Synchronous rectal and esophageal cancer treated with chemotherapy followed by two-stage resection

We report a case of 61-year-old male who had synchronous advanced rectal cancer involving the urinary bladder massively associated with multiple liver metastases, and esophageal cancer successfully treated by neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by two-stage resection. Although complete resection of each of the lesions was considered possible by performing anterior pelvic exenteration, liver resection, and esophagectomy, it might be impossible for the patient to endure the stress of all of these operative procedures at once. Therefore, we planned to perform staged treatment with prioritizing consideration. First, we instituted chemotherapy with the FOLFOX (oxaliplatin + fluorouracil + leucovorin) plus cetuximab regimen, which could adequately control both rectal and esophageal cancer. After 6 cycles of chemotherapy, high anterior resection combined with cystoprostatectomy and lateral segmentectomy plus partial hepatectomy was performed followed by staged esophagectomy with three-field lymph node dissection. It was possible to use oxaliplatin and cetuximab safely as neoadjuvant therapy not only for advanced rectal cancer but for esophageal cancer, and it was effective.     

Isolated liver metastasis detected 11 years after the curative resection of rectal cancer: A case report

BACKGROUNDThe duration of surveillance after curative resection of colorectal cancer (CRC) is generally 5 years. The overall incidence of recurrence more than 5 years after surgery for CRC in Japan has been reported to be 0.6%. Moreover, it is rare for CRC to have metachronous liver metastasis more than 10 years after surgery. Here, we present a case of liver metastasis detected 11 years after the curative resection of rectal cancer.CASE SUMMARYA 72-year-old man was referred to our hospital after a liver tumor was detected by abdominal ultrasonography at another hospital. He had undergone surgery for rectal cancer 11 years previously. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) showed a tumor with a diameter of approximately 8 cm in the posterior segment, which was weakly and gradually enhanced. ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/CT showed an abnormally high uptake on the tumorous lesion, which showed that the tumor appeared to spread convexly along the intrahepatic bile ducts. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma was therefore diagnosed, and he had an extended right posterior sectionectomy and regional lymph node dissection. Histopathological examination showed that the tumor was a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma and showed the same pathological characteristics as the rectal cancer. Immunohistological examination showed that the cancer cells of both the liver tumor and rectal cancer were positive for cytokeratin (CK) 20 and weakly positive for CK 7. These findings were consistent with the liver metastasis from the rectal cancer.CONCLUSIONIt is possible that a liver tumor is metastatic in a patient with a previous history of CRC, even if it was more than 10 years earlier.     

持续镇痛联合穴位治疗对肝癌切除术肝功能的影响

[目的]探讨持续镇痛联合穴位治疗对肝癌切除术肝功能的影响。[方法]选取符合纳入标准的160例肝癌病人随机分为对照组和观察组,对照组术后采取病人主诉疼痛时,遵医嘱给予止痛治疗及术后常规护理;观察组术后采取持续镇痛48h联合足三里穴和内庭穴位治疗,观察两组病人术前和术后第4天的胆红素、白蛋白、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)肝功能的变化,术中出血量、肝门阻断时间、手术时间和肿瘤最大直径。[结果]观察组术后第4天的胆红素、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)肝功能的变化与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]持续镇痛联合穴位治疗能有效促进肝癌切除术肝功能的恢复。     

Photodynamic therapy reduces metastasis of breast cancer by minimizing circulating tumor cells

Cancer metastasis after traditional surgery introduces a high barrier to therapy efficacy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer is based on a photochemical process of photosensitizers that concentrate in tumors and release oxidant species under light excitation to destroy cells. Compared with traditional surgery, PDT provides minimal invasion and targeted therapy. In this in vivo study, we monitor the real-time and long-term dynamics of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) after a single round of PDT and after surgical resection in a breast cancer animal model. The CTC level is low after PDT treatment, and the recurrence of the primary tumor is postponed in the PDT group compared with the resection group. We find that metastasis is correlated with the CTC level, and the PDT-treated mice show no metastasis in the lung or liver. Our results suggest PDT can effectively reduce metastasis by minimizing CTCs after treatment and is a great technology for breast cancer therapy.     

食管/贲门癌内镜下光动力治疗光照时机选择的临床研究

目的探讨激光照射时机的选择对食管／贲门癌光动力治疗（photodynamic therapy，PDT）的近期疗效及毒副反应的影响。方法40例中、晚期食管／贲门癌按就诊先后随机分为A、B二组。A组选择光敏剂（Photofrin）静脉滴注后24和48h经内镜导入光导纤维，给以630nm（Diomed半导体激光治疗机）的激光照射750s；B组选48和72h照射，之后对比观察。结果光动力治疗后二组有效率分别为85％和75％。但差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；食管梗阻改善有效率分别为90％和60％，差异具有显著性（P〈0．05）；二组的毒副反应分别为40．2％和15．8％，差异具有显著性（P〈0．01）。结论光动力能够明显改善中、晚期食管／贲门癌患者的生存质量，是一种不可缺少的治疗手段，但是一定要选择合适的治疗时机。     

Photodynamic therapy for dysplastic Barrett esophagus and early esophageal adenocarcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate our results using photodynamic therapy (PDT) for the treatment of dysplasia or superficial cancer (T1 N0 M0) in patients with Barrett esophagus. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed our clinical experience with 48 patients (34 patients with high-grade dysplasia and 14 patients with superficial cancer in Barrett esophagus) who had been referred for PDT. Initial evaluation included computed tomography and standard and high-frequency catheter endosonography. Follow-up endoscopy was performed 4 to 6 weeks after PDT with ablation of any residual glandular mucosa, using the argon plasma coagulator. Patients were then followed up indefinitely every 3 to 6 months with computed tomography, endosonography, and endoscopic surveillance. RESULTS: The median series follow-up was 18.5 months (range, 1-56 months). Apparent complete photoablation of Barrett mucosa and/or superficial neoplasm was documented in 47 of 48 cases. Complications included symptomatic strictures (11 patients), photosensitivity (7 patients), atrial fibrillation (1 patient) or recurrent congestive heart failure (1 patient), and self-limited esophageal perforation (1 patient). Failure to ablate T1 N0 M0 adenocarcinoma occurred in 1 patient. CONCLUSIONS: Porfimer sodium PDT appears to eradicate dysplastic Barrett mucosa and neoplasia. These results are promising; however, long-term studies are needed to document the efficacy of PDT in reducing the morbidity and mortality in such patients.     

Photodynamic therapy for early gastric cancer using a pulsed gold vapor laser

Endoscopic photodynamic therapy (PDT) using a pulsed gold vapor laser (wavelength 628 nm, LaserSonics Inc.) was performed on eight cases of early gastric cancer. Three patients refused to have surgery, and the others were in a high-risk group due to old age or complications with other diseases. Hematoporphyrin derivative (HpD I, 2.5-3 mg/kg, Photofrin Inc.) was injected intravenously, and 48-72 hours later, the entire cancer lesion and 5 mm width mucosa encircling it were irradiated with a gold vapor laser through a single quartz fiber. The irradiation was delivered at 300-330 mW for 5-20 minutes, which gave about 90 J/cm 2 dosage. In seven of eight cases, local cure was achieved. Recurrence was noted only in one patient. In one of eight patients, operation was carried out 1 month after PDT. Pathological examination of the resected stomach revealed that the effect of PDT extended into the tunica muscularis propria. Side effects of HpD, such as skin rash, were noted in two patients, but no serious complications of PDT were encountered. This suggests that PDT with a pulsed gold vapor laser is clinically useful in the treatment of early gastric cancer.     

腹腔镜与开腹直肠癌扩大根治术对老年患者细胞免疫功能的影响

目的探讨腹腔镜与开腹直肠癌扩大根治术对老年患者细胞免疫功能的影响。方法选取60例老年结肠、直肠癌患者,按抽签方式分为对照组和研究组各30例。对照组采用开腹直肠癌扩大根治术治疗,研究组采用腹腔镜直肠癌扩大根治术治疗。分别于术前1 d及术后1、3、5 d抽取所有患者清晨空腹静脉血,测定T淋巴细胞亚群(CD_3~+、CD_4~+、CD_8~+)水平并进行比较分析。结果与本组术前1 d相比,对照组术后1、3、5 d和研究组术后1、3 d的CD_3~+、CD_4~+、CD_8~+水平均显著下降(P0.05);术后1、3、5 d,研究组CD_3~+、CD_4~+、CD_8~+水平较对照组显著更高(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜与开腹直肠癌扩大根治术对老年患者细胞免疫功能均有一定影响,但腹腔镜直肠癌扩大根治术对患者细胞免疫功能的影响明显更小,有利于保护患者细胞免疫功能。     

介入治疗作为小肝癌综合治疗手段的临床疗效分析

目的 评价介入治疗作为小肝癌综合治疗手段的临床疗效。方法 回顾性分析经病理学或细胞学证实、直径≤３ｃｍ、在治疗过程中１８例曾选用介入治疗的原发性肝癌的临床疗效。结果 全组７例手术患者后复发。２例发生远处转移。Ｋａｐｌａｎ－ｍｅｉｅｒ法计算１、２年累积生存率分别为１００％、８３．３％。结论 手术是小肝癌的首选治疗方法,切除手肿瘤复发是影响小肝癌远期疗效的重要因素,预防术后复发是延长生存期最理想的措施,亚临床复发的早期发现是提高复发后生存率的关键。介入治疗是小肝癌综合治疗方法中非手术治疗的重要手段。     

Advances in translational therapy for locally advanced gastric cancer

Translational therapy refers to a combination of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy for patients with advanced gastric cancer who are initially unable to undergo R0 resection. This treatment can achieve partial or complete remission of the unresectable tumors to meet the criteria for R0 resection, thus enabling the patients to prolong their survival time and improve their quality of life. In gastric cancer, translational therapy has been tried and improved. At present, there are a large number of patients with locally advanced gastric cancer in China, and the selection of suitable patients for translational therapy to prolong objective survival and improve survival quality is one of the hot spots in the field of gastric cancer research.     

Photodynamic therapy: another option in cancer treatment

Photodynamic therapy (PDT)--also called phototherapy, photoradiation therapy, or photochemotherapy--is a relatively new treatment option being used to treat certain types of cancer, including endobronchial and esophageal cancers. PDT is a two-step process that involves administration of a photosensitizing agent followed by exposure to non thermal laser light. Intensive patient education and support are required during PDT. In the immediate post-procedure period, patients require intensive monitoring to ensure that a patient airway is maintained and pain is alleviated. Photosensitivity persist for four to six weeks post-PDT; to avoid photosensitivity reactions, patients must adhere to specific recommendations to avoid exposure to light. PDT is noted for extending the life expectancy and improving the quality of life of patients.     

Poor results of 5-aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy for residual high-grade dysplasia and early cancer in barrett esophagus after endoscopic resection

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the treatment of residual high-grade dysplasia or early cancer (HGD/EC) after endoscopic resection in Barrett esophagus. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Study patients were separated into group A, with proven residual HGD/EC, and group B with possible HGD/EC (positive lateral margins in the endoscopic resection specimen, without HGD/EC in the remaining Barrett esophagus). PDT treatment consisted of 5-aminolevulinic (5-ALA) photosensitization (40 mg/kg) followed by illumination of the Barrett esophagus with a total light dose of 100 J/cm (2). Complete remission was defined as the absence of HGD/EC in biopsies taken in two consecutive follow-up endoscopies. The percentage regression of Barrett esophagus, as well as the recurrence rate of HGD/EC, was calculated. RESULTS: 20 patients underwent PDT (group A, 11; group B, 9). Mild complications were seen in 4/26 procedures. The overall success rate was 15/20 (75 %). There was a significant difference in success rate between group A (55 %) and group B (100 %); P = 0.03. All patients had residual Barrett esophagus after PDT; the median regression percentage was 50 % (IQR 25 - 70 %). Recurrence of HGD/EC occurred in four patients (two each in groups A and B) after a median follow up of 30 months. CONCLUSIONS: In this selected group of patients, the addition of 5-ALA-PDT after endoscopic resection for HGD/EC had a disappointing success rate in patients who had residual HGD/EC after endoscopic resection. Most patients undergoing 5-ALA-PDT have residual Barrett mucosa after PDT and 5-ALA-PDT does not seem to prevent recurrences during follow-up.     

内括约肌切除术治疗低位直肠癌的可行性和疗效

目的：探讨内括约肌切除术（ISR）在直肠癌保肛手术中的可行性及疗效。方法：回顾分析2000年1月—2005年8月42例低位直肠癌患者的手术资料,全部患者均行ISR。术后应用病理大切片技术检测环周切缘有无癌浸及其程度,统计术后并发症发生率,评估排便功能。结果：环周切缘有癌浸润2例。术后并发症：大便失禁30例,但患者均于1周内恢复;吻合口瘘2例;吻合口狭窄2例;术后肿瘤复发2例,均再次手术切除;肝转移癌并死亡1例。38例患者术后排便功能指标、直肠测压结果均于术后9个月时趋于正常,其余3例患者于术后18个月时趋于正常,1例于术后15个月死亡。结论：ISR能为低位直肠癌患者保留肛门,在保证手术根治性效果的同时,不增加术后并发症,并获得较满意的排便功能。     

Lung cancers treated with photodynamic therapy and surgery

Laser endoscopic surgery, especially the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using Photofrin as a photosensitizer, has now achieved a status as effective treatment modality for lung cancer. Twenty-six lung cancer patients received the preoperative PDT for the purpose of either reducing the extent of resection or increasing operability. Bronchoscopical PDT is performed with topical anesthesia approximately 48 h after the intravenous injection of 2.0 mg/kg body weight of Photofrin. Operation was performed 2-9 weeks after initial PDT. The initial purpose of PDT, i.e. either to reduce the extent of resection or convert inoperable disease to operable status, was achieved in 22 out of 26 patients treated. The survival rate of T3 (main bronchus invasion) cases treated by surgery alone increased significantly from 50.9% to 60.0% with the application of preoperative PDT. This remarkable result may imply that this new option of PDT as preoperative laser irradiation may contribute to the management of advanced lung malignancy.     

结肠肛管斜形吻合治疗低位直肠癌

目的探讨中下段直肠癌保留肛门括约肌功能的最佳术式。方法对36例中下段直肠癌患者实施经腹直肠癌切除经肛门行结肠肛管前高后低的斜形吻合术。肛提肌平面距肿瘤下缘3~5cm28例,5~7cm8例。结果无手术死亡,无吻合口瘘,无吻合口狭窄。术后随访3月~5年,平均26个月,局部腹发2例(6.2%),肝转移2例。术后1月内大便次数较多,4~6次/d,3个月后排便次数及控便能力基本恢复正常。结论结肠肛管斜形吻合是直肠癌低位切除时,在确保括约肌功能的前提下,较为合理和可行的方法。     

双原发食管癌肺癌同期手术切除的疗效及安全性分析

目的:探讨同期手术切除双原发食管癌肺癌的临床疗效及安全性。方法:7例经病理确诊的双原发食管癌肺癌患者均行同期食管癌、肺癌根治术,观察临床疗效及手术安全性。结果:7例患者中男性6例,女性1例,平均年龄(61±7.26)岁。术前平均FEV1为(2.50±0.63)L,平均FEV1/FVC为(84.18±18.74)%,平均LVEF为(64.83±4.02)%。7例患者均顺利完成同期食管癌根治术和肺切除术,其中经上腹、右胸两切口手术5例,经左胸一切口手术2例,手术切口选择由肺部肿瘤所在部位决定,术中平均出血量(157.14±53.45)mL。7例患者术后均恢复良好,无气管-食管瘘、支气管胸膜瘘等手术相关严重并发症及死亡病例,平均术后住院时间为(11.70±1.98)d。结论:同期手术切除并不增加双原发食管癌肺癌患者的手术相关并发症,是此类患者较为安全的治疗方式,术前良好的心肺功能可能是影响手术安全性的关键因素。     

Laparoscopic rectal tumor surgery after administration of a new sclerosing therapy (aluminum potassium sulfate and tannic acid injection) for internal hemorrhoids: A report of three cases

Aluminum potassium sulfate and tannic acid (ALTA) injection is a new sclerosing therapy for internal hemorrhoids that has been gaining widespread use. However, there have been few reports about rectal cancer after ALTA injection. We performed laparoscopic surgery for three patients who had underwent ALTA therapy 6 months or 1 year earlier: (i) a 51‐year‐old man with neuroendocrine tumor; (ii) a 44‐year‐old woman with rectal cancer; and (iii) 77‐year‐old man with rectal cancer. All three patients had sclerosis of the resected rectal wall stump, making transection of the rectum difficult. Histological examination of the specimens also showed an inflammatory reaction and/or fibrosis of the resection stump. Although laparoscopic low anterior resection was planned for all three patients, we had to construct a diverting stoma for two patients and could not perform sphincter‐preserving surgery for the other. We must be well prepared for laparoscopic rectal surgeries after ALTA therapy, and these cases suggest sigmoidoscopy before ALTA therapy should be recommended.     

Conversion therapy of hepatic artery ligation combined with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for treating liver cancer: A case report

BACKGROUNDHepatocellular carcinoma is an aggressive tumor, and its latency and lack of clinical symptoms mean that most patients are already in the late stage when diagnosed. Large tumor volume and metastasis are the main reasons for not attempting surgery. Portal vein embolization and associated liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy are commonly used in clinical practice to increase the volume of remnant liver to allow surgical resection; however, research in this area is currently lacking.CASE SUMMARYA 48-year-old male patient with a history of viral hepatitis B for at least 30 years attended our center with a hepatic space-occupying lesion detected 3 d previously. Enhanced computed tomography scanning of the upper abdomen revealed a large mass in the right lobe of the liver, centered on the right posterior lobe, with the larger section measuring about 14 cm × 10 cm × 14 cm. He successfully underwent conversion therapy for a large right liver tumor after combined hepatic artery ligation and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, and finally had an opportunity to undergo right hemi-hepatectomy and cholecystectomy. He remained asymptomatic with no obvious abnormalities on computed tomography scanning review at 2 mo after surgery.CONCLUSIONThis case highlights new ideas and provides a reference for conversion therapy of large liver tumors.     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术23例

目的探讨早期乳腺癌患者保乳手术的技巧和近期疗效。方法回顾性分析2007年6月至2010年12月盐亭肿瘤防治研究所收治的23例早期乳腺癌患者行保乳手术治疗的临床资料。手术方式:肿瘤直径<2 cm者行肿瘤局部扩大切除术;肿瘤直径2～3 cm者行象限切除术,并常规行腋窝淋巴结清扫术。术后均给予放疗、化疗及内分泌等综合治疗。结果 23例手术全部成功,效果满意,无并发症。结论对早期乳腺癌患者,如果有保乳手术治疗的要求,并有保乳手术治疗的指征,且在保乳手术后进行放疗、化疗及内分泌治疗,可以取得良好的疗效和美容效果。     

MRI对T3、T4期直肠癌术前新辅助治疗疗效评估价值

目的：探讨MRI对T3、T4期直肠癌术前新辅助治疗疗效的评价.方法：回顾性分析45例经病理证实的T3、T4期直肠癌患者术前新辅助治疗前后的MRI影像资料.分析肿瘤大小、肿瘤累及肠管周径的范围、累及肠管的长度范围、增强表现、侵犯层次、管周筋膜情况、管周淋巴结有无肿大、直肠周围器官累及情况、T分期.结果：术前新辅助治疗前后MRI检查对45例直肠肿瘤病变均显示良好,术前新辅助治疗前肿瘤3～≤5 cm 15例,＞5 cm 30例;累及肠管周径1/2以上未达全周径17例,全周径28例;累及肠管长度3.0～≤5.0 cm 14例,＞5.0 cm 31例;侵犯肌层19例,侵犯直肠系膜15例,侵犯系膜筋膜11例;45例肿瘤均表现为中等度强化,累及周围器官26例;45例DWI均表现为高信号,ADC值均降低;T3期19例,T4期26例.术前新辅助治疗后肿瘤大小＜1.0 cm 10例,1.0～＜3.0 cm 18例,3.0～＜5.0 cm 13例,≥5 cm 4例;累及肠管周径＜1/3 7例,1/3～＜1/2 19例,1/2～＜全部周径10例,全部周径9例;累及肠管长度＜1.0 cm 8例,1.0～＜3.0 cm 25例,3.0～＜5.0 cm 9例,≥5.0cm3例;侵犯黏膜层及黏膜下层15例,肌层25例,直肠系膜5例;45例肿瘤均表现为轻度强化,累及周围器官5例;45例DWI均表现为低信号,ADC值均升高.术前新辅助治疗后T分期变化：T1期5例,T2期28例,T3期7例,T4期5例.术后病理分期：T1期4例,T2期29例,T3期7例,T4a期2例,T4b期3例.结论：MRI可以对直肠癌T3、T4期患者术前新辅助治疗前后做出良好的分期,能够正确判断直肠癌术前新辅助治疗后的降期情况.