海南岛鼠血清虫媒病毒抗体调查

本文报告了海南岛兴隆、大丰和立才三地区４０份鼠血清标本对７种１０株虫媒病毒抗原间接免疫荧光抗体的检测结果。结果表明，甲病毒、黄病毒和布尼安病毒抗体的阳性率分别为１７．５％、２０．０％和５．０％。提示：该岛野鼠感染虫媒病毒较为广泛，定期检测鼠血清抗体，可直接反映当地虫媒病毒自然疫源性疾病的流行情况。     

海南省1998年虫媒病毒血清流行病学调查

应用间接免疫荧光法对海南省驻地部队和三个地区人群共６０７份人血清检测１２种虫媒病毒抗体。驻地部队（３８５份）和当地人群（２２２份）,黄病毒抗体阳性率分别为５．７％和１０．４％,甲病毒抗体阳性率分别为０．５２％和４．９％。由此可见,海南省驻地部队及当地人群存在虫媒病毒感染。在该岛的人群中,不同地区的甲病毒抗体阳性率分布不同。从病毒种类来看,以罗斯河病毒抗体阳性率最高,其抗体效价终作者单位：５１０５０７广州军事医学研究所点达１∶８０,提示海南地区可能存在罗斯河病毒自然疫源地。驻地部队黄病毒和甲病毒抗…     

云南腾冲地区人群虫媒传染病的血清流行病学研究

目的 调查云南腾冲地区人群中虫媒病毒抗体,以了解当地虫媒病毒流行情况.方法 应用间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)对72例不明发热患者血清中虫媒病毒抗体进行测定,同时选取37名健康体检者作为对照组.结果 发热患者血清中乙型脑炎病毒(JEV)、西尼罗病毒(WNV)、基孔肯雅病毒(CHK)、辛德毕斯病毒(SIN)和西部马脑炎病毒(WEE) IgG抗体阳性率依次为41.67％、50.00％、2.78％、1.39％、0.00％;正常人群血清JEV、WNV抗体阳性率分别为18.92％、32.43％,CHK、SIN、WEE IgG抗体均未检出.21例JEV、WNV抗体均为阳性样本的几何平均滴度(GMRT)分别为1:28和1:31.结论 该地区存在着黄病毒和甲病毒感染,还可能存在着其他虫媒病毒感染.     

海南人群及驻地官兵虫媒病毒血清流行病学调查

调查了解海南省人群及驻官兵虫媒病毒感染情况。方法应用间接免疫劳光法对海南省驻地部队和三个地区共６０７份人血清检测了１２种虫媒病抗体。结果：驻地部队３８５份人血清中,黄病毒抗体阳性率为５．７％,甲病毒抗体性为０．５２％;海南省当地２２２份人血清中,黄病毒抗体阳性率为１０．４％,甲病毒抗体阳性率为４．９％。     

我国从节肢动物中新分离的虫媒病毒

20世E80年代以来在我国不同地区先后分离到14种虫媒病毒,其中甲病毒6种（辛德毕斯、基孔肯雅、盖塔、西方马脑炎、东方马脑炎和罗斯河病毒）、黄病毒3种（流行性乙型脑炎、登革热和蜱传脑炎病毒）、布尼安病毒3种（克里米亚－刚果出血热、巴泰和阿卡斑病毒）和呼肠孤病毒2种（东南亚十二节段RNA病毒和环状病毒）,并有数十株病毒未确定种类。现就我国近几年新分离的虫媒病毒及其分布、媒介等方面的研究进展进行综述。     

西安地区虫媒病毒血清流行病学调查

目的：应用血清流行病学方法对西安地区虫媒病毒血清抗体进行调查，了解掌握该地区虫媒病毒汉行情况。方法：调查对象均为本市长住居民，病例为市经以上医院诊断为病毒性脑炎及疑似病例，发病季节以当地虫媒病毒媒介的6－10月为主。累计收集血清标本197份，采用血凝抑制方法平行检测下列项目，流行性乙型脑炎（JE），登革热（DF），森林脑炎（FE），加里福尼亚脑炎（CE），辛姆 莱克森林脑炎（SFE），德比斯脑炎（SE），基孔肯雅病（CHI）等7种虫媒病毒抗体。结果：抗体总阳性率高达22．34％（44／197），阳性人达18．27％（36／197），阳性血清中JE，SFE，SE和CHI阳性率分别为10．15％，7．11％，4．06％和1．02％。79份流行性出血热阴性血甭中检出JE8份，SE6份，阳性率分别为10．13％和7．59％，JE抗体滴度在1：（10＝160）之间，表明可能为JE的现症 例，值得引起临床诊治时注意，阳性血清按年龄分组以440岁以下组病例最多达97．73％，（x2检验P＜0．05），表明我市虫 毒感染率在人群的年龄构成中差异有显著性。结论：本调查表明我市可能有除JE和流行性出血热（EHF）以外的其他虫媒病毒感染的病例，其中SFE，SE和CHI血清抗体阳性为我市首次发现， 病毒的传播多 鸟遥季节性迁涉而扩散，我市位于秦岭北侧是所有侯鸟迁涉的必经之地，因而对我市传播流行的确切因素尚待进一步调查。     

巴楚县2001年新疆出血热疫情的血清学证实

目的：以血清流行病学方法调查新闻出血热（XHF）病人，易感人群和主要宿主动物中疾病的感染情况。方法：分别收集2001年4－6月新疆巴县临床诊断为XHF的病人血清，易感人群血清和主要宿主动物的血清，用研制的诊断试剂以酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测XHF特异性IgG和IgM抗体；用抗原捕获ELISA检测XHF病毒抗原。结果：病人血清IgG抗体阳性率为39．62％（21／53）。IgM抗体阳性率为20．75％（11／53），抗原获ELISA有1份血清为XHF抗原阳性；易感人群血清IgG抗体阳性主为21．05％（4／19），IgM抗体检测和抗原捕获ELISA全部为阴性；羊血清IgG抗体阳性率为70％（56／80）。结论：血清流行病学研究证实该次疫情确系XHF、流行地区人畜均有较高水平的隐性感染。     

脑炎病例中虫媒病毒感染的血清流行病学研究

本文对虫媒病毒作为我国病毒性脑炎病原的作用进行了血清流行病学研究。1988～1990年在我国15个地区搜集了614例疑似病毒性脑炎病例的急性期和恢复期血清;对3种主要虫媒病毒群(黄病毒群、甲群、加里福尼亚(CAL)血清群病毒)抗原的血凝抑制(HI)抗体进行了测定,结果大部分地区的病例双份血清对黄病毒群和甲群虫媒病毒 HI 的滴度呈4倍升高。未发现对 CAL 病毒群中的 SSH 病毒HI 滴度呈4倍升高的病例。甲群虫媒病毒感染病例的年龄为50天～32岁。黄病毒感染的病例年龄为6个月～50岁。严重的中枢神经系统症状在黄病毒感染病例中较多。本研究肯定了黄病毒作为我国病毒性脑炎病原的重要性。并提供了在我国可能存在1种或1种以上可引起神经症状的甲群虫媒病毒感染的证据,并阐述了甲群虫媒病毒症状性感染在我国地理分布的概貌。     

我国一些地区人血清的虫媒病毒抗体调查

本文调查了28个省、市、自治区的人血清对18种虫媒病毒抗原的血凝抑制抗体,发现我国广大地区主要存在乙组虫媒病毒,但也存在甲组和布尼安病毒的可能。甲组病毒的抗体阳性数占总阳性数的16.7%(58/347),新疆、青海、黑龙江、山西、福建、甘肃省占甲组虫媒病毒抗体阳性数的84%。布尼安病毒中特别是Aino病毒的抗体阳性率较高,占总阳性数的12.7%(45/347),黑龙江8/10人阳性,其HI滴度都大于1/80,最高为1/1280,平均滴度为1/320,黑龙江、新疆、福建、北京占布尼安总阳性数的70%。乙组虫媒病毒则以乙脑为主。但其它病毒的抗体如Zika、 Kunjin的抗体阳性也很高,故推测我国除已知有乙脑、森脑、登革热外,尚有其它乙组虫媒病毒存在的可能。     

贵州地区人血清虫媒病毒抗体调查

从贵州省5个动物地理区划采集的402份人血清对3-11种虫媒病毒抗原的血凝抑制抗体检查结果,发现全省广大地区不仅存在乙组虫媒病毒的感染,而且存在甲组虫媒病毒的可能,这些病毒在不同或同一动物地理区划的分布不同,JE较普遍,DEN-3或相关抗原局限于东南及南部地区。甲组病毒的抗体阳性率为32.69％(102/312),用了3种抗原检测,仅查到MAY或相关抗原的抗体。乙组病毒的抗体阳性率为64.74(202/     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.