HPLC法测定更年灵胶囊中淫羊藿苷的含量

目的:建立测定更年灵胶囊中淫羊藿苷含量的方法。方法:采用HPLC法,色谱柱为Hypersil ODS C18(4．6mm×200 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0．5％冰醋酸溶液(26:74),流速1．0 ml·min-1,检测波长270 nm。结果:淫羊藿苷与其相邻杂质峰的分离度符合要求,淫羊藿苷在0．50-2．50μg范围内峰面积与进样量线性关系良好,回归方程:Y=22．560X-0．048,r= 0．999 7,n=5。平均加样回收率为102．4％,RSD为0．97％,n=6。结论:本文建立的分析方法简便、重现性好,可用于更年灵胶囊中淫羊藿苷含量测定。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定强筋健骨颗粒中淫羊藿苷的含量

目的建立复方制剂强筋健骨颗粒中的有效成分淫羊藿苷的含量测定方法。方法采用高效液相色谱法,色谱条件：色谱柱Kromasil Cus（4．6mm×250mm,5μml以乙腈-水（25：75）为流动相;检测波长：270nm;流速：1．Oml／min;柱温：25℃。结果本法可用来测定强筋健骨颗粒中淫羊藿苷的含量。淫羊藿苷在0．01949—0．3898μg范围内成良好线性关系,y=0．9998,平均回收率为99．90％,RSD为1．11％。结论本测定方法简便可行、重复性好,可用于本制剂中有效成分淫羊藿苷的含量测定。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定淫羊藿中淫羊藿苷的含量

目的建立用于测定淫羊藿中淫羊藿苷含量的反相高效液相色谱法。方法采用ZORBAX Ecilpse XDB-C18（150mm×4．6mm,5μ）色谱柱;以水-乙腈（74：26,V/V）为流动相;检测波长270nm;流速1．0mL·min^-1,柱温25℃。结果淫羊藿昔质量浓度在5～50mg·L^-1内与其峰面积之间线性关系良好（r=0．9999）,平均加样回收率为100．32％,RSD为0．44％。结论本方法操作简便、快速,结果准确,可用于淫羊藿中淫羊藿苷的含量测定。     

HPLC测定巴仙苁蓉强肾胶囊中淫羊藿苷含量

目的：建立HPLC测定巴仙苁蓉强肾胶囊中淫羊藿苷含量。方法：采用AgilentTC—C18反相色谱柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）,以乙腈-水（28：72）为流动相;流速为1．0ml·min^-1;检测波长270nm;柱温：30℃。结果：淫羊藿苷在0．101～1．825μg范围内线性关系良好（r=0．9999,n=6）,平均加样回收率为99．2％,RSD为1．5％（n=6）。结论：本方法操作简便,结果准确、可靠,可用于巴仙苁蓉强肾胶囊中淫羊藿苷的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定老年咳喘片中淫羊藿苷含量

目的建立测定老年咳喘片中淫羊藿苷含量的高效液相色谱（HPLC）法。方法色谱柱为HC—C18柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）,流动相为乙腈-水（25：75）,检测波长为270nm。结果淫羊藿苷进样量的线性范围是0．0144～0．8640μg,方法的平均回收率为98．69％,RSD=0．67％（n=6）,5批样品中淫羊藿苷含量在0．435～0．462mg／g之间。结论HPLC法快速、准确,可用于该制剂中淫羊藿苷的含量测定。     

RE-HPLC法测定仙灵脾颗粒中淫羊藿苷的含量

目的测定仙灵脾颗粒中淫羊藿苷的含量。方法采用RE-HPLC法。色谱柱为HYPERSIL C18柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm);乙腈-水(30∶70)为流动相,流速:1.0mL/min;检测波长270nm。结果淫羊藿苷在0.02316～1.146μg范围内具有良好线性关系,平均回收率为100.80%,RSD为1.35%。结论该法可用于仙灵脾颗粒中淫羊藿苷的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定房陵黄酒保健药酒中淫羊藿苷的含量

目的：建立房陵黄酒保健药酒中主要成分淫羊藿含量测定的方法。方法：采用高效液相色谱法对房陵黄酒保健药酒中的主药淫羊藿测定淫羊藿苷含量,采用Diamonsil^TM（钻石）C18（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）,水-乙（70：30）为流动相,检测波长270nm,柱温30℃,流速1．0ml·min^-1。结果：淫羊藿苷在0．194～1．940μg范围内呈良好的线性关系,r=0．9999;平均回收率为98．22％（RSD=1．93％,n=6）。结论：所建立的方法快速准确、重复性好、简便易行,可作为房陵黄酒保健药酒的质量控制方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定藿蓉补肾颗粒中淫羊藿苷的含量

建立藿蓉补肾颗粒中淫羊藿苷含量的HPLC测定方法.色谱柱为YWG C18柱(4.6mm×150mm);流动相为乙腈-水(30∶70),流速为0.8ml·min-1,检测波长为270nm.线性范围:0.0104～0.0520mg·ml-1,r=0.9997,平均回收率为96.1%,RSD为1.5%.方法准确可靠,适用于藿蓉补肾颗粒中淫羊藿苷的含量测定.     

反相高效液相色谱法测定益肾康骨片中淫羊藿苷的含量

目的建立益肾康骨片中淫羊藿苷的含量测定方法。方法采用反相高效液相色谱法，Shim-pack HPLC column色谱柱（150mm×4．6mm，5μm），以甲醇-1．5％冰醋酸溶液（60：40）为流动相，流速1．0mL·min^-1，检测波长270nm，柱温30℃测定。结果淫羊藿苷在0．1344～1.344μg范围内线性关系良好，（r=0．9997）；平均回收率为98．76％，RSD=1．69％（n=5），精密度良好（RSD=0．87％）。结论该法操作简便、快速，适用于益肾康骨片中淫羊藿苷的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定淫羊藿苷微乳的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定淫羊藿苷微乳的含量.方法 采用色谱柱:ASMKromasil C18(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:乙腈-水(体积比30∶70:):流速:1.0 ml·min-1;检测波长:270 nm;柱温:25℃.结果 淫羊藿苷在0.55～1.45μg范围内的线性关系良好,r=0.9996.加样回收率为99.12％,RSD为0.32％.结论 本测定方法快捷、简便、准确,可用于淫羊藿苷微乳的质量控制.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.