长沙市综合医院门诊就诊者焦虑与抑郁障碍的调查

目的：通过对综合医院神经内科、消化内科、心血管内科和妇产科普通门诊患者进行焦虑抑郁障碍的调查，了解综合医院门诊焦虑抑郁障碍的患病率。方法：采用医院焦虑抑郁量表（HADS）、患者健康问卷（PHQ-15）、国际神经精神科简式访谈问卷（MINI）、快速抑郁症状学量表-抑郁症自评量表（QIDS—SR16）和Zung焦虑自评量表（SAS）．于2007年4月至5月对长沙市三所综合医院的1628例就诊者进行调查。结果：HADS量表评分≥8分的共有829例，进入精神科访谈的有366例。以MINI为诊断标准，抑郁障碍的检出率为7．13％，焦虑障碍的检出率为4．42％。结论：长沙市综合医院普通门诊就诊者抑郁焦虑障碍患病率高，但其识别及接受治疗的比率很低。     

综合医院住院病人精神障碍调查

目的了解综合医院住院患者焦虑、抑郁、疑病、躯体化等精神障碍及其相关因素。方法采用自编的一般情况调查表,医院焦虑、抑郁量表（HAD）,焦虑自评量表（SAS）,抑郁自评量表（SDS）和症状自评量表（SCL-90）对综合医院住院患者1278例进行调查评定,筛查后再进行精神科诊断。结果综合医院住院患者的焦虑、抑郁总粗分显著高于正常人群（P〈0.05）,且SAS总粗分高于正常人群上限者占40.69%,SDS总粗分高于正常人群上限者占35.99%,既有焦虑又有抑郁症状者占总调查人数的25.01%。焦虑抑郁症状与患者的年龄,患者对疾病的认识,社会支持系统均有关。医院住院患者的SCL-90总分、均分,9项因子分显著高于常模（P〈0.05）。结论综合医院住院患者中存在较多的焦虑、抑郁、疑病和躯体化等精神症状,住院患者的整个心理健康状况较差,综合医院医生识别精神症状率低。     

妇科门诊患者的精神障碍患病率调查

目的：调查综合医院妇科门诊精神障碍的患病率情况。方法：在一所综合医院的妇科门诊连续收集1626名就诊者，应用《问题导向的患者报告》进行筛查。按筛查阳性阴性各半收集其中198名就诊者，由两名精神科医师采用《简明国际神经精神检查》进行精神状况检查，并根据标准DSM-IV做出精神科诊断。结果：妇科门诊就诊患者精神障碍患病率为38％，符合两种精神障碍者为6％。各精神疾病障碍中的患病率较高的为：广泛性焦虑障碍7．38％，抑郁障碍8．76％，躯体化障碍8．40％，心境恶劣7．64％。依据DSM-IV附录条目发现的经前情绪障碍为2．85％，自杀问题（包括自杀意念或自杀未遂）5．71％。结论：妇科门诊患者的精神障碍患病率高，并且以抑郁、焦虑、躯体化等障碍和自杀问题多见。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者抑郁、焦虑情绪调查

目的：发现慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）病人伴抑郁、焦虑情绪的患病率，并分析其相关的影响因素。方法：对62例COPD患者进行了一般情况及医院焦虑抑郁量表（Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale，HAD）问卷调查。结果：有抑郁情绪的患者42人（67．7％）。有焦虑情绪的患者的43人（69．3％）。14例Ⅲ级COPD患者中达到抑郁、焦虑症状肯定存在标准的均有13人，高达92．8％。Logistic多因素回归分析，男性比女性病人更易出现抑郁和焦虑症状（OR值分别为1．05，95％CI1．01-2．11，1．12，95％CI1．03-2．23），肺功能差的患者更易出现抑郁和焦虑症状（OR值分别为2．34，95％CI1．98-3．21，2．53，95％CI2．11-4．01）；对病情越了解的病人更易出现抑郁和焦虑症状（OR值分别为1．22，95％CI0．98-1．54，1．25，95％CI1．01-2．31）。结论：COPD患者中存在较高的抑郁及焦虑情绪障碍，肺功能受损程度是其主要影响因素。     

综合医院中伴焦虑抑郁症状患者的处境及改善措施：附181 …

对我院三年中伴焦虑及／或抑郁症状的１８１例患者会诊分析显示：总会诊率为０．３７％，以内科及中医科会诊率最高，分别为１．９％及０．８％，明显低于其发生率；邀请会诊原因多为躯体化症状及心因性反应（８２．８７％）；会诊后诊断主要为神经症（６５．７４％），以抑郁性神经症、焦虑症及神经衰弱为主，其次为心因性反应（１７．１３％）。精神症状经会诊处理后的总有效率（痊愈率＋好转率）为９３．９２％，故在综合医院中开     

查无实据的躯体症状与儿童情绪障碍关系的相关研究

采用配对病例对照研究的方法调查５３例有查无实据躯体症状儿童的儿童情绪障碍情况，并应用汉密顿抑郁量表与汉密顿焦虑量表评定研究组和对照组儿童的抑郁症状与焦虑症状。发现研究组有６０．４％的患儿有儿童情绪障碍，患病率远高于对照组，主要为儿童抑郁症与儿童焦虑症；研究组的汉密顿抑郁量表与汉密顿焦虑量表评分亦明显高于对照组。结果表明儿童情绪障碍在有查无实据躯体症状的儿童中相当常见，临床上应予重视。     

北京市部分综合医院神经内科门诊焦虑、抑郁障碍现况调查

目的: 了解北京市综合医院神经科门诊就诊者中抑郁/焦虑障碍的患病情况和门诊诊治现状.方法: 采用现况调查的方法调查3所综合医院神经科门诊就诊者529名.所有纳入者进行医院焦虑抑郁量表筛查,对≥8分者用<简明国际神经精神访谈>作出诊断.结果: 矫正后抑郁障碍检出率20.2%,焦虑障碍9.1%,至少符合抑郁或焦虑障碍一项者21.5%.门诊医生对符合抑郁或焦虑患者中的19.8%进行转诊,15.1%给予精神科药物.患者的就诊意愿依次为:药物治疗、心理咨询和精神科就诊.结论: 北京市综合医院神经内科门诊患者中具有较高的抑郁/焦虑障碍发生率,门诊医生的诊断和治疗率不高,值得相关部门关注.     

上海市孕产妇焦虑、抑郁症状发生率及相关危险因素

目的：了解孕产妇焦虑、抑郁症状的发生情况及其相关危险因素。方法：自编不同孕期和产后焦虑／抑郁危险因素问卷。采用综合性医院所用焦虑抑郁量表（HAD）和爱丁堡产后抑郁量表（EPDS），对600例孕妇在孕24、38周，产后7、42天和3个月进行随访评估。HAD的焦影抑郁症状以9分为界，EPDS抑郁以13分为界。结果：1）五个时点HAD的焦虑发生率为5．0％、6．6％、4．4％、4．1％和2．2％：抑郁发生率为：5．0％、7．6％、7．4％、5．9％和3．0％。2）产后EPDS评估三个时点的抑郁发生率为：8．0％、10．7％和9．6％。3）35岁以上高龄孕妇在孕24周时抑郁症状的比例（21．1％：4．4％，P〈0．02）和产后7天焦虑症状的比例明显高于35岁以下的产妇（21．1％：4．6％，P〈0．02）。4）孕24周时有焦虑的孕妇产后7天抑郁的比例25．9％（7／27），产后3月的比例33．3％（4／12）；孕38周时有焦虑／抑郁的孕妇产后7天抑郁的比例分别为32．4％（11／34）和28．6％（10／35）；与同期非焦虑、抑郁孕妇相比差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。5）孕期与焦虑／抑郁症状相关的主要危险因素为担忧产后婴儿健康（OR=7．09，5．72-8．46）、婆媳关系（OR=38．46，35．61-41．31）和夫妻关系（OR=41．66，38．72-44．62）。6）产后抑郁的主要危险因素为产前抑郁（OR=8．13，6．55-9．71）、产前焦虑（OR=8．54，7．02-10．37）。有无烦恼事件（OR=9．34，8．15-10．53）和每天睡眠时间（OR=10．66，9．27-12．07）。结论：孕期和产后都有一定比例的焦虑和抑郁症状。孕期焦虑和抑郁对产后抑郁的发生有明显影响。高龄产妇的焦虑／抑郁症状的比例明显升高。孕期和产后焦虑／抑郁症状相关的危险因素不同。     

持续的躯体形式疼痛障碍患者抑郁症状的特征及治疗

目的：了解躯体形式疼痛障碍患者伴发的抑郁症状的特征，明确氟西汀对抑郁及焦虑症状的作用特点。方法：选取62例符合ICD－10中持续的躯体形式疼痛障碍诊断标准的患者，于治疗前及治疗第2，4，6周末评定HAMD，HAMA。疗效评定以减分率及有效率为评定指标。结果：氟西汀治疗第六周末，有效率为79．03％，治疗前及治疗第6周末的HAMD各项目分均有显著性差异（P值均＜0．01）；氟西汀治疗六周后，HAMD三个因子减分率分别为：迟滞（75．8％），焦虑／躯体性(焦虑（69．4％），体重（45．2％）；HAMA二个因子减分率分别为：精神性焦虑（70．97％），躯体性焦虑（72．58％）。结论：氟西汀对躯体形式疼痛障碍患者的抑郁及焦虑症状均有缓解作用。氟西汀对躯体疼痛障碍患者的动力缺乏亦有较好疗效。     

盐酸帕罗西汀治疗肠易激综合征伴焦虑抑郁的疗效观察

目的研究盐酸帕罗西汀对肠易激综合征（IBS）伴焦虑抑郁的临床疗效。方法Zung氏抑郁量袁（SDS）≥40分者；Hamilton焦虑量表（HAMA）〉14分者，服用帕罗西汀10～30mg tid（失眠烦躁明显者每晚临时服用苯二氮卓类药物1周）治疗，6周后用SDS及HAMA的减分率评定疗效。以减分率〉25％且躯体症状有改善为有效。结果86例患者中焦虑抑郁障碍改善达84％以上，躯体症状改善达540以上。结论帕罗西汀可有效改善肠易激综合征伴有的焦虑抑郁及躯体性不适症状。     

综合医院门诊肠易激综合征病人抑郁/焦虑影响因素研究

目的 探讨中国大城市消化内科肠易激综合征门诊患者抑郁/焦虑症状可能影响因素.方法 采用现况研究方法,于2004年6月1日到9月1日在北京、广州和成都的6家综合性医院的消化内科门诊连续收集肠易激综合征303例.由经培训的调查员采用统一的调查表进行面对面调查,同时使用综合医院焦虑抑郁量表(HAD)进行心理测评.对数据进行多元无序多分类Logistic回归分析.结果 IBS患者自评的目前健康状况与医疗保险与抑郁、焦虑或两者合并发生均有统计学关联,目前健康状况差的患者相应OR值分别是2.366(95%CI:1.041～5.375)、5.446(95%CI:1.036～28.622)和4.736(95%CI:2.046～10.946);没有医疗保险的患者相应OR值分别是2.705(95%CI:1. 140～6.422)、4.886(95%CI:1.102～21.664)和3.264(95%CI:1.296～8.224);而负性生活事件的发生使得患者更容易发生单纯抑郁(OR=3.680,95%CI:1.491～9.081).结论 自评目前健康状况差和无医疗保险是中国大城市综合医院IBS门诊患者罹患抑郁和/或焦虑症状的可能危险因素,而近期有负性生活事件发生是罹患单纯抑郁症状的可能危险因素,这些病人的抑郁焦虑问题应该在临床诊疗过程中得到更多关注.     

Mental disorders in adolescents with celiac disease

A high prevalence of depressive symptoms, hypothetically related to serotonergic dysfunction, has been reported among adults with celiac disease. The authors used semistructured psychiatric interviews and symptom measurement scales to study mental disorders in 29 adolescents with celiac disease and 29 matched comparison subjects. Relative to the comparison subjects, the celiac disease patients had significantly higher lifetime prevalences of major depressive disorder (31% versus 7%) and disruptive behavior disorders (28% versus 3%). In most cases these disorders preceded the diagnosis of celiac disease and its treatment with a gluten-free diet. The prevalence of current mental disorders was similar in both groups. Celiac disease in adolescents is associated with an increased prevalence of depressive and disruptive behavioral disorders, particularly in the phase before diet treatment.     

The prevalence and differential diagnosis of subclinical depressive syndromes in inpatients 60 years and older

BACKGROUND: Depressive syndromes that do not comply with the diagnostic criteria for specific depressive disorders are designated as 'subclinical' or 'subsyndromal' depressive syndromes. Using our own data from a clinical study, this paper outlines the significance of subclinical depressive syndromes and demonstrates the problems of differentiating between depressive and subclinical depression (SD) syndromes and organic mood disorders especially in an elderly population with medical comorbidity. METHODS: Two hundred and sixty-two patients aged 60 years and older in a general hospital were investigated, using a clinical psychiatric interview, expert ratings and self-report scales after extensive internal medical diagnostic evaluation. RESULTS: When, without further differentiation as to their origin, all symptoms required by symptom checklists according to ICD-10 were considered for the diagnosis of major depression (MD), 35.5% of the study participants fulfilled the diagnostic criteria. After differentiating for etiology of symptoms, MD was found in only 14.1%, SD was diagnosed in 17.6% and organic mood disorder in 12.2% of the study participants. In another 41 patients (15.6%), symptoms of depression not fulfilling ICD-10 criteria were classified as being of organic or drug-induced origin. SD patients were in a mean position between nondepressive and depressive patients with regard to social isolation and physical impairment; women were overrepresented in the depressive and subdepressive groups. CONCLUSIONS: SD and organic mood disorder are common and helpful diagnostic categories in the elderly. The results show that in old age there is substantial danger of confounding MD, SD and organic mood disorder, thus leading to erroneously high prevalence rates of MD and underestimations of organic mood disorder if depressive symptoms are recorded only by self-report scales or a symptom checklist. Both internal and psychosomatic-psychotherapeutic competence as well as a liaison service in general hospitals are necessary for the differential diagnosis of MD, SD and organic mood disorder in the elderly with medical comorbidity.     

某市市级综合医院住院患者抑郁症检出率及临床特征

目的:了解保定市市级综合医院住院患者中抑郁症的检出率及临床特征,为相关部门开展精神卫生相关工作提供依据。方法:采用随机整群抽样方法抽取保定市市级综合医院住院患者共658名,进行一般情况问卷调查及医院用抑郁量表筛查,对量表筛查8分者采用抑郁和焦虑自评量表评定并用简明国际神经精神障碍访谈检查中文版(Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview,MINI)诊断。结果:MINI共诊断抑郁症患者81例,市级综合医院住院患者中抑郁症校正检出率为12.8%;抑郁症检出率排在前5位的科室是心内科15例(14.4%)、神经内科18例(14.3%)、肿瘤内科13例(14.1%)、消化及内分泌科12例(12.6%)和妇科7例(11.7%);抑郁症组与非抑郁症组在性别、年龄、文化程度、职业、医疗来源、婚姻状况等方面的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);抑郁症组的抑郁自评量表总分高于非抑郁症组(t=32.07,P0.001);抑郁症组与非抑郁症组在焦虑自评量表总分比较差异有显著统计学意义(t=7.65,P0.001)。结论:保定市综合医院患者中抑郁症的检出率偏高,综合医院抑郁症患者多伴发焦虑。     

综合医院就诊者中焦虑障碍的检出率

目的:了解综合性医疗机构中门诊就诊者焦虑障碍的检出率及其分布特点,为提高临床诊疗中以人为整体的诊治理念,强化非精神专科诊疗中对焦虑障碍的识别和治疗提供依据。方法:多中心横断面设计,以分别代表中国北部、东部、南部、西部和中部的5个城市(北京、上海、广州、成都和长沙),每个城市各3家,共15家三级甲等综合医院的心血管科、消化科、神经科和妇科的门诊为研究点。有8487例综合医院门诊就诊者完成调查。采用医院焦虑抑郁量表(HADS)筛查,同时完成Sheehan失能量表(SDS),记录主诉和就诊医生的诊疗意见。筛查≥8分的阳性者用简明国际神经精神访谈(MINI)作诊断评估,按DSM-IV标准做出各种焦虑障碍的诊断。诊断阳性者做抑郁自评量表(QIDS-SR16)和焦虑自评量表(SAS)评估症状严重程度。结果:经失访校正后,MINI诊断的焦虑障碍的检出率8.6%,抑郁和焦虑共病的检出率4.1%;亚型中以广泛性焦虑障碍检出率最高(4.2%)。焦虑障碍和抑郁障碍之间的共病比例(49.4%)以及焦虑障碍亚型间共病比例(56.0%)较高。有共病者的SAS和QIDS-SR16评分均高于单一焦虑诊断者(P0.001),且SDS的3个条目分均高于单一焦虑诊断者(均P0.05)。神经内科的焦虑障碍检出率最高(11.7%),其次是消化内科(9.4%)和心血管内科(7.8%),妇科最低(5.4%)。女性焦虑障碍的现患和终身检出率均高于男性。结论:焦虑障碍是综合医院就诊者中的常见问题,各种焦虑障碍亚型之间,以及焦虑与抑郁障碍的共病非常普遍且共病者病情更重。     

The internalising and externalising dimensions of affective symptoms in depressed (unipolar) and bipolar patients

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the internalising and externalising dimensions of affective states in depressed (unipolar) and bipolar patients approximately 2 years after discharge from psychiatric hospitals in Denmark. METHOD: The 42-item symptom scale based on the Beck Depression Inventory was used for the measurement of both the internalising dimension of affective symptoms (depression including suicidal ideas, anxiety and asthenia) and the externalising dimension (mania). To supplement the latter dimension, the WHO-5 questionnaire was included. These questionnaires were mailed to a large population of patients with depressive (unipolar) or bipolar disorders, representative of patients treated in hospital settings in Denmark, approximately 2 years after discharge from hospital. RESULTS: In total, 244 unipolars and 214 bipolars were included in the study. Mokken analysis showed that depressive (unipolar) patients could be measured more validly than bipolar patients on the internalising subscales of depression, anxiety and asthenia. On the externalising dimension of psychological well-being (WHO-5), both groups of patients could be validly measured. Approximately 2 years after discharge from hospital, around 36% of the unipolars and 19% of the bipolars had a moderate to severe depression. In a control group of healthy subjects, 4% had a moderate to severe depression. Less than 5% even in the bipolar group of patients were hypomanic. CONCLUSION: Approximately 2 years after discharge from psychiatric hospitals in Denmark, depressive (unipolar) patients scored significantly higher than bipolar patients on the internalising dimension and suicidal ideas, and significantly lower on the externalising dimension of psychological well-being.     

脑卒中后情绪障碍的临床分析

目的 :比较脑卒中后单纯焦虑障碍 (PSPAD)、脑卒中后单纯抑郁障碍 (PSPDD)、脑卒中后焦虑抑郁共病 (PSCAD)的发生率、严重程度、症状特点及相关因素。方法 :采用SAS、SDS量表等对 115例脑卒中病人进行测评 ,收集病程、性别、卒中次数、肌力等资料 ,对所获资料统计分析。结果 :PSPDD(2 0 % )、PSCAD (2 7 8% )的发生率均高于PSPAD (10 4% ) ,差异有显著性 (P均 <0 0 5 )。PSCAD较PSPDD、PSPAD严重。PSPAD的焦虑症状与PSCAD相比 ,前者植物神经 (躯体化 )症状 (如尿意频数、躯体疼痛 )较突出 ,后者焦虑的核心症状 (如焦虑、静坐不能 )较明显 ;PSCAD的抑郁症状同PSPDD相比 ,前者睡眠障碍、易激惹等阳性症状较突出 ,后者的兴趣丧失、生活空虚感等阴性症状明显。相关因素三者异中有同。结论 :卒中后情绪障碍值得重视 ,应从心理、社会、生物学角度对三者进一步研究分析     

Cognition and coping in agoraphobia and depression: a multivariate approach

A multivariate strategy for the cognitive study of overlapping symptom disorders is presented and exemplified by an empirical investigation. Inpatients who met DSM-III-R criteria for anxiety and/or unipolar depressive disorders were assessed on 13 agoraphobic and depressive symptom subscales. Factor analyses of these scales were performed and yielded an agoraphobic and a depressive factor. The patients (N = 117) completed the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scales, the Attributional Style Questionnaire, and the Ways of Coping Check List. Stepwise regression analyses were performed with the cognitive and coping variables as independent variables. The externalizing of mental health locus of control to chance was the only significant predictor of agoraphobia factor score. Attributional variables were the only consistent predictors of depression factor score.