造血干细胞移植治疗儿童血液肿瘤及难治性血液病53例临床观察

目的观察造血干细胞移植治疗儿童血液肿瘤及其他难治性血液病的临床疗效。方法自2007年4月至2009年12月,我们共对53例血液病患儿实施了造血干细胞移植治疗,其中自体移植15例,异基因移植38例,观察其临床疗效和并发症。结果 15例患者行自体外周血造血干细胞移植后造血功能均能顺利重建,无严重并发症发生。异基因移植患儿除1例发生颅内出血早期死亡外,其余均顺利达到造血重建,但其中急性移植物抗宿主病发生率为18.4%,慢性移植物抗宿主病发生率2.6%;15例患儿于移植后0～24个月分别死于颅内出血、感染和疾病复发或进展;移植后6个月至2年存活率65%。结论造血干细胞移植是治疗儿童血液肿瘤及其他难治性血液病的有效方法,可明显改善预后;临床可根据患者原发疾病诊断、供者情况及家庭经济条件选择移植方式。     

聚合酶链反应阵列同时定量检测37种白血病融合基因

目的建立一种同时定量检测多种白血病染色体易位形成的融合基因的荧光实时定量聚合酶链反应（real-time PCR）方法,了解阵列式PCR的应用可行性。方法组合使用82条引物,设立66个PCR平行管,同时定量检测37种白血病常见融合基因形成的125种剪切体和4种白血病常见的原癌基因活化。实时定量PCR采用Eva Green荧光染料法,用ABL基因做内参,用比较Ct法进行相对定量。用此方案对31例白血病患者标本进行检测,其中6例慢性粒细胞白血病（CML）患者做治疗前后或治疗过程中不同时间的对比检测,28人次与多重巢式PCR方案的检测结果进行对照。结果我们建立的PCR阵列方案有较大的线性检测范围（10^2～10^8拷贝／μl）,有较高的检测灵敏度（232拷贝／μl）和精确性;在31例患者标本的检测中,共检测到14种融合基因类型和所有4种原癌基因活化;检测到一例同时有5种融合基因阳性和两种原癌基因活化的患者;和多重巢式PCR检测结果的对比显示本方案灵敏度略低于巢式PCR,但差异没有统计学意义（P=0．009）;6例CML患者标本的检测显示治疗后患者标本中BCR／ABL融合基因及WT1和EVI1原癌基因表达量均呈现不同程度的降低,与临床治疗情况符合;基因定量分析的结果表明本方案能够对常见白血病融合基因和癌基因活化情况进行定量分析,在白血病的诊断及疗效监测中有应用价值。结论PCR阵列法同时定量检测多种白血病融合基因适于白血病初诊患者融合基因的筛查及微小残留病（MRD）的检测,对于检测同时有多种融合基因存在的病例及治疗过程中融合基因的变异情况更为有用。     

常见白血病融合基因筛查在白血病诊断与分型中的意义

目的:分析病人白血病细胞染色体畸变涉及的86种融合基因和临床白血病类型的相关性,探讨常见融合基因筛查法在临床诊断和分型中的应用价值.方法:收集161例初发或者复发的白血病患者及8例骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)患者的骨髓细胞,提取RNA,用32条特异性引物逆转录为cDNA,利用白血病29种染色体畸变形成的融合基因的86种mRNA剪接变异体引物,分8管进行多重RT-PCR,筛查白血病融合基因.结合临床状态和形态学观察了解融合基因与白血病类型的关系.结果:白血病中115例(71%)分别检测出10种白血病常见融合基因,包括AMLl/ETO、PML/RARα、PLZF/RARα、dupMLL、MLL/AF6、MLL/AF10、CBFβ/MYHll、BCR/ABL、Hoxll、Evil.其中52例慢性粒细胞白血病(CML)100%检出BCR/ABL;25例急性早幼粒细胞白血病(APL)中88%检出融合基因,其中21例APL检测出PML/RARα,1例APL检测出PLZF/RARα;AMLl/ETO阳性的17例急性白血病(AL)16例为FAB-M2亚型,1例为混合型白血病;CBFβ/MYH11阳性的4例AL 3例为FAB分型的M4,1例为M5,属于向粒单细胞系统分化的白血病.16例AL检测出MLL基因异常,其中MLL/AF6白血病均为FAB分型的M5,具有典型的原始单核细胞白血病的特征.17例急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)5例检测出BCR/ABL.8例MDS病人中2例检测出融合基因,其中AMLl/ETO阳性的MDS-RAEB很快发展为AML.结论:这种以多重RT-PCR为基础的白血病常见融合基因筛查法可以准确、快速而且可靠地确定白血病的分子类型,提供白血病诊断和治疗的依据.     

急性B淋巴细胞白血病CD304表达的临床意义

目的：探讨急性B淋巴细胞白血病(B-ALL)CD304表达的临床意义及其应用价值。方法：采用流式细胞术(FCM)检测初诊的32例B-ALL细胞CD304和相关白血病抗原表达、5例急性T淋巴细胞白血病(T-ALL)和10例良性血液病对照者细胞CD304的表达;21份初诊时融合基因和CD304共阳性的治疗后B-ALL样本,FCM和PCR检测微小残留病(MRD)水平,比较两者符合率。结果：BCR-ABL1阳性病人CD304表达阳性率高于E2A-PBX1和融合基因阴性病人(P<0.05)。5例T-ALL细胞和10例对照者B细胞上CD304均阴性表达,初诊43.75%(14/32)B-ALL病人CD304阳性表达：10例BCR-ABL阳性(12例)、1例TEL-AML1阳性和3例融合基因阴性(14例)病人CD304阳性表达,而3例E2A-PBX1阳性和2例MLL/AF4阳性病人CD304阴性表达。CD304阳性病人B-ALL细胞CD66c表达频率升高(P<0.01)。21例MRD中,PCR阳性11份,FCM阳性10份,共阳性10份,与PCR结果比较,FCM阳性符合率为91%,总符合率...     

wt1定量联合FCM在急性髓细胞白血病MRD监测中的临床应用

目的 探讨在急性髓细胞白血病(AML)中Wilms瘤基因1(wt1) mRNA定量联合多参数流式细胞术(FCM)分析监测微小残留病灶的临床应用.方法 采用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应技术(qRT-PCR)检测35例AML患者的wt1表达水平;将患者根据不同亚型分组检测;并且对9例缓解和4例复发患者进行随访,检测wt1表达水平.采用FCM分析AML中微小残留病灶(MRD)水平.结果 与对照组比较,AML病例组wt1表达水平明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).在初诊的各种AML亚型中,M2亚型wt1表达水平最高,M6亚型wt1表达水平最低.9 例随访患者提示在达到完全缓解时wt1表达水平下降,而4例随访复发患者在复发时再次升高.FCM检测MRD在不同阶段异常髓系细胞比例明显不同.联合qRT-PCR和FCM技术对MRD检测的敏感性和特异性大大提高,两者具有一致性;利用ROC曲线对复发病例进行分析得到的监测阈值为3.33%.结论 在急性髓细胞白血病中wt1 mRNA定量联合多参数流式细胞术分析可用于监测MRD、评估治疗效果、预后及预测疾病复发风险.     

八探针间期荧光原位杂交技术联合染色体核型分析比较成人与儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病患者的细胞遗传学差异

目的应用八探针间期荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)联合染色体核型分析观察急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)成人患者与儿童患者的细胞遗传学差异。方法对125例ALL患者(成人86例、儿童39例)全部行八探针FISH(MYC、P16、E2A、TEL/AML1、BCR/ABL、MLL、IGH、多倍体的DNA探针)检测并染色体核型分析。结果八探针FISH检测结果显示,成人ALL患者与儿童ALL患者的TEL/AML1融合基因、BCR/ABL融合基因与多倍体阳性率之间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);染色体核型分析成人ALL患者与儿童ALL患者的(t9;22)易位、多倍体阳性率之间的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论成人ALL患者与儿童ALL患者融合基因表达各有侧重,不同的细胞遗传学特征与其预后密切相关。FISH多探针诊断系统检测ALL患者常见遗传学异常省时、准确、高效,与染色体核型分析形成很好的互补。     

DNMT3A R882突变在成人急性髓系白血病中的研究进展

DNA甲基化转移酶3A(DNMT3A)是重要的DNA甲基化转移酶之一,与血液系统恶性肿瘤的发生发展密切相关.近几年研究发现DNMT3A R882在成人急性髓系白血病(AML)中高频突变,并且成为研究热点.DNMT3A R882突变通过改变DNMT3A结构,使DNMT3A酶活性下降、全基因组DNA低甲基化,促进成人AML发生发展.DNMT3A R882突变在成人AML患者完全缓解(CR)时的长期存在,是预后不良的主要生物分子学标志,同时也意味着常规的微小残留病灶监测(MRD)不能作为R882突变的分子标志.现就近几年对成人AML患者中DNMT3A R882突变的研究进展做一综述.     

Chromosomal changes detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Objectives To investigate patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) for TEL/AML1 fusion,BCR/ABL fusion, MLL gene rearrangements, and numerical changes of chromosomes 4, 10, 17 and 21 by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and to determine the relationship and the significance of those findings.Methods Fifty-one American patients (34 men and 17 women) were included in this study. Of them there were 41 patients with pro-B cell type ALL, 9 with B cell type ALL and 1 with T cell type ALL.Chromosome metaphases of each sample were prepared according to standard protocols.Fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed using commercially available DNA probes, including whole chromosome painting probes, locus specific probes, specific chromosome centromere probes and dual color/multiple color translocation fusion probes. The digital image analysis was carried out using Cytovision and Quips FISH programs.Results An overall incidence of chromosomal anomalies, including t (9; 22 ), MLL gene rearrangements, t (12;21), and numerical chromosomal anomalies of chromosomes 4, 10, 17 and 21 was found in 33 patients (65%). Thirty-one of them were pediatric patients and two adults. The t(12;21) was the commonest chromosomal anomaly detected in this population; 14 out of the 45pediatric patients (31%) were positive for TEL/AML1 fusion, among which three had an additionalderivative 21[t (12;21) ], four had a deletion of 12p and two had an extra copy of chromosome 21.All 14 patients with positive TEL/AML1 fusion had ALL pre-B cell or B-cell lineage according to standard immunotyping. The percentage of cells with fusion signals ranged from 20% to 80%. All fourteen patients positive for TEL/AML1 gene fusion were mosaic. Three out of the 14 patients positive for the TEL/AML1 gene fusion were originally reported to be culture failures and none of the remaining eleven samples had been found to have chromosome 12 abnormalities by conventional cytogenetic techniques. All pediatric patients with pre-T or T cell lineage and the six adults were negative for TEL/AML1 fusion. One patient had double Philadelphia chromosomes, three had a rearranaement or a deletion of the MLL aene. one had t (4;11)and two had a deletion of the MLL One of the patients with an MLL deletion also had a large ring of chromosome 21, and r (21) was caused by AML1 gene tandemly duplicated at least five times. The second case with the MLL deletion was also unique, the patient had a t (12;21) as well. A total of 20 patients had numerical changes( gain or loss) of chromosomes 4, 10, 17 and 21. Eight patients were found to have trisomies of three or four different chromosomes. Interestingly, seven of these patients did not have TEL/AML1, BCR/ABL or the MLL aene rearranaement, one did have the TEL/AML1 aene fusion. Eleven patients with pro-B cell or B cell type ALL (9 children with ALL, 2 adults with ALL) had numerical changes of chromosome 21 (gain 1 or 2 chromosome 21 ), among them, 10 patients had no structural alteration of chromosome 21, and one was combined by t (12;21 ). Four patients had a monosomy of chromosome 17 and three out of these patients with monosomy 17 also had a fusion signal of TEL/AML1.     

Clinical variations of serum levels of ferritin, folic acid and vitamin B12 in acute leukemia patients

Acute leukemia is one of the most common hematologic malignancies and its exact mechanism of development is unknown yet.In clinical,acute leukemia always accompany with abnormal iron balance.Ferritin.folic acid and vitamin B 12 arc important components of blood cells.In this study,we measured variations of serum levels of ferritin (SF),folic acid and vitamin B12 in the acute leukemia patients under different disease stages including first diagnosed stage,complete remission (CR) stage and not remission (NR) or relapse stage.It demonstrated that serum SF levels in patients at the first diagnosed stage and NR or relapse slage were significantly higher than the CR stage in acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) patients and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients (P＜0.05).The serum rolic acid levels in patients at the first diagnosed stage and NR or relapse stage were significantly lower than the CR stage in AML patients and ALL patients (P＜0.001).Whereas.serum vitamin B12 levels in AML patients were significantly higher at the first diagnosed stage and NR or relapse stage than the CR stage (P＜0.001 ).And it was significantly higher in ALL patients at the NR or relapse stage than at thc first diagnosed stage and CR stage (P＜0.05).There are obvious variations of serum levels of SF,folio acid and vitamin B12 in acute leukemia patients under different stages Increased serum levels of SF and vitamin B12 and decreased levels of folic acid may correlate to the active degree of acute leukemia as well as tumor load.     

恶性血液病降钙素基因高度甲基化的研究

目的 探讨降钙素（CT）基因高度甲基化在恶性血液病中的临床意义。方法 采用限制性内切酶（HPaⅡ）消化DNA和聚合酶链反应技术检测73例恶性血液病、6例正常人以及24例非恶性血液病的CT基因的基化程度。结果 12/14例（85.7%)急性淋巴细胞白血病、9/15例（60%）急性非淋巴细胞白血病、8/10例（80%）慢性粒细胞白血病、5/15（33.3%)淋巴瘤、2例（2/5）骨髓增生异常综合征、1例（1/2）恶性组织细胞病、1例（1/3）慢性淋巴细胞白轿病和1例（1/9）多发性骨髓瘤的病人出现CT基因高度甲基化阳性,而6例正常人和24例非恶性血液病无一例阳性。结论 CT基因高度甲基化可作为恶性血液病恶性克隆增殖的分子基因标志,从而为恶性血液病的诊断、微小残留病的监测及疾病的发展预测提供了一种有用手段。     

Expression of MRP1 gene in acute leukemia

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Overexpression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) gene has been linked with resistance to chemotherapy in vitro, but little is known about its clinical impact on acute leukemia patients. Our aim was to investigate the possible association between MRP1 gene expression level and clinical outcomes among Iranian leukemia patients. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was an analytical cross-sectional study on patients referred to the Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Research Center, Sharyatee Public Hospital, whose diagnosis was acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) or acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). All molecular work was performed at NIGEB (public institution). METHODS: To correlate with prognostic markers and the clinical outcome of acute leukemia, MRP1 gene expression was assessed in 35 AML cases and 17 ALL cases, using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and comparing this to the chemotherapy response type. RESULTS: Mean expression in AML patients in complete remission (0.032 +/- 0.031) was significantly lower than in relapsed cases (0.422 +/- 0.297). In contrast, no significant difference in MRP1 mRNA level was observed between complete remission and relapsed ALL patients. There was a difference in MRP1 expression between patients with unfavorable and favorable cytogenetic prognosis (0.670 +/- 0.074 and 0.028 +/- 0.013, respectively). MRP1 expression in M5 was significantly higher (p-value = 0.001) than in other subtypes. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that high MRP1 expression was associated with poor clinical outcome and was correlated with the M5 subtype and poor cytogenetic subgroups among AML patients but not among ALL patients.     

白血病患者血清唾液酸和肿瘤特异性生长因子的相关性

目的：探讨白血病患者血清中唾液酸（SA）和肿瘤特异性生长因子（TSGF）浓度的相关性。方法：对33例急性髓细胞白血病（AML），21例急性林巴细胞白血病（ALL）及13例慢性粒细胞白血病（CML）患者血清进行SA和TSGF含量测定。结果：血清中TSGF和SA浓度相关良好（r＝0．9567）。结论：SA是一种可替代TSGF的检测方法。     

Acute leukemia in adults: assessment of remission induction with combination chemotherapy by clinical and cell-culture criteria.

Remission induction was assessed by clinical and cell-culture criteria for 65 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), 11 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in blast crisis and 19 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Cyclophosphamide, cytosine arabinoside and vincristine (CAV) therapy resulted in complete remission in 23 of 50 previously untreated patients with AML and in 3 of the 11 patients with CML. Fourteen patients with ALL responded to vincristine-prednisone induction therapy and two to induction therapy with CAV. The median duration of survival of the responding patients was 2.2 years, compared with 4 months for the patients who did not respond to treatment. Granulopoietic colony formation, assessed by assay of colony-forming units dependent on colony-stimulating activity in culture (CFU-C), was abnormal in 37 of 42 bone marrow aspirates from patients with AML before treatement. CFU-C concentration increased when leukocyte-conditioned medium (LCM) was added to the cultures; 13 cultures had normal or elevated CFU-C concentration with LCM. Marrow cells of patients with ALL or CML in blast crisis demonstrated a similar pattern. Serial studies of marrow CFU-C concentration of 31 patients with AML demonstrated a change to a normal pattern with successful remission induction. Results of this study suggest that administration of purified LCM to leukemic patients might increase granulocyte production from potential but unstimulated granulopoietic precursors. This therapy would lessen the probability of death from infection during remission induction.     

FLT3基因突变与白血病的关系

FLT3属于Ⅲ型受体酪氨酸激酶家族成员之一,研究表明,其在正常造血及免疫系统的发育中起重要调节作用。FLT3基因突变常见有两种,即内串联复制和点突变。FLT3在急性髓细胞白血病中有过度表达,FLT3基因的内部串联重复(FLT3-ITD)是急性髓细胞白血病最常见的基因异常。FLT3还可作为白血病基因诊断及微小残留病灶的检测标志。本文就FLT3及其突变与白血病的发生、发展及预后的关系予以综述。     

急性髓系白血病AML1/ETO融合基因检测及其临床意义

目的 了解急性髓系白血病中AML1／ETO融合基因表达情况及相关临床意义。方法 应用RT-PCR技术检测159例初发未治急性髓系白血病患者骨髓单个核细胞（MNC）AML1／ETO融合基因及R显带技术检测染色体,并对部分病人进行追踪检测及随访。结果 159例未经选择的初发急性髓系白血病病人中,31例（19．5％）有t（8;21）（q22;q22）易位,36例（22．6％）表达AML1／ETO融合基因,所有t（8;21）阳性的病人均存在AML1／ETO融合基因。AML1／ETO融合基因阳性病人缓解率为80．6％（29／36）,高于阴性病人（M,除外）的60．2％（56／93）;AML1／ETO阳性病人经治疗后转阴并持续阴性者预后好,而持续阳性者预后差,由阴性转阳性者可预示复发。14例持续缓解超过18个月的病人AML1／ETO融合基因仅1例为阳性。结论 （1）RT—PCR法检测AML1／ETO mRNA敏感、快速,定期检测可监测微小残留病变。（2）单次PCR法扩增AMLl／ETO融合基因优于巢式PCR法。     

急性髓性白血病混合谱系白血病基因重排的研究

目的对急性髓性白血病(AML)患者可能出现的混合谱系白血病(mixed lineage leukemia,MLL)基因重排进行研究,并探讨其临床意义。方法在常规细胞遗传学分析基础上运用分子生物学方法-荧光原位杂交技术(FISH),采用多种位点特异性DNA探针(染色体全染、特殊位点、双色或多色易位融合探针),对58例AML患者(47例成人AML,11例儿童AML)进行分析研究。结果有6例出现MLL基因重排,分别出现MLL基因的移位,复制及丢失,阳性率占10．3％。其中4例为成人AML,2例为儿童AML,除了MLL基因重排外,5例AML患者同时合并有复杂的核型变化,分别为:47-48,XX,der(1)t(1;17)(p36．1;q23),+4,+10,der(11)t(11;17)(q23;q23),-17,-18, +20,+21?.ish+21(wcp21+),der(1)t(1;17)(wcp17+),der(11)t(11;17)(wcp11+;wcp17 +);46,XX,del(5)(q13q33),r(11)(p15q25),+r(11)(p15q25)．ishr(11)(wcp11+,MLL+),+r (11)(wcp11+,MLL+);46,XY,del(11)(q23)[2]／46,idem,add(16)(p13．1)[8]／46,XY[10]．ishadd(16)(wcp16+),rea(11)(wcp11+);55,XY,+ markers．ish 11q23(MLL×3),+21(wcp21 +);46,XY,add(11)(q23)[6]／46,idem,t(15;17)(q22;q21)[12]／46,XY[2]．ish dup(11)(MLL ++),t(15;17)(PML+,RARa+;RARa-)[24]。结论急性髓性白血病常合并有MLL基因重排,本实验组的阳性率超过10％。由于MLL基因重排的患者具有对常规化疗不敏感及预后不良的特点,对初治急性白血病患者应常规进行MLL基因重排的检查。     

免疫分型在FAB难以分类急性白血病中的诊断价值

分析40例按FAB标准难以分类的急性白血病（AL）免疫表型主要分为3种类型：①M2／M3难以鉴别；③过氧化酶阴性的AL；③杂合型急性白血病（HAL）。提示在FAB难以分类AL的诊断中具有不可缺少的作用。