不同组织替代输尿管黏膜重建输尿管的组织病理学观察

目的观察腹膜和膀胱黏膜重建犬黏膜剥脱输尿管的组织病理学变化。方法成年杂种犬18条，随机分3组，制作输尿管黏膜剥脱模型后，重建组黏膜缺损处分别予膀胱黏膜或腹膜植入，对照组仅留置输尿管支架管，术后10周将犬处死，取重建段输尿管作病理学检查。结果对照组损伤段输尿管腔明显狭窄或闭锁，未见黏膜生长。膀胱黏膜替代组黏膜生长良好，其中1条犬重建段输尿管上段轻度扩张，重建段狭窄不明显。腹膜替代组腹膜组织消失，重建段见新生移行上皮，输尿管腔均无狭窄。结论腹膜或膀胱黏膜可作为输尿管黏膜剥脱后重建的理想修复材料。     

自体膀胱黏膜移植于浆肌层肠段重建输尿管的实验研究

目的长段输尿管狭窄或缺损的修复是泌尿外科棘手问题,将犬自体膀胱黏膜移植于浆肌层肠段重建输尿管,探讨其作为尿路替代材料重建输尿管的可行性。方法成年比格犬12条,体重6.5～9.3kg,雌雄不限,根据重建输尿管部位不同将其随机分成A、B、C组(n=4)。A组:自体膀胱黏膜移植于浆肌层肠段后包缝于人工输尿管支架制备人工输尿管,重建8cm长下段输尿管,将人工输尿管近端与上段输尿管断端吻合,远端与膀胱吻合。B组:同A组方法重建8cm长上段输尿管,将人工输尿管近端与肾盂吻合,远端与下段输尿管断端吻合。C组:同A组方法重建全段16cm长输尿管,将人工输尿管近端与肾盂吻合,远端与膀胱吻合。术前各组犬取血行肾功及电解质检测;术后观察犬的一般情况及支架管和造瘘管的引流、手术切口的愈合、并发症的发生等情况。术后第6周行生化指标复查及静脉尿路造影(intravenous urography,IVU)检查后,对人工输尿管行大体及组织学观察。结果B组1条犬术后2d因输尿管支架脱出,术后发生尿瘘及伤口感染,排除实验;其余犬术后均无并发症发生。术后第6周各组犬肾功和电解质检测与术前比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。IVU显示:A组1条犬术侧肾脏积水、上段输尿管扩张,B组1条犬人工输尿管与下段输尿管吻合口狭窄、同侧肾脏积水;其余各组犬术侧肾脏功能良好,人工输尿管有蠕动功能。组织病理学观察示术后第6周3组人工输尿管组织结构与正常输尿管相似,其中A、C组各1条犬出现人工输尿管炎症。结论自体膀胱黏膜移植于浆肌层肠段重建犬输尿管,可形成组织结构与正常输尿管相似的人工输尿管,且功能良好。     

带腹壁下血管腹膜瓣修复输尿管长段缺损的实验研究

目的:探讨带腹壁下血管腹膜瓣修复输尿管长段缺损的可行性。方法:18只健康成年杂种犬随机分为三组,每组6只,建立长段输尿管缺损动物模型。分别用游离腹膜、带腹壁下血管腹膜瓣修复缺损输尿管,对照组仅留置支架管。术后12周行静脉肾盂造影和组织病理检查。结果:对照组及游离腹膜组输尿管未恢复连续性,带腹壁下血管腹膜瓣组输尿管恢复连续性。结论:带腹壁下血管腹膜瓣可作为长段输尿管缺损修复的选择材料。     

漏斗形生物降解材料输尿管支架的动物实验研究

目的 设计漏斗形生物降解材料输尿管内支架，探讨该支架在上段输尿管梗阻治疗中应用的可行性。方法 制备己内酯丙交酯乙交酯三元共聚材料（PCLGA20：60：20），并加工成漏斗形支架管。雄性家犬4只，体重12～15kg，通过手术方法建立输尿管上段不完全梗阻动物模型；在此基础上行输尿管狭窄段切除吻合术，术中留置漏斗形PCLGA支架管支撑引流；术后定期行IVU检查，并于术后12周行术侧输尿管组织病理学分析。结果 4只犬成功建立输尿管上段梗阻动物模型。漏斗形PCLGA支架管内引流效果良好，肾盂及输尿管扩张积水逐渐缓解；6～8周支架管密度减低，陆续发生断裂，断裂的支架管并未造成输尿管梗阻；术后12周支架管完全降解并排出体外，吻合段输尿管无狭窄，造影剂通过顺畅，局部组织病理学改变轻微，仅见移行上皮细胞增生和固有层增厚。结论 漏斗形PCLGA支架管生物相容性良好，降解时间适宜，在上段输尿管手术中具有良好的内引流效果。     

游离输尿管移植段应用于输尿管重建的比格犬动物实验研究

目的:探究自体游离输尿管移植段应用于输尿管重建在比格犬动物实验模型中的安全性及可行性。方法:6只比格犬术前随机分成两组,两组分别随访至术后12周及28周行剖腹观察及留取标本,12周组额外接受静脉肾盂造影观察肾积水及输尿管通畅情况,标本石蜡包埋后行苏木精-伊红染色并观察吻合段输尿管组织学改变。结果:5只比格犬存活至观察终点且未出现明显的术后并发症,IVU提示术侧无或仅存轻度肾积水且未出现输尿管狭窄。组织学检查提示吻合口管腔开放,血管网重建存在。结论:自体游离输尿管移植段应用于输尿管重建在解剖和技术上是可行的,但仍需大样本量和长期随访支持。     

脱细胞的输尿管修复输尿管缺损的实验研究

目的 寻求一种理想的输尿管替代材料及手术方法。方法 将10只兔双侧输尿管制成细胞外基质(ECM)；另45只兔分为3组：输尿管ECM移植组、对照组Ⅰ及对照组Ⅱ。实验组于术后10d和4、8、16周采用HE及VG染色观察吻合处组织再生情况。术后16周行IVU检查及输尿管测压。结果 实验组术后10d ECM边缘部腔内面已见移行上皮细胞爬行，管壁有平滑肌细胞长入；8周时ECM区已近于正常输尿管组织结构；IVU检查示输尿管显影良好通畅；输尿管内压接近正常。结论 显微外科技术对保证输尿管ECM移植和术后功能重建有重要作用。     

游离犬舌黏膜重建尿道的研究

目的探讨舌黏膜游离移植替代尿道的可行性和有效性。方法将随机选定的10条杂种雌犬剥离尿道黏膜4cm×1cm后用等面积的舌黏膜替代尿道。术后留置硅胶导尿管1周，拔除尿管后观察排尿情况。3个月后对10条实验犬行逆行尿道造影检测尿道通畅情况，并用10Fr尿管证实有无狭窄。随后处死实验犬测定移植物长度并行病理组织学检查，以观察舌黏膜移植至尿道后组织学上改变。结果实验犬全部存活。10条中9条排尿通畅；1条发生尿道狭窄；无尿瘘发生。移植的舌黏膜存活良好；在舌黏膜与尿道黏膜交界处，舌黏膜的鳞状上皮有渐被尿道的移行上皮替代趋势。结论犬的尿道黏膜可用舌黏膜替代。     

经输尿管镜碎石术后留置支架管与否的探讨

目的 探讨不复杂性输尿管结石经输尿管镜碎石术后是否需要常规留置支架管。方法 回顾性分析2002年3月-2005年3月我院450例不复杂性输尿管结石行输尿管镜钬激光碎石术患者的资料。患者被分为三组：A组196例（放置双J管），B组185例（放置临时输尿管导管），C组69例（不放置支架管）。手术时间、术后无石率和并发症作为评价的指标。结果 三组患者手术时间比较，A、B两组显著长于C组；术后患者血尿的发生率和持续时间，A、B两组显著高于C组；术后患者肋腹区疼痛、尿频／尿急、排尿困难、尿路感染和输尿管狭窄的发生率，三组之间无显著差异；术后1个月输尿管无石率三组均为100％。结论 经输尿管镜钬激光治疗不复杂性输尿管结石术后放置支架管与否应视术中情况。所有病例均常规留置支架管是不必要的。     

腹腔镜手术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄19例

目的 评价腹腔镜手术治疗肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄（ureteropelvic junctiono bstruction，UPJO）的疗效。方法 采用经腹路径对19例UPJO行离断式。肾盂输尿管成形术。打开侧腹膜，以。肾下极为标志游离出。肾盂输尿管连接部，切除狭窄部分，端端吻合肾盂输尿管并留置双J管。结果 19例手术全部成功，手术时间110～240min，平均150min。术中出血量50～100ml，平均80ml，无严重并发症发生。术后住院6～10d，平均7．8d。19例随访3～15个月，平均6个月，14例静脉尿路造影（intrarenous urography，IVU）无吻合口狭窄。结论 腹腔镜下离断式肾盂输尿管成形术治疗UPJO有效、可行，可以替代开放手术。     

巨输尿管症22例诊治报告并文献复习

目的探讨巨输尿管症的治疗方法。方法回顾性分析22例巨输尿管症患者的临床资料,其中男16例,女6例;左侧12例,右侧6例,双侧4例。结果 12例行输尿管整形后膀胱再植术,6例行输尿管支架管植入术,4例行患侧无功能肾切除术。随访1~6年,12例再植术后肾功能均正常,10例肾积水明显减轻,吻合口无狭窄及膀胱输尿管无返流,2例术后输尿管及肾脏积水无改善,长期观察肾积水无加重且无临床症状,未进一步治疗;6例行支架管置入术后积水可减轻,拔出支架管后5例肾积水程度无变化,1例渐加重,伴发热,给予行肾脏穿刺引流后行输尿管膀胱再植术,术后肾积水明显减轻;4例肾切除术后对侧肾脏功能正常。结论 IVU检查诊断梗阻型巨输尿管症显影率低,MRU具有较好的应用前景;巨输尿管症治疗原则是解除梗阻,保持输尿管通畅并防止返流及狭窄;最佳手术治疗方法是进行输尿管整形(裁剪或折叠)后膀胱再植术,保守治疗也可作为治疗的选择之一。     

Use of free peritoneal and bladder mucosal grafts as ureteral mucosa substitutes for management of avulsion of the ureteral mucosa in a dog model

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Avulsion of the ureteral mucosa is one of the most serious complications of ureteroscopy and considered challenging for urologic surgeons. In this study, we developed two novel methods to reconstruct the impaired ureter. MATERIALS AND METHODS: After ureteral mucosal avulsion in a canine model, ureteral reconstruction was performed in one of three ways: free tabularized peritoneal grafts (group A, n = 6); bladder mucosal grafts (group B, n = 6); or simple stenting technique (control group [n = 3]). At postoperative week 10, evaluation with intravenous urography (IVU) was followed by harvesting of reconstructed ureter segments for pathologic analysis. RESULTS: IVU showed nonvisualization of the collecting system of the affected side and histologic evaluation showed imperforation or stenosis in all animals in the control group. IVU showed good visualization of the reconstructed ureter without stenosis in group A and in most animals in group B. There was a mild dilation but no obvious stenosis in one animal in group B. Microscopically, all the reconstructed ureteral lumens were uniformly lined with transitional epithelium. Extensive neovascularity was evident in the subepithelial layer with a streaming of fibroblasts toward the neomucosa. CONCLUSION: Replacing the avulsed mucosa in the injured ureter with tubularized peritoneal free grafts or bladder mucosal grafts may be an optimal method to manage avulsion of the ureteral mucosa.     

应用腹膜管联合皮瓣行兔阴茎再造的初步研究

目的：建立皮瓣包绕游离腹膜管再造阴茎的动物模型，探索在阴茎再造术中使用腹膜再造尿道的新方法。方法：成年雄性新西兰大白兔24只，随机分成腹膜组和腹膜皮片组各12只。再造阴茎时，腹膜组中将腹膜浆膜面向内缝合成腹膜管替代尿道，腹膜皮片组则在腹膜管前端吻接一段1cm长的阴囊皮片，形成腹膜皮片复合管，并以此管替代尿道，两组均以腹壁浅血管筋膜蒂皮瓣包绕再造尿道形成阴茎体，观察阴茎成活和尿道通畅情况。结果：再造阴茎全部成活，无尿道狭窄发生，作为尿道衬里的腹膜浆膜面光滑、湿润、富有光泽，未见溃疡及纤维化。腹膜组8只兔尿道口闭合，同时伴有尿瘘。腹膜皮片组3只兔各1处尿瘘。结论：使用皮瓣包绕游离腹膜管再造阴茎的方法可以成功构建阴茎再造的动物模型，为游离腹膜联合皮瓣转移阴茎再造术的临床应用提供了实验依据。     

Ureteral replacement using small-intestinal submucosa and a collagen inhibitor in a porcine model

PURPOSE: Small-intestinal submucosa (SIS) has been successful as an onlay graft in ureteral repair, but tubularized segment interposition of SIS has been unsuccessful. Our objective was to evaluate whether a type I collagen inhibitor, halofuginone, would prevent stricture formation in tubularized SIS interposition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed either laparoscopic partial ureteral excision followed by an SIS onlay graft (N = 5) or complete laparoscopic ureteral excision followed by an SIS interposition graft (N = 7) in domestic pigs. Animals received either no (N = 3), low-dose (N = 5), or high-dose (N = 4) halofuginone. Animals had ureteral stenting for 2 weeks after surgery and were permitted to survive for 6 or 9 weeks. An intravenous urogram (IVU) was performed prior to sacrifice. Kidneys were examined grossly and histologically. RESULTS: One animal that received an onlay graft died of an unrelated illness. The remaining four ureteral onlay animals, including one control and two low-dose and one high-dose pig, had grossly normal kidneys at harvest. The IVU was normal in the control and high-dose animal but showed delayed excretion with mild hydroureteronephrosis in the low-dose animals. Pathologic examination of the SIS site revealed circumferential reepithelialization with inflammation and mild fibrosis. All seven tubularized interposition graft kidneys demonstrated either severe hydroureteronephrosis (N = 5) or renal atrophy (N = 2), and all had complete obstruction on IVU. Pathologic examination revealed a stenotic ureteral lumen with extensive surrounding inflammation and fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: An SIS onlay graft was successful in the porcine model of ureteral injury. Halofuginone, a type I collagen inhibitor, did not demonstrate a significant beneficial effect in this technique. Ureteral tubularized interpositions with SIS are unsuccessful and not improved by halofuginone.     

Ureteral complications in renal transplantation with more than one donor ureter.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ureteral complications of renal transplant recipients with more than one donor ureter METHODS: Between 1967 and 1997, 19 patients (median age 34 years, range 6-62 years) received renal transplants from donors with more than one ureter. There were 18 donor organs with two ureters, and one patient underwent en bloc renal transplantation with four donor ureters. In nine patients, the ureters were implanted separately at the bladder dome according to the extravesical technique of Witzel, Sampson, Lich and R?hl. In 10 patients, we performed a modification of this extravesical technique according to Nghiem with a side-to-side anastomosis of the ureters before completing the ureteroneocystostomy. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 55 months (range 2-218 months), no graft loss due to ureteral complications was noted. One patient died due to myocardial infarction, seven patients returned to dialysis without ureteral complications. There were two patients (one patient after side-to-side ureteral anastomosis, one patient with separate implantation of the two ureters) with ureteral obstruction of one donor ureter. Both patients underwent open surgical revision with temporarily placement of internal ureteral stents. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of multiple ureters from donor kidneys is associated with a higher complication rate in our patient population compared with donor kidneys with one ureter. There was no difference in the long-term outcome between the two implantation techniques used.     

Comparison between ureteral replacements using a transverse tubularized colonic tube or ileal ureter: experimental study in dogs

Introduction

We report the comparison between ureteral replacements using a transverse tubularized colonic tube or ileal ureter in dogs.

Materials and Methods

Ten canines were studied. Four underwent ureteral substitution with an ileal ureter; 5 with a single transverse tubularized colonic tube and 1 with a double colonic transverse tubularized tube. The animals were observed for a predetermined interval of 30 days. At 30 days, the animals underwent an intravenous pyelogram, cystogram, urine analysis, and serum electrolyte sampling, and the kidney, ureteral conduit, and bladder were examined grossly and histologically.

Results

The pyelograms of both the ileal ureter and the transverse tubularized colonic tube showed prompt bilateral renal excretion. Grade 1 hydronephrosis was seen in 3 of 4 animals that received the ileal ureter and with 1 of 5 animals that received the colonic tube. Histological exam of the kidneys showed small focal areas of pyelonephritis in both groups without significant injury to the collecting tubules or glomeruli.

Discussion

The transverse tubularized colonic tube is an effective form of ureteral replacement in the animal model. The advantages of using the colon include its proximity to the ureters, the minimal mobilization needed, position outside the radiation portals, and the short colonic segment necessary.     

Morphologic changes in the canine urinary tract after ureteral reconstruction with the tunica albuginea (experimental study)*

Objectives: The problem of ureteral reconstruction has not been fully solved, despite dramatic developments in surgical methods. Many attempts to repair a ureteral damage with autologous or homologous organ grafts, or with organic substitutes have not really been satisfactory. Also, attempts to use alloplastic and heteroplastic prostheses made of synthetic materials have been equally disappointing. Experimental studies, particularly in dogs, indicate great regenerative abilities of ureters when appropriate surgical techniques are used. Materials and methods: In our experimental study, suitability of the tunica albuginea for reconstruction of the middle part of the ureter was investigated in 20 dogs. The dogs were divided into two groups according to a type of ureteral damage: partial (a patch graft) or complete (a tube graft). The ureteral damage was 2–3 cm long in 10 dogs and 3–3.5 cm long in the subsequent 10 dogs. Each dog underwent two operations. The first operation involved a fenestrating incision in the ureter, 23.5 cm long, so as to preserve the ureteral continuity, and then the produced injury was repaired with a patch of the tunica albuginea, with the 4 Charr catheter being inserted in the ureter. The second operation involved a complete excision of ureteral segments, 2–3.5 cm long, on the contralateral side. The excised length of the ureter was substituted with a tube graft of the tunica albuginea, also using the 4 Charr catheter. Thus, in 21 cases, a partial damage of the ureteral wall was repaired with a patch graft of the tunica albuginea. In 19 cases, a complete damage of the ureter was repaired with a tube graft of the tunica albuginea. Results: Four dogs died after the tube-graft implantation due to urinary infiltration and/or purulent inflammatory changes in the kidneys. Autopsies were performed in all the dogs after they had been put to sleep. Definitely poor results were obtained in case of the complete reconstruction of the ureteral loss with a tube graft of the tunica albuginea, 3–3.5 cm long. Within the graft area, we observed inflammatory infiltrates of varied intensity, fibrosis, cicatricial strictures or ureteral obstruction. Occasionally, necrotic foci, degenerative changes or hydronephrosis were found. In case of the reconstruction with a shorter tube graft, i.e. 2–3 cm long, similar changes were observed, however, they were less intense. Satisfactory results were obtained following the partial reconstruction of the ureteral loss with a patch graft of the tunica albuginea. In this case, we observed generally normal regeneration not only of the transitional epithelium but the muscular layer and ureteral structure as well, with full patency of the ureter preserved. The findings obtained in our study are compatible with the findings of other authors. Conclusions: (1) The success of reconstructive procedures in the ureters can be achieved if the continuity of the ureter is preserved and the catheter is removed after 14 days. (2) The substitution of a complete ureteral loss with a tube-graft of the tunica albuginea results in necrosis of the graft and restenosis. *Printed in part at the postdoctoral thesis of Tyloch Ferdynand MD: “An experimental study on the use of tunica albuginea for supplying at westage of ureters” (Badania doswiadczalne nad przydatnoscia blony bialawej jadra w operacjach plastycznych moczowodu) University School of Medical Sciences Bydgoszcz 1994.     

同侧两根双J管引流在结石伴息肉导致输尿管狭窄患者中的应用

目的观察同侧两根双J管引流在结石伴息肉导致输尿管狭窄患者中的应用效果。 方法选取2012年1月至2017年6月期间我院收治的输尿管结石伴息肉导致输尿管狭窄患者80例，采用随机数字法将患者分为研究组及对照组，每组各40例。研究组患者腔内碎石术后同侧输尿管内留置两根双J管，对照组患者腔内碎石术后留置单根双J管。根据术中情况，双J管留置4～12周，平均8周。拔管后4周复查血肌酐和泌尿系超声，了解输尿管结石残留情况和肾积水程度，比较两组患者血肌酐、结石清除率和肾积水的变化。 结果拔管后4周，两组患者血肌酐下降和结石清除率差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。研究组和对照组手术后肾积水均有明显的改善，肾积水下降值分别为（23.5±7.0）mm vs （20.1±7.3）mm差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论输尿管结石伴息肉导致输尿管狭窄的患者，输尿管腔内碎石术后同侧留置两根双J管短期引流效果优于留置单根双J管，但远期效果和机制需要大样本进一步研究验证。     

输尿管镜术中输尿管口丢失的应对策略

目的探讨输尿管镜术中输尿管口丢失的应对方法。方法报告输尿管镜术中因输尿管口丢失而进镜失败的14例患者的处理过程及结果。先采用斜仰卧截石位,实时超声定位下以G18穿刺针朝向肾盂输尿管连接部穿刺患肾中上盏,从针芯中顺行向输尿管内推置亲水导丝,如可见导丝进入膀胱,则沿导丝径路进镜;如导丝无法顺行进入膀胱,则换用经尿道电切镜,薄层电切患侧输尿管口对应部位,显露输尿管壁内段断端,置入亲水导丝后换用输尿管镜进镜。所有患者术后均留置F7双J管1~2根。结果11例肾穿刺顺行置入导丝可见进入膀胱,沿导丝成功进镜入输尿管;3例此法失败者采用输尿管口部位电切法成功进镜。所有患者肾穿刺针和导丝拔除后无大出血,无输尿管穿孔、撕脱等严重并发症,术后2~3个月拔除双J管后未发生输尿管口狭窄。结论输尿管镜术中发生输尿管口丢失,依次采用肾穿刺顺行导丝置入法和输尿管口部位电切法寻找输尿管口成功率高,创伤小,无严重并发症发生。     

生物可降解输尿管支架在输尿管战创伤治疗中的降解特性

目的 建立一种新的输尿管战创伤动物模型,观察生物可降解输尿管支架在输尿管战创伤治疗中的降解特性.方法 使用自行研制的火器弹片伤制造模具,对模型建立组9条比格犬的随机一侧输尿管制造火器弹片伤后清创缝合,分别于术后40、80、120 d行静脉肾盂造影评估.再对阳性对照组9条比格犬的双侧输尿管均制造火器弹片伤,随机一侧放置聚乳酸可降解输尿管支架,另一侧放置双J管,分别于术后加、80、120d行静脉肾盂造影评估,支架行表面微观形貌及元素分析.结果 模型建立组9条比格犬,损伤侧术后出现肾积水,并逐渐加重.阳性对照组的9条比格犬,术后双侧均未见明显肾积水;可降解支架随时间推移逐渐降解,尤其术后80 d开始观察到降解速度明显加快;支架表面无钙沉积,而双J管表面可观察到明显钙沉积和结石形成,且随时间进展加重.结论 生物可降解支架在治疗输尿管火器弹片伤过程中,在起到了支撑、引流、预防肾积水作用后,随时间推移逐渐降解,并可避免结石形成.