Gustilo Ⅲ型胫骨干开放性骨折的治疗与临床分析

目的 探讨Gustilo Ⅲ型胫骨干开放性骨折的临床治疗方案与对策.方法 2001年1月至2008年12月共收治46例胫骨干开放性骨折患者,男30例,女16例;年龄16～55岁,平均31.2岁;受伤至手术时间为4～24 h,平均8.5 h.按Gustilo分型:ⅢA型22例,ⅢB型17例,ⅢC型7例.骨折AO分型:A3型3例;B2型7例,B3型9例;C1型5例,C2型11例,C3型11例.44例一期清创,2例先行负压封闭引流(VSD),1周后二次清创.创面清洁后,返削或取皮植皮12例,局部或岛状皮瓣修复29例,游离皮瓣修复5例.骨折固定:外固定器23例,接骨板11例,交锁髓内钉12例.结果 46例患者术后获8～24个月(平均14.2个月)随访.所有患者均顺利保肢成功.39例创面一期愈合,2例发生浅表感染,2例皮缘坏死,1例皮瓣边缘坏死感染,2例发生深部感染,总体感染率为10.9%.41例患者术后未改变初次固定方式,于4～10个月(平均4.5个月)获临床愈合;5例更换了固定方式,其中3例外固定器固定术后6周更换为髓内钉固定,4个月后骨折愈合,1例钢板断裂,1例畸形愈合.按Johner-Wruhs方法评价:优29例,良14例,可2例,差1例,优良率为93.5%.结论 制定良好的手术计划,Gustilo Ⅲ型胫骨干开放性骨折可以获得良好的治疗效果;手术时限可适当放宽.     

合理运用钢板微创治疗胫骨远端骨折临床观察

目的：探讨根据胫骨远端骨折类型运用相应钢板微创治疗胫骨远端骨折的手术技术和临床疗效。方法：自2005年1月至2007年12月,胫骨远端骨折患者56例,其中男38例,女18例;年龄17～72岁,平均41岁。根据AO分型：A型28例,B型11例,C型17例。根据胫骨远端骨折类型,采用2个手术入路3种钢板（三叶草板35例,前侧L形解剖板12例,内侧LCP9倒）对胫骨远端骨折进行内固定治疗,并行随访和功能评价。结果：56倒患者获得随访,时间12～24个月,所有患者均达到骨性愈合,平均愈合时间为4个月（3～11个月）。按Mazur评价标;位：优51例,良5例：结论：在正确掌握手术技术的前提下,灵活选择合理钢板治疗胫骨远端骨折能够取得满意的临床疗效.     

LISS治疗胫骨近端骨折的并发症

目的 分析使用AO微创内固定系统(less invasive stabilization system,LISS)治疗胫骨近端骨折的并发症.方法 应用LISS治疗45例46侧胫骨近端骨折,男35例,女10例;年龄22～73岁,平均45岁;左28侧,右18侧.高处坠落伤5例,交通事故伤32例,重物砸伤8例.46侧骨折根据AO分类,41A2型4侧、41A3型12侧、41C1型5侧、41C2型19侧、41C3型6侧.9例患者伴有同侧胫骨干骨折,42A3型1例、42B2型4例、42B3型3例、42C3型1例.闭合骨折41侧;开放骨折5侧,根据Gustilo和Anderson分类,Ⅰ型2侧、Ⅱ型3侧.结果 所有病例均获得随访,随访时间为6～25个月,平均11.4个月.所有骨折均愈合,未经额外植骨,无深部感染发生.平均愈合时间为16周,膝关节届曲平均112°,伸直平均-1°.并发症发生率为41.6%,4例(9%)骨折对位不良,1例断端向前成角15°、2例向内成角10°、1例外旋15°畸形.2例(4.3%)骨折术后复位丢失,胫骨平台内翻、塌陷.6侧肢体(13%)出现胫骨近端钢板刺激症状,其中有2侧出现迟发的皮肤软组织全层裂开,行局部胫前肌肌皮瓣转移,伤口愈合.腓浅神经与腓深神经损伤各1例(4.3%),经复查症状改善.9例患者在骨折愈合后行钢板取出,有5例(11%)共5枚螺钉出现"冷焊接现象"(cold-welding)致内固定取出困难.结论 LISS是一种固定胫骨近端骨折有效且可靠的方法.使用过程中需要术者具备精湛的技术和丰富的经验以减少并发症的发生;另外,某些并发症的出现与器械自身因素有关.     

锁定加压钢板治疗老年胫骨平台骨折34例疗效分析

目的探讨胫骨近端锁定钢板治疗老年胫骨平台骨折的临床疗效。方法分析2010年12月~2012年12月采用胫骨锁定加压钢板治疗老年胫骨平台骨折34例,评价胫骨锁定加压钢板对胫骨平台骨折治疗效果。本组34例,男23例,女11例,平均年龄63.4(53~76)岁。根据AO骨折分型:B2型骨折8例,B3型13例,C1型8例,C2型5例。结果 34例患者均获随访,随访时间6~18个月,平均11.2个月。本组患者均获得骨性愈合。Sanders膝关节评分结果:优26例,良6例,可2例。优良率94.12%。结论锁定钢板治疗老年胫骨平台骨折临床疗效满意,固定效果好,手术创伤小,患肢功能术后恢复好。     

髓腔内支撑植骨治疗累及膝关节面的复杂下肢长管骨骨折

目的探讨髓腔内植骨支撑治疗累及膝关节面的复杂下肢长管骨骨折(AO分型3C 3.3)的临床疗效。方法笔者自2011-03—2013-06应用髓腔内植骨支撑治疗15例累及膝关节面的复杂下肢长管骨骨折,其中股骨髁及髁间骨折8例,胫骨平台骨折(SchatzkerⅥ型)7例,探讨其治疗原则及手术方案。结果 15例均获得随访5~13个月,平均7.1个月。关节功能良好,均获骨性愈合,术后6个月疗效按膝关节功能HSS评分评定:优10例,良3例,可2例。结论采用髓腔内植骨支撑方法能够有效治疗累及关节面的复杂膝关节长管骨骨折(AO分型3C3.3),并改善膝关节功能及有效避免术后并发症发生,取得了较好的疗效。     

胫骨远端外侧型解剖钢板固定治疗胫骨远端骨折

目的探讨胫骨远端外侧型解剖钢板固定治疗胫骨远端骨折及评价疗效。方法 31例胫骨远端骨折采用切开复位胫骨远端外侧型解剖钢板内固定治疗。骨折按照AO分型：A1型14例,A2型8例,A3型2例;B1型2例,B2型1例,B3型2例;C1型1例,C2型1例。结果随访8～24个月,平均16个月,骨折均临床愈合。参照Mazur等的踝关节症状和功能评价标准,优16例,良11例,可3例,差1例,优良率87%。结论对于胫骨远端骨折采用外侧型解剖钢板内固定,具有操作方便、固定可靠、并发症少的优点,疗效满意。     

有限内固定和超关节AO管状外固定架治疗膝关节骨折

自 1999年 9月 - 2 0 0 1年 7月 ,我们应用有限内固定和超关节AO管状外固定支架治疗膝关节骨折11例 ,取得满意疗效 ,现报道如下。1　临床资料本组男 10例 ,女 1例 ;年龄 18～ 5 7岁 ,平均39 2岁。致伤原因 :车祸伤 4例 ,坠落伤 3例 ,砸压伤 2例 ,其它原因伤 2例 ;闭合伤 9例 ,开放伤 3例 ;胫骨平台骨折 9例按AO分型[1] :B1型 3例 ,C1型 4例 ,C2 型 2例 ,其中 1例B1型、2例C1型胫骨平台骨折合并胫骨近端粉碎性骨折。股骨髁骨折 3例按AO分型 :B2 型 1例 ,C1型 1例 ,C2 型 1例。2　治疗方法患者入院后 ,在纠正休克和处理危及生命的合并伤…     

可吸收螺钉在踝关节骨折中的应用

目的 探讨可吸收螺钉治疗踝关节骨折的疗效. 方法 2004年6月至2010年12月采用可吸收螺钉治疗16例踝关节骨折患者,男9例,女7例;年龄21～62岁,平均35岁;其中三踝骨折4例(AO分型:B型2例,C型2例),内外踝骨折8例(AO分型均为B型),单纯内踝骨折2例,单纯外踝骨折2例(1例为AO分型A型,另1例为外踝Maisonneuve骨折合并下胫腓联合和内侧三角韧带损伤).所有涉及外踝的骨折患者只有AO分型A型骨折采用2枚2.7 mm可吸收螺钉或1枚2.7mm可吸收螺钉辅助1枚1.5 mm可吸收棒固定,其余均采用接骨板螺钉固定.内踝骨折采用2～3枚3.5mm或4.0mm可吸收螺钉固定.1例下胫腓联合损伤采用2枚4.5 mm可吸收螺钉贯穿下胫腓固定.后踝骨折采用l～2枚4.0mm或4.5 mm可吸收螺钉从前向后固定.结果 16例患者术后获1.5～4.0年(平均28个月)随访.骨折愈合时间平均为3.0个月,无骨折延迟愈合及骨折不愈合,未出现伤口并发症.按美国足踝外科协会踝与后足功能标准评分评定疗效:优14例,良2例. 结论 可吸收螺钉内固定治疗踝关节骨折疗效好,无需行二次内固定取出手术,但要慎重选择骨折类型.     

改良的膝关节后外侧入路治疗胫骨平台后外侧柱骨折

目的 介绍一种改良的膝关节后外侧手术入路在治疗胫骨平台后外侧柱骨折中的应用. 方法 对2008年2月至2010年4月收治的28例胫骨平台后外侧柱骨折患者的临床资料进行回顾性研究,男20例,女8例;年龄28 ～62岁,平均34.5岁.骨折按AO分型:41 B3型12例,41C1型9例,41C3型7例.所有患者均采用改良后外侧入路对骨折进行支撑钢板内固定.术后3、6、12个月采用美国特种外科医院(HSS)膝关节评分对膝关节功能进行评定,并对术后即刻、6个月及12个月的影像学资料进行比较分析. 结果 所有患者术后获12～18个月(平均15.7个月)随访,骨折均获愈合.所有患者术后3、6、12个月膝关节HSS评分差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),术后即刻、6个月及12个月胫骨平台内翻角及后倾角比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).无手术切口相关并发症发生,无感染、内固定失效及螺钉断裂等并发症发生. 结论 改良的膝关节后外侧入路能够充分显露手术区域,同时保护局部软组织和韧带组织,并保留骨折块周围附着的软组织从而保护骨折端血供,是治疗胫骨平台后外侧柱骨折较理想的入路.     

微创内固定系统治疗合并皮肤软组织损伤的胫骨平台骨折

目的 探讨微创内固定系统(LISS)钢板治疗合并皮肤软组织损伤的胫骨平台骨折的疗效.方法 2007年2月至2009年10月对18例合并皮肤软组织损伤的胫骨平台骨折患者行13孔LISS钢板内固定治疗,男14例,女4例;年龄19～56岁,平均36.2岁;左侧6例,右侧12例.骨折按AO分型:A型(关节外骨折)3例,B型(部分关节内骨折)9例,C型(完全关节内骨折)6例.受伤至于术时间为6～14 d(平均8 d).结果 18例患者术后获6～18个月(平均11.5个月)随访.除3例术后原创面出现持续渗液,经多次换药3周后瘢痕愈合外,无一例发生切口不愈合或骨髓炎.所有患者骨折均获愈合,愈合时间为3～10个月,平均5个月.按Merchan提出的膝关节功能评定标准评定:优12例,良4例,可2例,优良率为88.9%.结论 对于合并皮肤软组织损伤的胫骨平台骨折,LISS钢板微创技术治疗可以获得较满意的疗效.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.