Surgery for patients with severe supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage

Introduction  Little information is available on the efficacy of aggressive treatment such as surgery in improving the outcome of severely affected patients after supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Our objective was to assess the effect of hematoma removal and ventricular drainage on the mortality of patients with severe primary supratentorial ICH. Methods  We studied 103 consecutive patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit and diagnosed with primary supratentorial ICH. The impacts of clinical factors on 30-day mortality were assessed, including surgery, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score and pupillary abnormality at admission, hematoma volume, and other related factors. Results  The 30-day mortality rate was 42%, and the median time between admission and death was 3 days (range: 1 to 27 days). Hematoma removal and ventricular drainage, within the first 24 hours of admission, were performed on 11 and 17 patients, respectively. Two patients who were treated with removal and four with drainage died. A logistic regression model for predicting 30-day mortality was performed. After controlling for GCS score, pupillary abnormality, hydrocephalus, and hematoma volume, hematoma removal was identified as an independent predictor of survival (odds ratio [OR], 0.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.02 to 0.92). Ventricular drainage also tended to decrease mortality rate greatly (OR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.06 to 1.76). Patients with GCS scores of 3 or 4 were 4.01 times more likely to die (95% CI, 1.13 to 14.26) than those with GCS of at least 5. Conclusions  Hematoma removal may reduce the mortality rate of patients with severe supratentorial ICH.     

微创穿刺引流术治疗幕上自发性脑出血的临床效果分析

目的对比分析微创穿刺引流术与内科保守法在治疗幕上自发性脑出血疗效的差异。 方法回顾性分析北京市顺义区医院神经外科自2014年1月至2017年6月收治的幕上自发性脑出血患者173例（出血量20~40 mL）的临床资料,分为微创穿刺引流术组和内科保守治疗组,分别统计2组的入院时出血量、入院时GCS评分、7 d后残余血肿量、7 d后GCS评分及3个月后GOS评分。 结果2组均出现死亡病例,但短期死亡率差异无统计学意义;治疗7 d后微创穿刺引流术组较内科保守治疗组残余血肿量、GCS评分差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,3个月后微创穿刺引流术组GOS评分较内科保守治疗组差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论微创穿刺引流术在治疗中等量幕上自发性脑出血中较保守治疗存在优势,可以改善患者的神经功能,改善患者预后。     

Fever is associated with third ventricular shift after intracerebral hemorrhage: pathophysiologic implications

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown the detrimental effect of increased temperature on brain injury. Fever is common after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The term 'central fever' is often used when no cause is identified. AIM: The aim of the study was to determine the correlation of fever with third ventricular shift in 61 patients with ICH and hypothesize about the mechanism of fever. SETTING: Neurointensive Care Unit. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From August 1999 to April 2000, data from 61 patients with ICH were prospectively collected including maximum temperature (Tmax) and fever (T> 37.5 degrees C) at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours, ICH volume, and third ventricular shift. Outcome measures included discharge mortality, 3-month National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and Barthel Index (BI). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Spearman correlation coefficient, Mann-Whitney test, and logistic regression were used to assess relationships. RESULTS: Fifty-six per cent of patients had fever in the first 24 hours and 53% for at least two consecutive days. There was a correlation between ICH volume and Tmax at 24 hours (P =0.04) and 72 hours (P =0.03) and fever at 24 hours (P =0.039) and 72 hours (P =0.036). Tmax at 72 hours correlated with third ventricular shift (P =0.01). Those with shift were more likely to have fever within the first 72 hours (P =0.049) and worse outcome. Fever at 72 hours was associated with a higher discharge mortality (P =0.046) and trend of a worse 3-month NIHSS score (P =0.06). CONCLUSION: Fever is common after ICH and correlates with ICH volume and third ventricular shift suggesting a role of hypothalamic compression in "central fever." There was a trend towards a worse outcome with fever.     

幕上自发性脑出血患者早期预后影响因素的评估

目的 评估影响幕上自发必 出血患者早期预后的临床、实验室和影像学因素。方法 采用ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测５４例自发性幕上出血患者发病第１、２、３、４、７、１４ｄ的血清神经元特异性类醇化酶（ＮＳＰ）水平,计算脑实质内血肿体积,记录脑室出血积分、中线移位、入院时及病程中Ｇｌａｓｇｏｗ昏迷评分（ＧＣＳ）、发病３０ｄ时Ｇｌａｓｇｏｗ预后评分（ＧＯＳ）。检测入院时血压、血糖和周围血白细胞（ＷＢＣ）数。结果 预后恶劣     

Predictive factors for tracheostomy in neurocritical care patients with spontaneous supratentorial hemorrhage

BACKGROUND: Up to 30% of patients with supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) require mechanical ventilation during the course of treatment. For these patients, tracheostomy is necessary in cases of protracted weaning. As only limited data exist about predictors for a tracheostomy in patients with ICH, the aim of this study was to investigate the frequency of tracheostomy and clinical findings that increase the risk for a tracheostomy in patients with supratentorial hemorrhage. METHODS: A total of 392 patients with supratentorial ICH were analyzed. The parameters age, gender, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Glasgow Coma Scale on admission, ganglionic or non-ganglionic localization, presence of ventricular hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, hematoma volume, and hematoma evacuation were investigated. The effects on the end-point tracheostomy were analyzed using multivariate regression analyses. RESULTS: The overall need for tracheostomy was 9.9% (16.3% in patients with ganglionic hemorrhage versus 2.8% in patients with non-ganglionic hemorrhages). 31% of the ventilated patients required tracheostomy. The risk for tracheostomy was increased eightfold in patients who developed hydrocephalus. The presence of ventricular blood, in general, showed no significant impact on the need for tracheostomy, whereas hemorrhage extending into the third and fourth ventricles in conjunction with hydrocephalus increased the risk for tracheostomy. The hematoma volume correlated positively with the risk for tracheostomy. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that approximately 10% of patients with ICH require tracheostomy during the course of their disease. Presence of COPD, hematoma volume, ganglionic location of the hematoma, and the development of hydrocephalus are predisposing factors for tracheostomy.     

Correlation of leukocytosis with early neurological deterioration following supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating and common admitting diagnosis to intensive care units in the USA. Despite advances in critical care, patients with ICH often experience early neurological deterioration (END) in the first 72 hours after admission due to a variety of factors, including hematoma and cerebral edema evolution. The purpose of this study was to determine factors associated with END after ICH. Using the Duke University Hospital Neuroscience Critical Care Unit Database, we retrospectively identified patients with an admitting diagnosis of supratentorial ICH from January to December 2010, verified by CT imaging. END was defined as a decrease in the Glasgow Coma Scale score of ?3 or death within the first 72 hours after hemorrhage. The chi-squared or t-test analysis was used to compare the groups, as appropriate. Multiple logistical regression modeling was performed to test for associations between likely predictors of END. Of the 89 subjects admitted with supratentorial ICH, we included 83 in the analysis based on complete datasets. Of these, 31 experienced END within 72 hours after onset of symptoms. ICH score, presence of midline shift on imaging, and white blood cell (WBC) count were used in a regression model for predicting END. WBC count demonstrated the greatest association with END. Patients with ICH are prone to END within the first few days after hemorrhage. Elevated WBC count appears predictive of deterioration. These data demonstrate that heightened inflammatory state after ICH may be related to early deterioration after injury.     

纳络酮血肿腔内注射治疗高血压脑出血的临床观察

目的 比较纳络酮血肿腔内注射与静脉注射对高血压脑出血的疗效。方法 40例高血压脑出血患者随机分为A、B两组。两组均采取锥颅血肿穿刺置管抽吸和脑室外引流治疗。A组血肿腔内局部注射纳络酮，B组静脉滴注纳络酮。比较两组患者治疗前后颅内压、GCS评分、脑脊液内皮素-1（ET-1）水平。对患者进行三月以上的随访。结果 40例脑出血患者发病后48hET-1平均水平明显高于非脑出血患者。A组发病后第3天、第7天ET-1峰值较B组明显低（P〈0．01）；A组术后颅内压较B组降低更明显（P〈0．01）；连续GCS评分较B组明显高（P〈0．01），平均清醒天数缩短；A组治疗有效率明显高于B组（P〈0．05）。结论 纳络酮血肿腔内注射较静脉注射可明显提高脑出血患者疗效，改善预后。     

Simultaneous multiple hypertensive intracranial hemorrhages

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and radiological findings, management, and factors correlated with outcomes in 20 patients with simultaneous multiple hypertensive intracranial hemorrhages (ICH). The mean admission Glasgow Coma Scale score was 7.8. The most common hematoma location was the putamen, while putamen-brainstem hematomas were the most common combination. The mean hematoma volume was 27.5 mL. Eight patients had favorable outcomes and 12 had poor outcomes. Statistical analysis identified that the GCS score on admission, hematoma distribution (unilateral supratentorial hematomas were the most favorable), and total hematoma volume were prognostic factors. This study provides important information on the clinicoradiological findings and prognosis in patients with simultaneous multiple hypertensive ICH.     

Extravasation of radiographic contrast is an independent predictor of death in primary intracerebral hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Hematomas that enlarge following presentation with primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are associated with increased mortality, but the mechanisms of hematoma enlargement are poorly understood. We interpreted the presence of contrast extravasation into the hematoma after CT angiography (CTA) as evidence of ongoing hemorrhage and sought to identify the clinical significance of contrast extravasation as well as factors associated with the risk of extravasation. METHODS: We reviewed the clinical records and radiographic studies of all patients with intracranial hemorrhage undergoing CTA from 1994 to 1997. Only patients with primary ICH were included in this study. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the associations between clinical and radiological variables and the risk of hospital death or contrast extravasation. RESULTS: Data were available for 113 patients. Contrast extravasation was seen in 46% of patients at the time of CTA, and the presence of contrast extravasation was associated with increased fatality: 63.5% versus 16.4% in patients without extravasation (P=0.011). There was a trend toward a shorter time (median+/-SD) from symptom onset to CTA in patients with extravasation (4.6+/-19 hours) than in patients with no evidence of extravasation (6.6+/-28 hours; P=0.065). Multivariate analysis revealed that hematoma size (P=0.022), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score (P=0.016), extravasation of contrast (P=0.006), infratentorial ICH (P=0.014), and lack of surgery (P<0.001) were independently associated with hospital death. Variables independently associated with contrast extravasation were hematoma size (P=0.024), MABP >120 mm Hg (P=0.012), and GCS score of 相似文献   

神经导航在神经创伤性疾病急诊微创手术中的应用价值

目的探讨神经导航在神经创伤性疾病急诊手术救治中的临床应用。 方法回顾性分析自2016年5月至2017年3月在福建省神经医学中心接受开颅手术治疗的急诊神经创伤患者的临床资料,术中神经导航辅助为导航组,常规手术为徒手组。比较2组病例的临床基本资料、神经急症类别、影像学特点、GCS评分、入住ICU及总住院时长以及GOS评分情况。 结果68例患者中男性39例,女性29例,年龄19~71岁;导航组16例,徒手组52例。导航组病例的手术时长与平均ICU入住时长相比徒手组短,但2组间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。导航组病例术前GCS评分（9.2±4.6）略高于徒手组（7.7±3.2）,并且2组间术后24 h GCS评分差异有统计学意义（9.7±4.1 vs. 7.3±3.5,P=0.046）。2组术后3个月的GOS评分间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。侧脑室穿刺置管引流的病例,导航组穿刺精度优秀率为83.3%,徒手组为64.3%。 结论神经导航辅助神经创伤性疾病手术救治,对于提高颅内病灶定位及穿刺的精度、缩短手术时间,可能具有帮助,特别是对于狭小脑室穿刺及脑深部血肿的病例。尚需更多的针对性研究来进一步论证。     

Stereotactic Hematoma Removal of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage through Parietal Approach

ObjectiveTo determine the advantages of parietal approach compared to Kocher''s point approach for spontaneous, oval-shaped intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) with expansion to the parietal region.MethodsWe divided patients into two groups : group A had burr holes in the parietal bone and group B had burr holes at Kocher''s point. The hematoma volume, Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score, and modified Barthel Index (mBI) score were calculated. At discharge, we evaluated the patients'' Glasgow outcome scale (GOS) score, modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score, motor grade, and hospitalization duration. We evaluated the patients'' mBI scores and motor grades at 6 months after surgery.ResultsThe hematoma volume in group A was significantly less than that in group B on postoperative days 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21. Group A had significantly higher GCS scores than did group B on postoperative days 1 and 3. Group A had higher mBI scores postoperatively than did group B, but the scores were not significantly different. No differences were observed for the GOS score, mRS score, motor grade at discharge, or duration of hospitalization. The mBI score of group A at 6 months after surgery was significantly higher, and more patients in group A showed muscle strength improvement.ConclusionIn oval-shaped ICH with expansion to the parietal region, the parietal approach is considered to improve the clinical symptoms at the acute phase by removing the hematoma more effectively in the early stages. The parietal approach might help promote the long-term recovery of motor power.     

Mannitol in intracerebral hemorrhage: a randomized controlled study

OBJECTIVE: To study the usefulness of mannitol in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) patients. METHOD: 128 CT proven supratentorial ICH patients within 6 days of ictus were randomized into study and control groups. The study group received mannitol 20%, 100 ml every 4 h for 5 days, tapered in the next 2 days. The control group received sham infusion. Primary endpoint was 1-month mortality and secondary endpoint functional disability at 3 months assessed by Barthel index score. RESULTS: There were 65 patients in study and 63 in control groups. The study and control groups were evenly matched regarding age, Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score, Canadian Neurological Scale (CNS) score, pupillary asymmetry, pyramidal signs on non-hemiplegic side, and location, midline shift and ventricular extension of hematoma. At 1 month, 16 patients died in each group. The primary and secondary endpoints were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Low dose mannitol does not seem to be beneficial in patients with ICH.     

Relationship Between Temperature, Hematoma Growth, and Functional Outcome After Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Background

Fever and hematoma growth are known to be independent predictors of poor outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We sought to assess the distribution of temperature at different stages in relation to hematoma growth and functional outcome at 90 days in a cohort of ICH patients.

Methods

Data of patients registered in the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive—ICH were analyzed. Temperatures at baseline, 24, 48, 72, and 168 h were assessed in relation to the hematoma growth and functional outcome at 90 days. We calculated the daily linear variation of each subject’s temperature by subtracting 37 °C from the maximal daily recorded temperature (delta-temperature). We used logistic regression and mixed-effects models to identify factors associated with hematoma growth, poor outcome, and temperature elevation after ICH.

Results

303 patients were included in the analysis. The average age was 66 ± 12 years, 200 (66 %) were males, median admission NIHSS was 13 [Interquartile range (IQR), 9–18), median GCS was 15 (IQR, 14–15). Hematoma growth occurred in 22 % and poor functional outcome at 90-days occurred in 41 % of the patients. Cumulative delta-temperature at 72 h was associated with hematoma growth; age, ICH score, hematoma growth, and cumulative delta-temperature at 168 h were associated with poor outcome at 90 days. Factors associated with fever in mixed-models were day after onset of ICH, hypertension, base hematoma volume, intraventricular-hemorrhage, pneumonia, and hematoma growth.

Conclusions

There is a temporal and independent association between fever and hematoma growth. Fever after ICH is associated with poor outcome at 90 days. Future research is needed to study the mechanisms of this phenomenon and if early protocols of temperature modulation would be associated with improved outcomes after ICH.     

Clinical discriminators of lobar and deep hemorrhages: the Stroke Data Bank.

Of the 1,805 patients with acute stroke enrolled in the Stroke Data Bank, 237 had parenchymatous hemorrhage. After excluding 34 secondary intracerebral and 31 infratentorial hemorrhage patients, a logistic regression analysis of the 172 patients with primary supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) elucidated clinical factors that distinguished the 65 patients with lobar hemorrhage (LH) from the 107 patients with deep hemorrhage (DH) located in the basal ganglia and thalamus. In LH, severe headache was more common than in DH, while hypertension and motor deficit were significantly less common. Patients with either LH or DH had a similar prognosis and mean Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores, despite the hematoma volume measured on the initial CT being significantly greater for LH than DH. The presence of intraventricular extension (IVH) was more frequent in DH. The frequency of IVH increased with hematoma volume in LH, but remained constant for DH. Two CT variables (IVH and hematoma volume) that differed in these two hemorrhage groups were important predictors of coma (GCS less than or equal to 8) in a logistic regression model. Differences in the frequency of IVH may help explain why the degree of impairment in consciousness was similar in the two groups. Among patients with supratentorial ICH, location of the hematoma is related to both volume and IVH, which are important determinants of the level of consciousness.     

脑出血与脑小血管病亚型及总负荷的关系研究

目的 探讨自发性脑出血的严重程度与脑小血管病（cerebral small vessel disease，CSVD）各亚型及总 负荷之间的关系。 方法 回顾性分析2013年8月-2017年8月于河南科技大学第一附属医院就诊的发病24 h内住院的 脑出血患者的临床资料。根据患者入院24 h内、3～5 d、10～14 d头颅CT检查结果及头颅MRI检查结 果，计算不同时间段血肿及水肿体积，评估腔隙（lacune，LA）、白质高信号（white matter hyperintensity， WMH）、扩大的血管周围间隙（enlarged perivascular space，ePVS）、脑微出血（cerebral microbleed，CMB） 的严重程度并计算总CSVD评分，分析脑出血的严重程度与CSVD各亚型及总负荷的关系。 结果 最终共纳入85例脑出血患者，其中脑叶出血33例（38.82%），深部出血52例（61.18%）。校正 年龄、平均动脉压、入院GCS评分、入院NIHSS评分后，在血肿体积的多元线性回归模型中，CMB数目与 不同时期血肿体积均正相关，WMH的Fazekas评分与不同时期血肿体积均负相关；校正年龄、平均动 脉压、入院GCS评分、入院NIHSS评分、血肿体积后，在水肿体积的多元线性回归模型中，ePVS与不同 时期水肿体积均呈负相关。CSVD总负荷与不同时期血肿体积均不相关，与入院24 h内水肿体积不相 关，与3～5 d、10～14 d水肿体积负相关。 结论 CMB数目越多，WMH的Fazekas评分越低，血肿体积越大。ePVS的存在可能是脑出血后水肿程 度较轻的标志；CSVD总负荷可以预测3～14 d脑水肿的严重程度。     

Spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage: Does surgery benefit comatose patients?

Introduction:

Treatment of spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) is still controversial. We therefore analyzed the comatose patients diagnosed as having spontaneous SICH and treated by surgery.

Materials and Methods:

We retrospectively analyzed the collected data of 25 comatose patients with initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≤ 8 diagnosed as having spontaneous SICH and they had been treated by surgical evacuation between 1996 and 2008. The outcome was assessed using Glasgow outcome scale (GOS). The side and location of the hematoma and ventricular extension of the hematoma were recorded. The hematoma volume was graded as mild (<30 cc), moderate (30–60 cc) and massive (>60 cc).

Results:

Age of the patients ranged from 25 to 78 years (mean: 59.6 ± 15.14 years). Among the 25 patients studied, 11 (44%) were females and 14 (56%) were males. GCS before surgery was <5 in 8 (32%) patients and between 5 and 8 in 17 (68%) patients. The hematoma volume was less than 30 cc in 2 patients, between 30 and 60 cc in 9 patients and more than 60 cc in 14 patients. Fourteen of the patients had no ventricular connection and 11 of the hematomas were connected to ventricle. All the 25 patients were treated with craniotomy and evacuation of the hematoma was done within an average of 2 hours on admission to the emergency department. Postoperatively, no rebleeding occurred in our patients. The most important complication was infection in 14 of the patients. The mortality of our surgical series was 56%. GCS before surgery was one of the strongest factors affecting outcome GCS (oGCS) (P = 0.017). Income GCS (iGCS), however, did not affect GOS (P = 0.64). The volume of the hematoma also affected the outcome (P = 0.037). Ventricular extension of the hematoma did affect the oGCS and GOS (P = 0.002), but not the iGCS of the patients (P = 0.139).

Conclusion:

Our data suggest that being surgically oriented is very important to achieve successful outcomes in a select group of patients with SICH.     

幕上中等量高血压脑出血不同手术方式的临床疗效比较

目的比较传统骨瓣开颅术、小骨窗开颅术、微创钻孔外引流术治疗幕上中等量高血压脑出血患者的疗效。方法收集93例高血压脑出血患者的临床资料,将其按手术方式不同分为传统骨瓣开颅组(A组,33例),小骨窗开颅组(B组,29例)和微创钻孔外引流组(C组,31例)。记录并比较三组患者的基线情况、手术情况及预后情况指标。结果三组患者性别、年龄、入院时收缩压、术前GCS评分、术前血肿体积、术后第三、第七天GCS评分、再出血、颅内感染、死亡率和术后6个月mRS指标差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05); A组与B组血肿清除率优于C组(P 0. 001); C组手术时间最短、术中出血量最少(P 0. 001),术后第一天GCS评分、入住ICU时间和住院时间、肺部感染均优于A组(P 0. 05)。结论对于幕上中等出血量的高血压脑出血患者,微创钻孔外引流术安全有效,值得临床推广。     

神经内镜治疗幕上自发脑出血并脑疝疗效观察

目的探讨神经内镜治疗幕上自发脑出血并单侧颞叶钩回疝的可行性。方法回顾性分析2015年6月至2019年3月福建省立医院南院神经外科收治的30例幕上自发性脑出血合并单侧颞叶钩回疝患者临床及影像学资料,其中内镜手术组16例(内镜组),传统开颅血肿清除加去骨瓣减压组14例(去骨瓣组)。比较两组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、术后血肿残余量、术后再出血率、颅内感染发生率、术后癫痫发生率、术后肺部感染发生率、术后30 d内死亡率及术后6个月的格拉斯哥预后评分(Glasgow outcome scale,GOS),分析神经内镜治疗幕上自发性脑出血合并单侧脑疝的安全性及有效性。结果内镜组和去骨瓣组术前临床资料无明显差别(P﹥0.05)。内镜组手术时间与去骨瓣组有差异[(132.5±34.7)min vs.(255.3±60.1)min,(P<0.01)];内镜组术中出血量与去骨瓣组有差异[(264.3±142.0)mL vs.(678.5±316.7)mL,(P<0.01)];内镜组术后残余血肿量与去骨瓣组有差异[1.8(0.0,4.1)mL vs.7.0(3.0,24.1)mL,(P<0.01)];内镜组无术后再出血病例,术后肺部感染11例;去骨瓣组术后再出血4例,术后肺部感染14例,内镜组优于去骨瓣组(P<0.05);内镜组术后颅内感染1例,术后癫痫2例;去骨瓣组术后颅内感染1例,术后癫痫3例,两组无明显差别(P>0.05);术后30d内镜组死亡1例,去骨瓣组4例,两组无明显差别(P>0.05)。术后6个月GOS评分内镜组优于去骨瓣组[3(3,4)vs.3(1,3),(P<0.05)]。结论神经内镜治疗幕上自发脑出血并单侧颞叶钩回疝安全,有效,总体疗效优于传统的开颅血肿清除加去骨瓣减压术。     

Glasgow昏迷量表在高血压性脑出血急救策略选择中的作用

目的探讨入院时Glasgow昏迷量表(GCS)评分对高血压性脑出血患者急救策略的影响。方法共286例高血压性脑出血患者中186例接受手术治疗,包括GCS评分5~8分94例、9~11分71例和12~14分21例,分别予血肿清除术联合去骨瓣减压术(63例,22.03%)、单纯血肿清除术(21例,7.34%)和血肿钻孔引流术或脑室外引流术(102例,35.66%);100例接受保守治疗,包括GCS评分5~8分25例、9~11分27例、12~14分25例和15分23例。随访3~6个月,采用Glasgow预后分级(GOS)评价疗效。结果 GCS评分5~8分组失访6例(5.04%),GOS分级1级14例(11.76%)、2级21例(17.65%)、3级39例(32.77%)、4级22例(18.49%)、5级17例(14.29%);GCS评分9~11分组失访2例(2.04%),GOS分级1级6例(6.12%)、2级2例(2.04%)、3级6例(6.12%)、4级48例(48.98%)、5级34例(34.69%);GCS评分12~14组GOS分级4级15例(32.61%)、5级31例(67.39%);GCS评分15分组GOS分级4级1例(4.35%)、5级22例(95.65%),组间差异具有统计学意义(χ~2=142.966,P=0.000)。结论高血压性脑出血患者入院时GCS评分与其预后呈正相关,GCS评分越高、GOS分级越高。     

高血压性脑干出血预后因素分析

目的探讨高血压性脑干出血预后相关的因素。方法回顾性分析57例高血压性脑干出血病人的临床资料,采用Kaplan—Meier法计算生存期及进行生存分析。以随访GOS评分为预后的判断指标,使用Fisher精确概率检验进行单因素分析,二分类Logistic回归作多冈素分析。结果单因素分析显示：入院时GCS评分、脑干血量及并发症是影响脑干出血预后的因素（P〈0．05）;其中人院时GCS评分13～15分,腑十出血量≤5ml及无并发症的病人预后较好。多因素分析显示：GCS评分和行发症是高血压性脑十出血预后相关的独立凶素（P〈0．05）。GCS评分越低,病人生存时间越短;有并发症者明显较无行发症者预后差。结论发病时GCS评分、出血量和并发症是影响病人预后的重要因素。