宁海县385名洗头按摩女艾滋病／性传播疾病预防知信行调查

目的　了解洗头按摩女人群关于艾滋病 /性传播疾病预防知识、相关态度及行为状况。方法　随机抽样方法对浙江省宁海县的洗头按摩女人群进行问卷调查。结果　 3 85名调查对象中 ,对艾滋病经性、血和母婴 3种传播途径的知晓率分别为 76 1%、 2 3 9%和 8 1%。 3 4 5 %的人担心自己会得艾滋病 /性传播疾病 ,67 8%的人渴望了解艾滋病 /性传播疾病知识。结论　洗头按摩女人群的艾滋病 /性传播疾病预防知识非常欠缺 ,应加强有效的健康教育     

艾滋病同伴教育在武警新兵中的运用

目的　调查艾滋病同伴教育在武警新兵中的效果。方法　华北地区武警部队训练基地新入伍的41 7名新兵 ,全部为男性 ,年龄在 1 7～ 2 3岁 ,5 8 5 %的人具有高中和中专学历 ,5 9 3 %的人来自农村 ,他们被分成 2组 ,A组采用单纯同伴教育方法 ,同伴教育者为班长 ;B组既采用同伴教育法又发放教育资料 ,同伴教育者为 1名班长和 1名新兵。同伴教育者经过严格挑选和培训 ,教育前后分别对新兵进行问卷调查。结果　教育后两组的艾滋病知识率教育有显著提高 ,对艾滋病的态度 ,教育后B组有明显提高 ,不同教育方法前后AIDS/HIV的知信行得分不同。共中A组知识、态度、行为得分分别为 1 0 2± 0 0 9、 1 0 0± 0 1 0、 1 0 0± 0 1 1 ;B组知识、态度、行为得分分别为 :1 0 7± 0 0 8、 1 0 5± 0 1 0、 1 0 5± 0 0 7(两组有显著差异 ,P <0 0 1 )。结论　艾滋病同伴教育对武警新兵了解艾滋病是有效的 ,再加以发放健康教育资料及播放VCD ,效果更佳。     

广州高校新生互动式艾滋病同伴教育师资培训效果分析

分析互动式大学生艾滋病同伴教育师资培训模式的效果,探索在大学生人群中培养同伴教育师资的有效方法.方法 采用游戏、头脑风暴、演示等互动式方法对广州市8所高校招募的艾滋病同伴教育者698名开展培训.结果 培训后艾滋病总知识得分从(26.90±4.27)分提高到(30.04±3.01)分,总知晓率提高了9.3百分点(t=15.638,P<0.01);“认为艾滋病离自己很遥远”在培训后持有率降低最多(15.7%);艾滋病各种正确行为意向持有率在培训后均增加(P值均<0.01);同伴教育大使对该培训模式的满意度达98.4%;85.8%的同伴教育者表示对身边的同学开展艾滋病同伴教育有信心.结论 互动式艾滋病同伴教育师资培训模式效果较好,经该种模式培训后可以由其在普通大学生中开展预防艾滋病同伴教育.     

宁夏大学在校学生艾滋病性病同伴教育效果评价

目的评价民族地区大学生预防艾滋病(AIDS)、性病(STDs)同伴教育的近期效果,为民族地区高校学生预防艾滋病、性病健康教育提供依据。方法采用类实验研究方法,以宁夏大学30名健康教育志愿者为研究对象,对同伴教育者进行培训,并由他们对300名在校大学生实施同伴教育。通过干预前、后2次问卷调查,评价大学生预防艾滋病、性病同伴教育干预效果。结果同伴教育干预后,大学生对AIDS/STDs知识的答对率显著提高(24.33%～92.67%),且在性别之间存在差异;对AIDS/STDs病人的态度也随AIDS/STDs知识水平的提高而有所改善。结论同伴教育适用于大学生,近期效果明显,可在大学生中推广。     

山西阳泉煤矿工人艾滋病/性病认知及危险行为干预效果

山西省阳泉市疾病预防控制中心对阳泉煤矿工人进行了多种形式的健康教育 ,探讨适合煤矿工人有关艾滋病 /性病的健康教育方法 ,结果报告如下。对象与方法1 对象　阳煤集团单身煤矿工人 73 4名。年龄在1 7～ 5 8岁 ,平均 3 1 69岁 ;汉族占 98 2 % ,文化程度以初中为主 ,达 61 8% ,64 5 %的矿工已婚 ,65 9%的人为本地人 ,3 4 1 %为外地打工者。2 方法　采取随机抽样的方法 ,首先进行基线调查 ,同时开展煤矿工人行为监测工作 ,进行行为干预 ,采取让矿工上健康教育课、进行同伴教育、知识竞赛等方法 ,辅以大众传播形式 ,开展健康教育与干预…     

北京市东城区2所中学预防艾滋病同伴教育效果评价

目的了解在北京市高中学生中开展预防艾滋病同伴教育的可行性和教育效果,为制定艾滋病预防策略提供参考。方法随机选取北京市东城区2所普通中学,对选取的同伴教育者进行培训。由同伴教育者在学校开展各种形式预防艾滋病知识宣传活动。在干预活动前、后用相同的调查表格对接受宣传的学生进行问卷调查。结果学生接受预防艾滋病同伴教育后,预防艾滋病知识的知晓率得到了提高,特别是有关生活实际问题方面的知识,如和感染者共用学习用具是否会感染艾滋病回答正确率由教育活动前的86.5%升至活动后的93.3%。本次教育活动也改变了对不正确生活方式的认识以及对待艾滋病病人和家属的态度。结论在高中学生中开展艾滋病同伴教育,可以帮助学生正确认识和对待艾滋病,提高抵御艾滋病的能力。     

校外青少年预防艾滋病宣传教育模式研究

为探索校外青少年预防艾滋病宣传教育的有效模式。本研究在校外青少年聚集的地方,由经过培训的同伴教育员,采用参与式的方法,开展形式多样的预防艾滋病宣传教育活动,在项目开始和结束时进行基线和评估调查。经调查3个项目点招募了3类不同人员为同伴教育员,开展参与式的宣传教育活动后,校外青少年艾滋病基本知识知晓率有了大幅提高,3个项目点分别从50.00%上升到85.00%、67.56%上升到92.27%、7.81%上升到48.91%,有710名校外青少年接受了艾滋病自愿咨询检测(VCT)服务。研究结果显示,不同类型的人员为同伴教育员,组织校外青少年开展参与式的预防艾滋病宣传教育活动是有效的;选择同伴教育员时应充分考虑各自优势,取长补短,发挥最大作用;同时要加强对同伴教育员的培训。     

克拉玛依市妇联干部艾滋病知识短期培训效果评价

[目的]了解妇联干部艾滋病相关知识知晓情况,评价短期健康教育培训的效果。[方法]2007年11月,对克拉玛依市69名妇联干部进行3h的艾滋病知识专题培训,并于培训前后进行艾滋病知识、态度调查。[结果]调查69名妇联干部,艾滋病知识平均知晓率,培训前为66.14%,培训后为90.51%(P0.01);艾滋病"四免一关怀"政策平均知晓率,培训前为90.15%,培训后为99.13%(P0.01);艾滋病相关态度平均正确率,培训前为59.24%,培训后为72.83%(P0.01)。[结论]对妇联干部开展艾滋病知识短期培训的效果明显。     

大学生预防艾滋病同伴教育效果评价

目的　评价在大学生中开展预防艾滋病同伴教育的近期和中期效果。方法　采用实验研究方法 ,以北京某外国语大学一年级 4 19名新生为研究对象 ,以班为单位随机分为干预组和对照组。对干预组实施预防艾滋病同伴教育。结果　教育前两组在各方面具有可比性。教育后一周 ,干预组男女生艾滋病知识的净增长率分别为 4 1 5 %和6 4 6 % ,安全性行为知识的净增长率分别为 18 8%和 78 9% ,预防艾滋病自我效能的净增长率分别为 5 5 %和8 2 % ,持有安全性行为意向的净增长率分别为 5 4 %和 9 1%。同伴教育在女生中产生了持续效果 ,教育后一年半 ,艾滋病和安全性行为知识的净增长率仍在 18%以上 ,安全性行为意向和自我效能仍在 5 %左右。结论　同伴教育适用于大学生 ,近期、中期效果明显 ,可以在大学生中继续推广。     

大学生艾滋病/性病/安全性行为同伴教育过程评价

[目的 ]　提高当代大学生对艾滋病和性传播疾病的认识和评价同伴教育执行质量。 [方法 ]　 1999年 7月至12月 ,先后在上海 3所大学 64 5名一年级学生中开展了艾滋病 /性病 /安全性行为的同伴教育 ,并对其进行过程评价。 [结果 ]　目标人群的总参与率为 92 .6% ,目标人群和项目监督者对教学情况评价分别为 4.13分和 4.5 6分 ( 5分制 ) ,有 93 .2 %的被教育者喜欢了同伴教育的形式。 [结论 ]　健康教育执行情况良好且质量较高。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.