亚低温对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后MMP-9表达和细胞凋亡的影响

目的 通过研究亚低温对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)表达和细胞凋亡的影响,探讨亚低温脑保护的可能机制.方法 将雄性SD大鼠39只分为假手术组、常温缺血组和缺血期亚低温组.制作大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)模型,缺血2h再灌注48h,HE染色观察各组大鼠脑组织形态学改变;采用TTC染色法观察梗死体积;TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡;免疫组化法检测MMP-9表达.结果 亚低温减轻脑缺血组织病理学损伤,明显缩小脑梗死体积(P<0.05).常温下缺血侧脑组织可见大量TUNEL阳性细胞和MMP-9免疫阳性细胞,主要位于皮质缺血半暗带区.亚低温减少脑缺血后TUNEL阳性细胞数目(P<0.05),明显下调MMP-9蛋白表达(P<0.05).结论 亚低温可能通过下调脑缺血再灌注后MMP-9表达,抑制细胞凋亡,从而发挥确实的脑保护作用.     

亚低温对脑缺血大鼠脑组织低氧诱导因子1α表达的影响及其脑保护的机制

目的研究亚低温对脑缺血大鼠脑组织低氧诱导因子1α(HIF-1α)表达的影响及其脑保护的机制。方法 56只大鼠随机分为正常对照组、假手术组、脑缺血组和亚低温治疗组(亚低温组),后两组大鼠又分为缺血3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、72 h、7 d亚组。用线栓法制作大鼠局灶脑缺血模型。亚低温组于缺血后30min实施脑部亚低温(32～33℃)并持续4 h。在相应时间点进行神经功能缺损评分,脑组织HE染色观察其病理变化,用免疫组化染色检测脑组织HIF-1α的表达;末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记(TUNEL)技术检测脑组织凋亡细胞。结果脑缺血大鼠脑组织HIF-1α的表达比正常对照组显著增高(均P<0.05),至缺血24 h达高峰;亚低温组各亚组与脑缺血组的差异无统计学意义。亚低温组各亚组凋亡细胞数明显少于脑缺血组(均P<0.05)。亚低温组各亚组神经功能缺损评分均明显低于脑缺血组(均P<0.05)。结论脑缺血后脑组织HIF-1α表达上调;亚低温对其无明显影响。亚低温能明显减轻脑缺血所致的细胞调亡以及神经功能缺损程度。     

亚低温对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑皮质神经元凋亡及存活素、脑源性神经营养因子表达的影响

目的观察亚低温干预对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑皮质神经元凋亡及存活累(Survivin)、脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)表达的影响,探讨Survivin、BDNF在亚低温脑保护机制中的作用。方法采用线栓法制备成年雄性SD大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)局灶性脑缺血再灌注改良模型,将90只大鼠随机分为假手术组、常温缺血组和亚低温缺血组,缺血组分别于缺血3h再灌注3h、6h、12h、24h、48h、72h、7d处死,亚低温缺血组于缺血后10min实施全身亚低温持续3h。进行TUNEL染色及免疫组化染色,检测梗死灶周围皮质神经元凋亡数量和Sur-vivin、BDNF的表达水平。结果 (1)亚低温缺血组和常温缺血组于再灌注6h皮质区均出现TUNEL染色阳性细胞,72h达高峰,随后逐渐减少,两组内相邻时间点比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);在相同时间点亚低温缺血组凋亡细胞数明显少于常温缺血组,两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)亚低温缺血组于再灌注3hSurvivin、BDNF表达有所增加,BDNF于24h达高峰,Survivin于48h达高峰,随后表达逐渐降低,但7d时仍高于假手术组,常温缺血组表达趋势与之相似,两组各时间点Survivin、BDNF表达均高于假手术组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);除再灌注3h Survivin表达在亚低温缺血组与常温缺血组间无明显差异外,其余各时间点亚低温缺血组Sur-vivin、BDNF表达均高于常温缺血组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论亚低温干预可抑制梗死灶周围脑皮质神经细胞凋亡,促进存活素及脑源性神经营养因子的表达,发挥脑保护作用。     

病变侧亚低温对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后神经元存活的影响

目的 通过检测Survivin及NF-κB蛋白的表达,探讨亚低温对局灶性脑缺血再灌注后神经元存活的影响.方法 用线拴法制作大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞（MCAO）局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型,将164只SD大鼠随机分成假手术组、常温缺血组和亚低温缺血组,缺血组分别缺血2h、3h、6h、8h再灌注4h、24h、72h、1周、2周后处死,亚低温组于缺血后13～14 min实施病灶侧亚低温持续4h.免疫组织化学法检测Survivin、NF-κB蛋白的表达.结果 相同缺血再灌注时间点,亚低温组比常温组缺血侧Survivin表达水平显著增高（P＜0.05）,NF-κB P65核内移明显降低（P＜0.01）.结论 病灶侧亚低温通过促进缺血半暗带脑组织Survivin表达,抑制NF-κB的核内移,从而抑制神经元凋亡,促进脑缺血后神经功能恢复.     

炎性介质阻断剂对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后神经功能缺损、细胞凋亡及半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3表达的影响

目的探讨炎性介质阻断剂AG490对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后神经功能缺损、细胞凋亡及半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(caspase-3)表达的影响。方法雄性SD大鼠被随机分为假手术组、缺血再灌注组、生理盐水组、AG490组;采用大脑中动脉线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型;AG490组于脑缺血即刻及再灌注后12 h分别腹腔注射AG490 1 mg/kg。再灌注24 h后对各组大鼠进行神经功能缺损评分;利用原位缺口末端标记法(TUNEL法)检测神经细胞凋亡数;应用Western Blot法检测各组脑组织磷酸化酪氨酸蛋白激酶(P-JAK2)、磷酸化信号转导和转录激活因子(P-STAT3)、caspase-3表达。结果与缺血再灌注组及生理盐水组比较,AG490组大鼠神经功能缺损评分明显减低(均P<0.05);凋亡细胞数及P-JAK2、P-STAT3、caspase-3表达明显减少(均P<0.01)。结论AG490可阻断JAK2/STAT3细胞因子信号转导通路,有效抑制caspase-3表达,减轻缺血灌注损伤后神经细胞凋亡,改善神经功能缺损症状。     

尤瑞克林对糖尿病大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-12表达的影响

目的探讨尤瑞克林(urokallikrein)对糖尿病大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-12(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-12,caspase-12)表达的影响及其对糖尿病合并急性脑缺血再灌注损伤神经细胞的保护机制。方法将82只雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(10只)、缺血组(36只)和尤瑞克林组(36只)。以无菌链脲佐菌素(STZ)腹腔注射制作糖尿病大鼠模型,采用Zea-Longa法制作大脑中动脉闭塞再灌注(MCAO/R)模型,比较各组大鼠脑缺血2h再灌注12、24、48h神经功能评分、缺血半暗带细胞凋亡数目及caspase-12表达的差异。结果与假手术组比较,缺血组和尤瑞克林组大鼠脑缺血再灌注12、24、48h神经功能评分、细胞凋亡数及caspase-12表达水平均升高(均P0.05),而尤瑞克林组神经功能评分、细胞凋亡数及caspase-12表达水平低于缺血组(均P0.05)。结论尤瑞克林对糖尿病大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注后神经细胞凋亡的抑制作用可能通过下调caspase-12表达而实现。     

亚低温对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后热休克蛋白70及胶质纤维酸性蛋白表达的影响

目的观察亚低温对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后热休克蛋白70(HSP70)及胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)表达的影响。方法将雄性Wistar大鼠30只分为假手术组、常温组和亚低温组。制作右侧大脑中动脉阻塞(MCAO)模型,观察缺血2h再灌注48h后各组大鼠脑组织学改变和HSP70及GFAP的表达。结果常温组大鼠脑皮质下神经元严重坏死,亚低温组皮质下神经元坏死严重程度明显较常温组轻,假手术组未见神经元坏死。常温组大鼠脑组织GFAP和HSP70阳性细胞较多,假手术组、亚低温组GFAP和HSP70阳性细胞少于常温组,假手术组偶见HSP70阳性细胞;图像分析显示,常温组大鼠脑组织GFAP、HSP70表达的平均光密度较假手术组和亚低温组明显增高(均P<0.01)。结论亚低温能减轻大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤,降低脑组织HSP70及GFAP蛋白的表达。     

pHGF对脑缺血再灌注大鼠bc1-2、p53表达的影响

目的 探讨促肝细胞生长因子(pHGF)对脑缺血再灌注损伤神经元的抗凋亡作用及机制.方法 36只健康雄性Wistar大鼠,随机分为缺血对照组和pHGF治疗组,再随机分为再灌注6h、12h、24h组3个亚组.采用动脉线栓法建立大鼠脑缺血再灌注模型,于各观察时间点处死大鼠取脑组织制切片,应用TUNEL法和免疫组化法检测神经元凋亡及bc1-2、p53蛋白表达情况.结果 各观察时间点,pHGF治疗组凋亡细胞数及p53蛋白阳性细胞数较缺血对照组明显减少(P＜0.05),pHGF治疗组bcl-2蛋白阳性细胞数较缺血对照组明显增多(P＜0.01).结论 pHGF具有抑制脑缺血再灌注损伤神经元凋亡的作用,其作用机制与调节bc1-2、p53蛋白表达有关.     

依达拉奉对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后细胞凋亡及caspase-3蛋白表达的影响

目的 探讨依达拉奉对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤后神经功能损伤、细胞凋亡及caspasc-3蛋白表达的影响.方法 雄性SD大鼠24只采用随机数字表法分为假手术组、脑缺血再灌注组、生理盐水治疗组、依达拉奉治疗组,每组6只.除假手术组外,其余3组均采用大脑中动脉线栓法制作大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤模型.依达拉奉治疗组于脑缺血开始时及再灌注后12 h分别腹腔注射依达拉奉3 mg/kg,生理盐水治疗组同时间注射等量生理盐水;假手术组同样过程造模,但不插入尼龙线造成缺血.造模后24 h后进行大鼠神经行为学评分;应用免疫组织化学及Western blot检测caspase-3蛋白表达水平的变化;利用原位缺口末端标记法(TUNEL法)研究神经细胞凋亡的变化.结果 与脑缺血再灌注组及生理盐水治疗组相比,依达拉奉治疗组大鼠神经行为学评分明显减少,caspase-3免疫阳性细胞及蛋白表达明显减少,凋亡细胞也减少,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 依达拉奉能有效减轻脑缺血灌注损伤后神经细胞凋亡.改善神经功能缺损症状,推测其机制与抑制caspase-3蛋白表达有关.     

病变侧亚低温对大鼠局脑缺血再灌注后Akt、Survivin表达的影响

目的 通过检测Akt及Survivin蛋白的表达,探讨亚低温对局脑缺血再灌注后神经元存活的影响.方法 用线拴法制作大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞（MCAO）局脑缺血再灌注模型,将44只SD大鼠随机分成假手术组、常温缺血组和亚低温缺血组,缺血组分别缺血2,6 h再灌注4,24,72 h,1周,2周后处死,亚低温组于缺血后13～14 min实施病灶侧亚低温持续4 h.免疫组织化学法检测Akt、Survivin 蛋白的表达.结果 相同缺血再灌注时间点,亚低温组比常温组缺血侧Akt、Survivin、表达水平显著增高（P＜0.05）.结论 病灶侧亚低温通过促进缺血半暗带脑组织Akt、Survivin表达的核内移,从而抑制神经元凋亡,促进脑缺血后神经功能恢复.     

视频脑电图在小儿癫痫诊断中的应用

目的评价视频脑电图(video-EEG)在小儿癫诊断中的应用价值。方法对126例具有发作性症状的患儿进行连续8h的包括清醒、睡眠、诱发试验及必要的认知测验的视频脑电图监测。结果经发作期视频脑电图证实,39例初诊为癫性发作的患儿中14例(35%)为非癫性发作;15例其他症状发作中13例(86%)为非癫性发作。64例样放电患儿中51例(80%)确定发作类型,22例(34%)确定癫类型。视频脑电图可发现短暂轻微的癫发作及样放电引起的一过性认知损伤。结论视频脑电图在排除非癫性发作、确定癫性发作的类型、评价脑电-临床关系方面可提供准确可靠的证据,进一步提高癫的临床诊断水平。     

Storage of lipofuscin in neurons in mucopolysaccharidosis

Summary A histochemical and ultrastructural study was made on the brain of a 23-year-old man with Sanfilippo's syndrome. In accordance with previous reports the cortical nerve cells contained a PAS-positive lipid storage substance. This showed intense autofluorescence in UV-light and was positive with various stains for lipofuscin. The storage material appeared ultrastructurally as inclusion bodies composed of short lamellated membranes, granular material, and vacuoles. In addition, concentrically and transversely lamellated membranous cytoplasmic bodies were observed in the nerve cells. It is concluded that the PAS-positive lipid storage material in the neurons was composed partly of lipofuscin in addition to other lipids presumably glycosphingolipids.Supported by a grant from the Expressen Prenatal Research Foundation     

Role of glutathione in repair of free radical damage in hippocampus in vitro.

Depletion of glutathione (GSH), an intrinsic antioxidant, increases vulnerability to free radical damage in a number of cell systems. This study investigates the role of GSH in limiting electrophysiological damage and/or recovery from free radical exposure in slices of guinea pig hippocampus. Synaptic potentials (PSPs) and population spikes (PSs) were recorded from field CA1. Free radicals were generated from 0.006% peroxide through the Fenton reaction. Analysis of the input-output curves showed that peroxide treatment decreased PSPs and impaired ability of the PSPs to generate PSs as previously reported. Recovery was nearly total within a half hour. Treatment with 5 mM buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) for 2 h depleted hippocampal GSH to 79.2% of control values. The extent of free radical damage was not increased. Recovery, however, was only partial. GSH was further depleted by oxidation with diamide or covalent bonding with dimethyl fumarate (DMF) immediately before and during the peroxide treatment. Neither diamide nor DMF treatment in BSO-incubated tissue enhanced peroxide-induced electrophysiological deficits. Following these treatments, however, tissue showed little recovery from free radical damage. We conclude that glutathione is essential for repair processes in hippocampal neurons exposed to oxidative damage.     

Neuroprotective properties of memantine in different in vitro and in vivo models of excitotoxicity

The pathogenesis of stroke, trauma and chronic degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), has been linked to excitotoxic processes due to inappropriate stimulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R). Attempts to use potent competitive NMDA-R antagonists as neuroprotectants have shown serious side-effects in patients. As an alternative approach, we were interested in the anti-excitotoxic properties of memantine, a well-tolerated low affinity uncompetitive NMDA-R antagonist presently used as an anti-dementia agent. We explored in a series of models of increasing complexity, whether this voltage-dependent channel blocker had neuroprotective properties at clinically relevant concentrations. As expected, memantine protected neurons in organotypic hippocampal slices or dissociated cultures from direct NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. However, low concentrations of memantine were also effective in neuronal (cortical neurons and cerebellar granule cells) stress models dependent on endogenous glutamate stimulation and mitochondrial stress, i.e. exposure to hypoxia, the mitochondrial toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) or a nitric oxide (NO) donor. Furthermore, memantine reduced lethality and brain damage in vivo in a model of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI). Finally, we investigated functional rescue (neuronal capacity to migrate along radial glia) by memantine in cerebellar microexplant cultures exposed to the indirect excitotoxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP). Potent NMDA-R antagonists, such as (+)MK-801, are known to block neuronal migration in microexplant cultures. Interestingly, memantine significantly restored the number of neurons able to migrate out of the stressed microexplants. These findings suggest that inhibition of the NMDA-R by memantine is sufficient to block excitotoxicity, while still allowing some degree of signalling.     

Role of vincristine in the inhibition of angiogenesis in glioblastoma

Objective: Vincristine, a microtubule-destabilizing drug, was found to exhibit anti-angiogenic effects and anti-tumoral activity. However, the precise mechanism by which vincristine inhibits angiogenesis in glioblastomas is not well understood. Our aim was to investigate whether vincristine affects vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in glioblastoma cells and determine whether it is mediated by the downregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α).

Methods: We investigated the expression of HIF-1α in glioblastoma tissues resected from patients and in human glioblastoma cell lines using immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis, and immunocytochemistry. In addition to an MTT assay assessing the effect of vincristine on cell proliferation and viability, the effects of vincristine on VEGF mRNA expression and HIF-1α protein were examined using real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis under 1% O₂ (hypoxia).

Results: HIF-1α was expressed in the majority of glioblastoma tissues and was detected mainly in the nucleus. Strong immunoreactivity for HIF- 1 α was found often in the hypercellular zones. Under hypoxic conditions, HIF-1α protein levels in the glioblastoma cell lines increased, primarily localizing into the nucleus similar to glioblastoma tissues. Exposure of glioblastoma cells to vincristine resulted in enrichment of the G₂-M fraction of the cell cycle, which suggests that vincristine-mediated growth inhibition of glioblastoma is correlated with mitotic inhibition. Using doses lower than those found to reduce the viability and proliferation of cells by 50% (IC₅₀), vincristine decreased both the expression of VEGF mRNA and the level of HIF-1α protein in hypoxic glioblastoma cells. In addition, following exposure to vincristine, the expression of VEGF mRNA was correlated with HIF-1α protein levels.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that the mechanism by which vincristine elicits an anti-angiogenic effect in glioblastomas under hypoxic conditions might be mediated, in part, by HIF-1α inhibition.