ⅰ期骨性愈合,按Mayo评分为60～100分,平均85.38分,优15例,良11例,可5例,优良率为83.87%。结论尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路,双解剖锁定钢板内固定治疗成人肱骨髁间粉碎型骨折固定牢靠,有利于早期功能锻炼,疗效满意。     

两种入路治疗肱骨髁间骨折的疗效分析

目的 比较经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路与经肱三头肌舌状瓣入路治疗肱骨髁间骨折的疗效.方法 对41例肱骨髁间骨折患者随机分为两组,截骨组21例、舌状瓣组20例,分别经尺骨鹰嘴截骨、肱三头肌舌状瓣切口入路,行切开复位钢板内固定术.结果 全部患者随访6～18个月,平均11.8个月,骨折全部愈合,平均愈合时间4.5个月.两组患者经Cassebaum评分系统评定术后肘关节功能,截骨组的优良率明显高于舌状瓣组,差异显著具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 经尺骨鹰嘴截骨入路的疗效明显优于经肱三头肌舌状瓣入路.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.