毛细管气相色谱法测定新药ZLR-8原料中9种残留溶剂量

目的采用气相色谱法首次同时测定ZLR-8[2-(2,6-二氯苯基氨基)苯乙酸-4-(4-苯基-1,2,5-二唑-2-氧化物-3-)甲氧基苯甲脂]原料药中乙醚、石油醚(60℃~90℃)、正己烷、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、乙醇、二氯甲烷、乙腈及吡啶9种有机溶剂的残留含量。方法采用毛细管气相色谱法,以串联的石英毛细管柱EC-1000(酸改性聚乙二醇20 M,30 m×0.536 mm×3.00μm)和AC-5(5%-二苯基-95%-聚二甲基硅氧烷,30 m×0.53 mm×1.0μm)为色谱柱,程序升温,以二甲基甲酰胺为溶剂,甲醇为内标,FID检测器,气化室温度为200℃,进样口温度为250℃。结果9种有机溶剂基本实现基线分离且线性关系良好(r均在0.9996以上),3批样品中9种有机溶剂的残留含量均符合要求。结论该方法灵敏、准确。     

顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定尼麦角林中7种有机溶剂的残留量

目的:建立尼麦角林中7种有机溶剂残留量的测定方法。方法:采用顶空毛细管气相色谱法,HP-5柱(30 m×0.53mm×5μm),氢火焰离子化检测器(FID),以二甲亚砜为溶剂,初始柱温为50℃(3 min),然后以每分钟5℃升至85℃,再以每分钟10℃升至175℃;进样口温度120℃,检测器温度220℃。结果:7种残留有机溶剂甲醇、乙醇、乙醚、丙酮、二氯甲烷、三乙胺和甲苯均达到了完全分离,且3批样品中有机溶剂的残留量均符合规定。结论:经方法学验证,该方法灵敏度、准确度均达到有机溶剂残留量的检测要求,可用于原料药尼麦角林中7种残留溶剂的同时检测。     

益肾颗粒中有机氯农药残留量检测

目的:考察益肾颗粒中有机氯农药残留情况。方法:采用丙酮-水提取系统、二氯甲烷液分配、浓硫酸磺化净化技术制备供试品溶液,以毛细管气相色谱法检测益肾颗粒中9种有机氯农药残留量;色谱柱为弹性石英毛细管SE-54(30m×0.32mm×0.25μm),进样口温度为230℃,检测器温度为300℃。结果:9种有机氯农药的最低检测限范围为0.128～0.446ng·g-1,平均加样回收率范围为72.64%～114.77%(n=9)。结论:所检测的10批益肾颗粒中有机氯农药残留量均符合国家相关标准。     

气相色谱法测定威替米星原料中的有机残留溶剂含量

目的:建立气相色谱法测定威替米星原料药中有机残留溶剂的含量。方法:采用气相色谱法,色谱柱为HP5(5%苯基甲基硅酮)毛细管柱(30m×320μm×0.25μm),载气为氮气,以程序升温方式使乙醇、二氯甲烷、乙二醇二甲醚和二甲基甲酰胺达到了完全分离,检测器为氢火焰离子化检测器。结果:在该法采用的色谱条件下,测定4种溶剂线性关系、精密度、准确度、灵敏度均达到了预定的分析要求,在威替米星原料药中检出了乙醇。结论:本法能快速准确的对涉及的4种有机溶剂进行检测,可用于威替米星原料药质量控制中的有机残留溶剂检查。     

GC法测定复方丹参片中冰片的含量

目的 采用气相色谱法测定复方丹参片中冰片的含量。方法 色谱条件以5％苯基取代聚硅氧烷(HP-5)为填充剂,30m×O.323mm×O.25μm,程序温度为110～140℃,检测器温度为200℃,样品用无水乙醇超声处理,采用内标法定量。结果冰片在0.125～1.25mg/ml范围内呈良好线性关系(r=0.9998);平均回收率为98.3％(n=5);稳定性良好(RSD=0.44％)。结论 本方法简便、快速、结果准确。     

顶空毛细管气相色谱法测定奥曲肽中有机溶剂残留量

目的建立气相色谱法测定奥曲肽中有机溶剂二氯甲烷、吡啶、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺残留量的方法。方法采用顶空毛细管气相色谱法,应用DB-624大口径毛细管柱(30 m×0.53 mm×3μm);氢火焰离子化检测器,以水为溶剂,初始柱温为60°C维持3 min,以10℃/min的速率升温至160℃,维持3 min,进样口温度:140℃;检测器温度:250℃;以高纯氮气为载气,流速3.0 ml/min;分流比为5∶1,实现各组分的基线分离。结果此法具有良好的线性,r在0.999 5~1之间,RSD小于5%(n=5)。结论经方法学验证,该方法灵敏度、准确度均达到有机溶剂残留量的检测要求,可用于原料药奥曲肽中残留溶剂的检测。     

头孢特仑新戊酯原料药中有机溶剂的残留量分析

目的:建立头孢特仑新戊酯原料药中有机溶剂残留量的分析方法。方法:采用气相色谱法(GC),毛细管色谱柱为HP-5(30m×320μm,0.25μm),载气为氮气,进样器温度为120℃,检测器(FID)温度为250℃,以甲醇为溶剂,进样量1μL。结果:头孢特仑新戊酯原料药中乙醚、醋酸乙酯、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMA)和噻吩烷砜的残留量的平均值分别为3.7×10-,1.4×10-,5.1×10-,7.0×10-,2.2×10-,未检出二氯甲烷、四氢呋33455喃。结论:该方法灵敏度与准确性高,重现性好,适用于检测头孢特仑新戊酯原料药中各有机溶剂残留的量。     

川白芷中有机氯类农药残留量的检测

目的:制定川白芷中有机氯类农药最大残留限量标准。方法:采用丙酮-水提取系统、二氯甲烷液-液分配、浓硫酸磺化净化除杂质的方法制备供试品溶液,毛细管气相色谱法(电子捕获检测器)检测川白芷中有机氯类农药的残留量。色谱柱为AgilentHP-5弹性石英毛细管(30m×0.32mm×0.25μm),进样口温度为230℃,检测器温度为300℃。结果:建议川白芷中有机氯类农药最大残留限量为:六六六(总BHC)不得超过0.05μg·g-1,滴滴涕(总DDT)不得超过0.05μg·g-1,五氯硝基苯(PCNB)不得超过0.01μg·g-1。结论:本试验可为生产绿色中药和保障用药安全提供科学依据。     

黄芪中41种有机磷农药残留测定

目的:建立同时测定黄芪中41种有机磷农药残留的方法。方法:采用毛细管气相色谱法。样品用40mL乙腈冰浴超声提取30min,用气相色谱配备火焰光度检测器进行测定:色谱柱为ZB-1701毛细管柱(30m×0.25mm×0.25μm),进样口温度为250℃,检测器温度为250℃,不分流进样。结果:41种有机磷农药最小检出限在0.9～22.5μg.kg-1之间,平均回收率在70.6%～113.9%之间,RSD在0.2%～14.1%之间。结论:本方法操作简便,回收率、准确度、精密度均符合农药残留分析的要求,可用于黄芪中41种有机磷农药残留的快速检测。     

氨薄荷搽剂中薄荷脑含量测定方法研究

目的 分别建立气相色谱法和旋光度测定法测定氨薄荷搽剂中薄荷脑的含量,并将两种方法结果进行统计学分析。 方法 气相色谱法采用DB- WAX (30 m×0.25 mm×0.25 μm)色谱柱,柱温初始温度120℃,保持12 min;进样温度250℃。载气为高纯氦气,汽化温度为250℃,流速为1.0 mL·min-1,按外标法计算结果;旋光度测定法参照2010年版中国药典。结果 气相色谱法测定氨薄荷搽剂中薄荷脑含量检测浓度线性范围为500～1 500 mg·L-1(r=0.999 6),平均回收率为99.13%,RSD=0.34%(n=9);旋光法测定氨薄荷搽剂中薄荷脑含量检测浓度线性范围为10～30 g·L-1(r=0.999 4),平均回收率为98.65%,RSD=0.85%(n=9)。结论 气相色谱法与旋光度法测定结果没有显著性差异,二者均可用于氨薄荷搽剂中薄荷脑含量的测定,气相色谱法略优于旋光度测定法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.