Histoacryl®组织胶超选择性栓塞肾动脉分支治疗医源性肾动脉出血

目的 观察以Histoacryl^®组织胶作为栓塞剂超选择性栓塞肾动脉分支治疗医源性肾动脉出血的效果。方法 回顾性分析52例医源性肾动脉出血患者,其中30例为经皮肾镜术后、15例为经皮肾穿刺活检术后、7例为部分肾切除术后;均接受数字减影血管造影（DSA）引导下超选择性栓塞患肾责任分支动脉,栓塞剂为Histoacryl^®组织胶。评价技术成功率、临床成功率、并发症及操作时间,比较栓塞前、后血红蛋白（Hb）、肌酐（Cr）和尿素氮（BUN）。结果 对52例均顺利完成治疗,平均操作时间（38.23±11.51） min,技术成功率、临床成功率均为100%。术前2 h与术后12 h内Hb、Cr及BUN差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）。术后4例（4/52,7.69%）出现轻微并发症（发热伴局部腰痛）,经对症及支持治疗后恢复;无肾脓肿、败血症、肾破裂等严重并发症发生。结论 以Histoacryl^®组织胶作为栓塞剂超选择性栓塞肾动脉分支治疗医源性肾动脉出血安全、有效。     

经皮肾镜取石术后肾出血的选择性肾动脉造影和栓塞治疗

目的 观察经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL)后肾出血的DSA影像学表现及超选择性动脉栓塞治疗的疗效.方法 收集PCNL术后肾出血经保守治疗无效患者12例,经选择性肾动脉造影检查,明确诊断后行超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗,评价疗效. 结果 12例患者中,单纯假性动脉瘤8例,假性动脉瘤伴动静脉瘘2例,假性动脉瘤伴对比剂外溢2例,选用明胶海绵、真丝线段、聚乙烯醇微粒和微弹簧圈等栓塞材料成功进行栓塞,随访6个月均未发现再出血.2例患者出现栓塞后综合征,1例血清肌酐略升高,给予对症处理后症状逐渐好转.结论 选择性肾动脉造影可明确诊断PCNL术后肾出血;栓塞治疗迅速、安全有效、并发症少、可最大限度保护肾功能,是PCNL术后肾出血保守治疗无效的首选治疗方法.     

介入栓塞术治疗前列腺动脉与阴茎背动脉共干良性前列腺增生

目的 观察采用介入栓塞术治疗前列腺动脉（PA）与阴茎背动脉共干的良性前列腺增生（BPH）的效果。方法 回顾性分析29例接受介入栓塞术的PA与阴茎背动脉共干的BPH患者。结果 29例中,对12例以微导管超选择进入PA,以小颗粒（直径150~300 μm）PVA进行常规栓塞,术后前列腺实质染色消失,阴茎背动脉良好,患者症状明显改善,无阴茎相关并发症发生。17例未能超选择进入PA,对2例以小颗粒PVA进行常规栓塞,术后排尿困难等症状均明显改善,但均发生阴茎缺血坏死并发症;3例以大颗粒PVA（直径350~560 μm）栓塞,术后未出现阴茎并发症,但排尿困难等症状改善不理想;12例以橡皮条暂时结扎阴茎根部再以小颗粒PVA栓塞,术后排尿困难等症状明显改善,未出现阴茎缺血、坏死并发症。结论 对于前列腺动脉与阴茎背动脉共干的BPH,介入栓塞术治疗效果较好,应根据患者具体情况选择和调整术式。     

内镜下治疗结直肠出血的临床疗效

目的探讨内镜下治疗结直肠出血的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2008年6月至2011年6月复旦大学附属中山医院收治的104例结直肠出血患者的临床资料。内镜下治疗结直肠疾病术后出血,内镜下即可见出血部位;无内镜治疗史者,必须在内镜下迅速找到出血部位,了解其性质。内镜下首先应用1：1000冰去甲肾上腺素生理盐水充分冲洗肠腔,尽量吸引病灶周围血块,使镜下视野清晰,辨认出血部位;必要时可使用连续注水泵,以保证内镜下治疗视野的清晰。主要止血方法：（1）局部喷洒止血药物。（2）金属夹止血。（3）氩气离子凝固术。（4）硬化剂注射。（5）多技术联合止血。术后随访1～6个月。结果104例结直肠出血患者中内镜治疗术后出血84例、外科手术后出血16例、结直肠原发疾病出血4例。初次成功止血97例,24h内再出血7例（再次内镜下成功止血6例、止血失败转腹腔镜治疗1例）,内镜下止血总有效率为99．04％（103／104）。内镜治疗术后平均随访4．2个月,患者复查肠镜均无再出血发生。结论内镜下治疗结直肠出血是一种安全、有效的治疗方法。     

TIPS治疗肝细胞癌伴门静脉癌栓及食管胃静脉曲张出血

目的 观察TIPS治疗肝细胞癌（HCC）伴门静脉癌栓（PVTT）及食管胃静脉曲张出血（EGVB）的价值。方法 回顾性分析30例因EGVB接受TIPS的HCC伴PVTT患者，观察TIPS技术成功率、止血率，TIPS前后门静脉压力梯度（PPG），术后再出血率、支架分流道通畅率、相关并发症发生率及患者总生存期（OS）。结果 30例TIPS技术成功率和止血率均为100%；TIPS前后平均PPG分别为（30.9±8.5）mmHg及（20.6±6.3）mmHg，差异有统计学意义（t=11.587，P<0.001）。TIPS并发症包括胆管损伤2例、肝动脉损伤1例、Ⅰ~Ⅱ级肝性脑病5例、Ⅲ级肝性脑病1例；未见肿瘤破裂或术后急性肝衰竭等并发症。随访过程中3例再出血，5例支架分流道闭塞。截至随访末共25例死亡，死因包括感染性休克1例、消化道出血1例、肿瘤进展或肝衰竭23例；中位OS为6.5个月。结论 TIPS治疗HCC伴PVTT及EGVB较为安全，可为后续局部治疗及联合药物系统治疗提供机会。     

Glubran-2胶用于子宫动脉栓塞治疗产后出血伴凝血功能障碍患者子宫动脉假性动脉瘤

目的 观察以Glubran-2胶行子宫动脉栓塞(UAE)治疗产后出血伴凝血功能障碍患者子宫动脉假性动脉瘤(UAP)的价值。方法 回顾性纳入13例接受Glubran-2胶UAE治疗的产后出血伴凝血功能障碍UAP患者,包括产后即刻出血8例、迟发性产后出血5例;共17个UAP,其中10例1个、2例2个、1例3个UAP;观察UAE技术成功率、临床治疗成功率、复发率、并发症率、产后恢复月经来潮时间及UAE后生育情况。结果 13例UAE中,11例采用Glubran-2胶联合明胶海绵颗粒进行栓塞、2例单独以Glubran-2胶进行栓塞,Glubran-2胶用量为0.3~2.2 ml/例;UAE技术成功率和临床治疗成功率均为100%。UAE后随访3~75个月,未见严重并发症及复发出血;2例于UAE后2日发热,经抗感染治疗后好转。13例均于产后2~6个月、中位时间4个月恢复月经来潮,且均无再生育意愿。结论 以Glubran-2胶行UAE治疗产后出血伴凝血功能障碍患者UAP安全、有效。     

临床模型预测经导管动脉栓塞治疗急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血术后30天内再出血

目的 根据急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血（ANVUGIB）患者临床资料建立logistic模型,观察其预测经导管动脉栓塞（TAE）治疗后30天内再出血的价值。方法 纳入139例接受TAE的ANVUGIB患者,记录TAE成功率及术后30天内再出血率;基于临床资料行单因素及多因素分析,筛选再出血的影响因素,建立临床logistic模型,分析其预测TAE后再出血的价值。结果 TAE技术成功率为95.68%（133/139）。对133例TAE技术成功患者随访30天,其中29例再出血,再出血率21.80%（29/133）。术前凝血功能障碍（OR=3.74,P=0.045）及术前高Rockall评分（OR=1.97,P=0.005）为TAE治疗ANVUGIB后30天内再出血的危险因素,男性（OR=0.19,P=0.007）及术前CT阳性（OR=0.06,P=0.047）为其保护因素。基于上述4个因素建立的logistic模型预测ANVUGIB患者TAE后30天内再出血的敏感度和特异度分别为82.80%和75.00%,曲线下面积为0.817,高于Rockall评分、Blatchford评分及澳洲医药科学家协会65评分（P均<0.05）。结论 基于性别、术前凝血功能障碍情况、Rockall评分及CT表现建立的临床模型有助于预测TAE治疗ANVUGIB后30天内再出血。     

直肠上动脉介入栓塞术治疗Ⅱ～Ⅳ度内痔的可行性及安全性分析

目的探讨直肠上动脉栓塞术治疗中、重度内痔的可行性及安全性。方法对本协作组2014年7月至2016年12月收治并行直肠上动脉栓塞术治疗的26例Ⅱ~Ⅳ度内痔患者的治疗效果进行分析,患者依据Goligher痔分度为Ⅱ度8例、Ⅲ度14例、Ⅳ度4例,治疗方案采用弹簧圈栓塞2例、聚乙烯醇微粒6例、明胶海绵颗粒2例、无水乙醇5例、白芨胶加明胶海绵颗粒11例。结果操作成功率100%,单侧单支栓塞6例、双侧单支栓塞17例、单侧双支栓塞3例,平均手术时间(39.05±14.20)min,术后平均住院天数(2.90±1.50)d。所有患者术后鲜红色出血症状减轻或消失,未出现异位栓塞及肠管缺血坏死、穿孔等情况,所有患者内痔降度明显。结论直肠上动脉栓塞术治疗以出血为主的Ⅱ～Ⅳ度内痔有良好的疗效,手术创伤小、患者痛苦小,适用患者较广,是一种值得推荐的微创治疗方式。     

遗传性蛋白C缺陷症合并上消化道大出血1例报告并文献复习

背景与目的 遗传性蛋白C缺陷症（HPCD）即常染色体显性遗传性易栓症，分为纯合子型和杂合子型。HPCD临床极为罕见，当发生门静脉栓塞，导致门静脉海绵样变（CTPV）和食管胃底静脉曲张形成，出现急性上消化道出血（AUGH）并发症常危及生命。本文回顾性总结1例杂合子型HPCD在内镜下成功止血的临床资料，并结合相关文献报道对本病例特点进行总结，以期加深对该病的认识，重视该病的并发症。方法 回顾性分析中南大学湘雅医院消化内科收治的1例杂合子型HPCD患者行内镜下止血治疗的临床资料，并结合国内外文献对该病的CTPV、临床特点、并发症、治疗方法及预后进行分析总结。结果 患者为37岁男性，既往基因检测确诊杂合子型HPCD。因食管胃底静脉曲张破裂大出血入院，属于再次发生AUGH。胃镜检查发现胃底静脉曲张破裂出血，并在内镜下成功止血。术后调整患者抗凝方案为（华法林2.5 mg口服，1次/d；3.75 mg口服，1次/d，交替服用），维持国际标准化比值（INR）在2左右，随访5个月，患者未发生血栓栓塞及出血不良事件。结论 杂合子型HPCD是一种罕见疾病，其临床表现多样；一旦确诊门静脉血栓形成引起CTPV可以导致食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血；尽可能创造条件进行安全有效内镜下止血治疗，可提高抢救成功率。     

微创经皮肾镜取石术大出血原因分析及处理

目的分析微创经皮肾镜取石术（MPCNL）术后大出血原因,总结超选择性肾动脉栓塞治疗的经验和疗效,提高经皮肾镜术后出血的处理水平。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2011年4月MPCNL术中、术后出血〉600ml的10例患者的临床资料。男4例,女6例;年龄48~71岁,平均42岁;2例为输尿管上段结石,8例为肾脏结石。结果术中明显出血2例患者中,1例压迫止血无效,大出血转行开放手术,缝扎造瘘口2针止血,另1例放置造瘘管压迫止血,改行二期MPCNL。术后出血8例,3例经夹闭造瘘管、卧床休息、使用止血药后出血停止;5例迟发性出血经超选择性肾动脉栓塞出血血管,出血停止。随访发现患肾功能均恢复正常。结论大出血是MPCNL的一种严重并发症,动脉造影和超选择性动脉栓塞是安全可靠的止血方法。     

男性直肠癌切除术后性功能障碍分析

对25例男性直肠癌切除后性功能进行调查。平均年龄为42．5岁，Miles手术18例，性欲减退8例（44．4％），勃起障碍11例（61.1％），射精障碍13例（72．2％）。Dixon手术7例，性欲减退1例（14.3％），勃起障碍1例（14.3％），射精障碍2例（28．6％）。认为手术损伤盆腔神经是造成术后病人性功能障碍的直接和主要因素。防治关键在于术中完整地保护植物神经，注意剥离层次和切除范围。     

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198 2年 ,英国学者Ｈｅａｌｄ首次提出直肠癌全直肠系膜切除 (ｔｏｔａｌｍｅｓｏｒｅｃｔａｌｅｘｃｉｓｉｏｎ ,ＴＭＥ)的概念 ,虽然据作者称通过应用该项技术可使直肠癌手术后局部复发率从传统的12 %～ 2 0 %降至 4 %左右[1] ,但是由于许多学者对可观的疗效以及报道中病例的选择存有怀疑 ,在此后近 10年的时间内没有引起人们广泛的重视 ,直至 1992年愈来愈多的证据表明采用ＴＭＥ技术确实可以有效的降低直肠癌术后局部复发率 ,减少采用传统手术方式经常引起的盆腔植物神经的损伤 ,该项技术才开始真正引起人们的广泛兴趣和重视 ,并被广泛…     

Laparoscopic rectal surgery: rectal cancer, pelvic pouch surgery, and rectal prolapse

With the increasing popularity of minimally invasive approaches to surgery, laparoscopic techniques are being applied increasingly to more complex procedures. Surgeons who are interested in gaining skill and confidence with the techniques of rectal mobilization and resection initially should consider attempting procedures for benign disease. Patients who have rectal prolapse, who often have wide, accommodating pelvic anatomy, are the logical choice with whom to begin the laparoscopic rectal experience. Laparoscopic restorative proctocolectomy is more technically challenging. Laparoscopic proctectomy for rectal cancer probably should remain in the hands of well-trained, high-volume, experienced surgeons who have built a dedicated team for treatment of these patients, and who track their outcomes prospectively.     

Early rectal stenosis following stapled rectal mucosectomy for hemorrhoids

Background  

Within the last years, stapled rectal mucosectomy (SRM) has become a widely accepted procedure for second and third degree hemorrhoids. One of the delayed complications is a stenosis of the lower rectum. In order to evaluate the specific problem of rectal stenosis following SRM we reviewed our data with special respect to potential predictive factors or stenotic events.     

Laparoscopic rectal surgery for middle and lower rectal cancer

Background  

The usefulness of laparoscopic low anterior resection for middle and lower rectal cancer remains controversial.     

Effect of rectal distension on rectal electromechanical activity.

The rectum possesses electric activity in the form of pacesetter potentials (PPs) and action potentials (APs). The latter are associated with rectal pressure elevation and share in the rectal motile activity. A recent study has shown that electric waves are transmitted by the longitudinal but not the circular rectal muscle fibers. Rectal motile activity under normal physiologic conditions was suggested to be induced by the electric waves, that effect longitudinal muscle contraction, as well as by circular muscle stretch resulting from rectal distension. The current study investigated the effect of rectal overdistension on the rectal electromechanical activity aiming at assessing the effect of stool accumulation in the rectum on rectal motile activity. Under general anesthesia, the abdomen of 16 mongrel dogs was opened, the rectum exposed, and 3 electrodes were sutured to the rectal serosa. The rectal pressure was measured by a 10-F catheter connected to a pressure transducer. Rectal distension was achieved by a balloon inflated with carbon dioxide (CO2). Simultaneous recording of the electric activity and rectal pressure was performed during rectal inflation in increments of 10 mL CO2. There was significant increase of rectal pressure as well as of frequency, amplitude, and conduction velocity of PPs and APs on rectal distension. The more the rectal balloon was distended, the more was the increase in rectal pressure and waves variables; the increase was maximal just before balloon expulsion at 40 mL distension. Upon rectal overdistension (50 and 60 mL), no PPs or APs were recorded and the rectal pressure was 0; no balloon expulsion occurred. Rectal overdistension (pathologic distension) appears to abort the electromechanical activity of the rectum and lead to failure of the rectum to expel the balloon. This effect is suggested to be due to overstretch of rectal musculature with a resulting loss of the rectal electric waves and noncontraction of the muscle fibers. These findings appear to explain the cause of rectal atony, which occurs in rectal inertia and leads to constipation.     

Recurrent rectal carcinoma after anterior resection and rectal stapling

Nine local recurrences have been diagnosed in 38 patients with carcinoma of the rectum operated on with anterior resection using the EEA-stapling instrument. The characteristics of these recurrences have been compared with those of other authors, currently a total of 27 recurrences. The presence of a locally advanced growth with extramural spread, a distal location and a short margin of clearance seems to increase the risk of local recurrence, with often distressing symptoms. It is proposed that even if the EEA-stapler offers technical possibilities for anterior resection in these growths, this operation should be restricted to less advanced tumours.     

Laparoscopic rectal resection with anal sphincter preservation for rectal cancer

Background Total mesorectal excision (TME) is the surgical gold standard treatment for middle and low third rectal carcinoma. Laparoscopy has gradually become accepted for the treatment of colorectal malignancy after a long period of questions regarding its safety. The purposes of this study were to examine prospectively our experience with laparoscopic TME and high rectal resections, to evaluate the surgical outcomes and oncologic adequacy, and to discuss the role of this procedure in the treatment of rectal cancer. Methods Between December 1992 and December 2004, all patients who underwent elective laparoscopic sphincter preserving rectal resection for rectal cancer were enrolled prospectively in this study. Data collection included preoperative, operative, postoperative and oncologic results with long-term follow-up. Results A total of 218 patients were operated on during the study period: 142 patients underwent laparoscopic TME and 76 patients underwent anterior resection. Of the TME patients, 122 patients were operated using the double-stapling technique, and 20 patients underwent colo-anal anastomosis with hand-sewn sutures. Mean operative time was 138 min (range, 107–205), and mean blood loss was 120 ml (range, 30–350). Conversion to open surgery occurred in 26 cases (12%). Mortality rate during the first 30 days was 1%. Anastomotic leaks were observed in 10.5% of the patients. Of these, 61.9% needed reoperation and diverting stoma, and the rest were treated conservatively. Three patients had postoperative bleeding requiring relaparoscopy. Other minor complications (infection and urinary retention) occurred in 9.1% of patients. Mean ambulation time and mean hospital stay were 1.6 days (range, 1–5) and 6.4 days (range, 3–28) , respectively. Patients were followed for a mean period of 57 months. No port site metastases were observed during follow-up. The recurrence rate was 6.8 %. Overall survival rate was 67% after 5 years and 53.5% after 10 years. Conclusion Laparoscopic anterior resection and TME with anal sphincter preservation for rectal cancer is feasible and safe. The short- and long-term outcomes reported in this series are comparable with those of conventional surgery.