胆内瘘:附32例漏诊分析

目的:探讨胆内瘘术前漏诊的原因及减少漏诊的方法。方法:回顾性分析32例胆内瘘漏诊患者的临床资料,平均年龄52.1(25~72)岁,患者分别行B超,T管造影,消化道钡餐,胃镜,胆道镜,ERCP,PTC检查,所有患者均行手术治疗。结果:32例均为术前漏诊者,占同期收治的44例胆内瘘的72.73%。32例均术中确诊。结论:胆内瘘术前漏诊率高,应提高对该病的警惕性;注意寻找该病的特征性表现;尤其当B超发现有胆道积气时,应行进一步检查 如内镜和造影检查,这是提高术前诊断的重要方法。     

核因子-κappaB与肿瘤坏死因子α mRNA在肝细胞癌中的表达及其意义

目的：探讨核因子-κappaB(nuclear factor-κB,NF-κB)与肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-alpha,TNF-α)mRNA在肝细胞癌中表达的意义。 方法：采用化学发光凝胶电泳迁移率(electrophoretic mobility shift assay,EMSA)的方法检测正常肝组织、肝血管瘤、肝癌癌灶及癌旁肝组织NF-κB的活性表达,用逆转录－聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测TNF-α mRNA的表达。结果：正常肝组织、肝血管瘤TNF-α mRNA分别为0.24±0.12和0.21±0.10,显著低于癌旁肝组织和肝癌癌灶的0.36±0.16和0.68±0.21(P<0.05);正常肝组织、肝血管瘤NF-κB未被检测到明显的活性，而癌旁肝组织、肝癌癌灶NF-κB表达与正常肝组织及肝血管瘤组织比较差异具有显著性 (P<0.05)。癌旁肝组织、肝癌癌灶TNF-α mRNA表达与NF-κB的活性呈显著正相关(r=0.773,P<0.05; r=0.838,P<0.05)。 结论：NF-κB信号传导途径异常激活及TNF-α与肝细胞癌的发生发展密切相关。     

Poland 综合征合并乳癌1例

患者女,50岁。1个月前无意中发现左乳有一肿物,约花生米大小,自觉局部有时轻度刺痛,疼痛无规律及周期性,可自行好转,无乳头溢液,当时未在意,未予诊治。1个月来肿物有所增大入院,体查:双乳对称,乳头无畸形,皮肤色泽正常。左乳腺外下象限可扪及一1.5cm×1.0cm肿物,质韧,边界不清,移动度良好,无明显触痛,腋窝未触及肿大的淋巴结。诊断:左乳肿物。行手术治疗,术中冷冻切片报告:乳腺浸润性导管癌,行乳癌根治手术,术中游离乳腺时见腺体下方为肋骨及肋间肌,未见胸大、小肌,锁骨下及腋静脉浅面直接被皮肤及皮下脂肪覆盖。切除全部左侧乳腺和锁骨下及…     

23 COX-2和 HER-2在结直肠癌中的表达及其意义

为研究COX 2和HER 2在结直肠癌中的表达及其临床意义以及两者的相互关系，笔者采用免疫组化法检测123例结直肠腺癌及其中的25例淋巴结转移灶组织、12例远癌肠黏膜组织、15例结直肠腺瘤性息肉组织COX 2和HER 2的表达情况。结果示，COX 2在远癌组织、腺瘤性息肉、腺癌中的高表达率分别为0%，33.3％，81.3％，三者差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）;腺癌中COX 2的高表达与Dukes分期、淋巴结转移和浸润层次有关;HER 2的高表达在腺癌（67.5％）与腺瘤性息肉（80.0%）之间差异无统计学意义，但均高于远癌肠黏膜（33.3%）（P<0.05）;HER 2的胞膜高表达与浸润层次有关;在淋巴结转移灶中COX 2和HER 2具有相关性(χ2=3.949，P<0.05，c=0.3693）。提示 COX 2在正常组织、腺瘤性息肉及腺癌中的表达逐步上调;COX 2可能是结直肠癌发生的早期事件;COX 2的高表达及HER 2胞膜的高表达均与肿瘤侵袭性增高有关。     

部分门静脉动脉化对大鼠肝脏血管铸型变化的影响

目的：探讨用部分门静脉动脉化重建肝血流后对肝脏微血管和组织学的影响。方法：建立大鼠部分门静脉动脉化重建肝脏血流的实验模型，观察该模型大鼠肝脏微血管和组织学的变化。结果：行门静脉动脉化手术后1个月动物肝脏组织未见明显异常。血管铸型标本显示肝窦略变粗，较正常充盈，肝窦无明显变形，仍呈放射状分布于中央静脉的周围。墨汁灌注标本显示肝窦内墨汁灌注规整，略显增宽，颜色均匀并加深。结论：部分门静脉动脉化后在近期内不影响肝脏的微血管及组织学结构。     

急性重症胆管炎168例临床分析

目的:探讨急性重症胆管炎（ACST）的早期诊断指标和手术时机的选择。方法:回顾性分析168例ACST临床资料。结果:所有患者均有胆道病史，有典型Charcot三联征者93例，有精神症状者37例，收缩压<90 mmHg或脉搏>120次/min者89例，体温>39 ℃者76例，上腹部腹膜炎体征114例。白细胞>20×109/L84例。手术治疗157例中痊愈135例，带T管出院16例，手术组死亡6例，死因为肝肾综合征1例，肝昏迷1例，ARDS 1例，多器官功能衰竭（MOF） 3例。非手术治疗11例全部死亡。结论:ACST的早期诊断，把握好手术时机，采用适当的手术方法早期手术，是降低病死率的有效方法。     

能稳定表达外源抑癌基因PTEN的胆管癌细胞系QBC939的建立

目的：为研究抑癌基因PTEN对胆管癌细胞生物学行为的影响，建立能稳定表达外源PTEN的胆管癌细胞系。方法：将野生型、突变型PTEN质粒和空载体质粒分别转化细菌，提取纯化后，脂质体介导法转染体外培养的胆管癌细胞系QBC939;嘌呤霉素筛选抗性克隆;Western blot 检测标签蛋白HA的表达;RT-PCR， Western blot和免疫细胞化学法分析目的基因PTEN的表达。结果：野生型、突变型PTEN和空载体转染细胞株均获得嘌呤霉素抗性;野生型和突变型PTEN转染细胞株均检测到ＨＡ的表达，而空载体转染细胞株和未转染细胞株均未检测到ＨＡ的表达;野生型及突变型PTEN转染细胞株中目的基因PTEN在mRNA和蛋白质表达水平上均较空载体转染细胞株和未转染细胞株增强。结论：成功构建了分别能稳定表达外源野生型PTEN，突变型PTEN或空载体pBP的胆管癌细胞系。     

严重肝外伤的手术处理：附28例报告

笔者回顾分析近5年来收治的28例严重肝外伤患者的临床资料。 严重肝外伤28例中治愈24例，死亡3例，放弃治疗1例。快速有效复苏、及时诊断、正确选择手术方法，是提高严重肝外伤救治成功的关键。     

成人小肠套叠的临床分析

摘要 回顾性分析35例成人小肠套叠的临床资料。35例患者均有腹痛(100%),31例有早期而频繁的呕吐(88.5%),25例有腹部肿物(71.5%)。引起小肠套叠的原因：良性病变26例（74.3%），恶性病变6例（17.1%）;无原发病变3例（8.6%）。35例均接受手术治疗，痊愈出院。提示成人小肠套叠多有病理因素存在;诊断主要依据其特有的临床表现和CT显像。成人小肠套叠的治疗以手术为主;应根据肠套叠的部位、类型、病因、肠管的病变情况和患者的情况以及术者的临床经验来决定其最佳的外科治疗方案。     

牛磺酸对大鼠小肠缺血再灌注后肝、肾损伤的保护作用

摘要：目的:研究牛磺酸对大鼠小肠I/R后肝、肾损伤的保护作用。方法:雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为3组：假手术对照组（S组）、生理盐水对照组（I/R组）和牛磺酸保护组（T组）。T组术前30min经鼠阴茎背静脉注射2%的牛磺酸200mg/kg。采用肠系膜上动脉根部阻断1h后复流行再灌注的方法制作肠I/R模型。除S组外，其余2组分别于再灌注1.5,3,6,12h抽血测定ALT,AST,BUN及Cr值，评定肝、肾功能。肝、肾切片行HE染色，比较组织病理学差异。用原位末端标记（TUNEL）法测定肝、肾细胞凋亡百分率，评定平均光密度值。结果:I/R组与S组相比，血清ALT,AST,BUN及Cr值均明显升高（P<0.05 ），3h最高，以后开始下降，12h仍高于S组；肝、肾病理损伤I/R组也相应严重，肝、肾细胞TUNEL阳性表达率、平均光密度值明显增加 （P<0.05）。T组与I/R组相比，前者血清ALT,AST,BUN及Cr水平明显减低 (P<0.05)，病理损伤也相应较轻；肝、肾细胞TUNEL阳性表达率、平均光密度值明显减少(P<0.05)。结论:牛磺酸对大鼠小肠I/R后肝、肾损伤具有明显的保护作用。     

滋养动脉结扎对胫骨血供的影响

目的 探讨滋养动脉结扎对胫骨血供的影响。方法 采用放射性核素显像法观察滋养动脉结扎后兔胫骨血供的变化。结果 滋养动脉结扎后当天,胫骨各段的血供均吴不同程度下降（Ｐ〈０．０５）,其中胫骨远段骨干下降幅度最大,近段骨干及近干骺端次之,远干骺端下降最少。术后第４ｄ远段骨干血供较前恢复,近段骨干及近干骺端超过健侧,远干骺端恢复正常。第９ｄ后,除远段骨干外,其余三骨段均恢复正常。这段骨干的缺血状况直至第２４     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Pancreas divisum and the dominant dorsal duct syndrome

Pancreas divisum, the most frequent congenital malformation of the pancreas, results from the absence of embryologic fusion of the dorsal and ventral pancreatic ducts which keep an autonomy of drainage. The dorsal pancreatic duct is dominant and drains the major part of the pancreatic fluid through a non adapted accessory papilla. The high prevalence of pancreas divisum in patients presenting recurrent acute pancreatitis, the presence of obstructive pancreatitis electively located on the dorsal pancreatic duct and the results of the treatments targeted on the accessory papilla are the arguments pleading for the pathogenic character of the pancreas divisum. Currently, the diagnosis of pancreas divisum is based on magnetic resonance imaging. For symptomatic patients (after exclusion of patients with intestinal functional disorders), results of endoscopic sphincterotomy or surgical sphincteroplasty are favourable in 75% of patients with recurrent acute pancreatitis. They are worse in patients with chronic pain. Surgical sphincteroplasty must be discussed in the same manner as the endoscopic treatment for sometimes avoiding multiplication of the procedures.     

Resection of the retroportal pancreatic lamina during a cephalic pancreaticoduodenectomy: first dissection of the superior mesenteric artery

We report a modification of the standard resection of the retroportal pancreatic lamina during pancreaticoduodenectomy. The resection begins with the dissection of the origin of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) above the left renal vein and a step-by-step section of the retroportal pancreatic lamina on the right side of the SMA, then the pancreatic head is retracted to the left and freed from the portal vein, and lastly the neck of the pancreas is transected. This technique allows a total lymph node clearance, secures the dissection of the SMA, and allows safe identification of anatomic variations like a replaced right hepatic artery originating from the SMA.     

Inclusive social networks and inclusive schools for disabled children of migrant families

This research project (carried out between March 2008 and November 2010) aims to investigate the relationship between migrant disabled students and the Italian school system. It was commissioned by the City of Bologna – Department of Education and Anti-discrimination Policies – which aimed to adopt guidelines and tools to facilitate the inclusion of migrant disabled students aged 0–14. The scale of the migratory phenomenon and impact on the education and health systems of the host countries have given rise to new organizational, social and cultural problems; schools and education services play a key role in facilitating the process of inclusion, not only by offering appropriate responses to the cultural transformations, but also by fostering cultural exchange and dialogue among youths and educating them on global coexistence. Schools are the best environments for meeting the needs of families by making them feel welcome; this is confirmed by teachers themselves, who however seek greater support from local services, also in terms of the involvement and participation of migrant families (with the presence of cultural mediators). Here, we focus on: a presentation of the concluding stages of the research, educational commitments and a summary of the research team's draft guidelines aimed at increasing the quality of the processes of inclusion of disabled children of migrant families.     

Colonialisme et handicap : la situation des aveugles dans l’Algérie colonisée

Our article analyses the mode of assistance to the blind in Algeria from the beginning of the 20th century until the Declaration of Independence of the country (1962). If Moslem blinds face discriminatory practices, all the blind – French citizens and subjects – are victims of unequal treatment because they are not entitled to the social measures granted to the blind in mainland France. Nevertheless, during the first decades of the 20th century, many actors travel between mainland France and the Algerian colony and introduce on the Algerian territory innovating practices developed in mainland France (Braille schools for the blind, eye clinics, promotion of manual work). They thus disrupt traditional practices of assistance to the blind, which are intrinsically related to Islam. Moreover, we want to underline the agency of the blind in the context of colonial Algeria, since blind association leaders take part in the colonial policy making of assistance to the blind. From the 1930s, they start to claim the equality of rights of the blind of Algeria with those of mainland France. This research allows to reflect on the construction of the citizenship of the blind in a colonial context.     

A cost-benefit evaluation of using propofol and alfentanil for a short gynecological procedure

It is well established that the immediate recovery after propofol or alfentanil anesthesia is short. Although the drugs themselves are more expensive than older drugs, a potential for saving costs arises. Concerning the benefits in terms of late recovery, less information is available. With vaginal termination of pregnancy (VTP), anesthesia is supposed to be the major cause of sick-leave. Does propofol and alfentanil anesthesia for VTP reduce sick-leave compared with thiopental and nitrous oxide anesthesia, and do the increased costs of the drugs outweigh the reduced costs of sick-leave? Data were obtained from 39 of 40 patients in ASA class I accepted for VTP and allocated to either propofol and alfentanil anesthesia (PA) or thiopental and nitrous oxide anesthesia (TN). A questionnaire was filled in by the patients at home after regaining full fitness. The number of patients with a sick-leave of 2 days or less in the groups was compared statistically with the number of patients with 3 days or more off work. The economic impact from the reported sick-leave was calculated for each study group, using data from national statistics. The figures were compared with the calculated costs of the drugs. The median number of days of sick-leave was 1 in the PA-group and 2 in the TN-group (range 0–3 and 0–5, respectively). Nineteen of the 20 patients in the PA-group and 13 of the 19 patients in the TN-group needed a short sick-leave period of 2 days or less (one-sided test of proportions, P<0.05). At the time of the study each patient was paid 210 SEK/day from the social insurance system and the mean cost of the drugs was 72 and 15 SEK/patient in the PA- and TN-groups, respectively. Using the mean difference in sick-leave between the groups of 0.8 days/patient (rather than the difference in median values of 1), a net gain of 111 SEK/patient was the result of changing from thiopental-nitrous oxide anesthesia to propofol-alfentanil anesthesia. Although the cost of drugs was higher, costs for the social insurance system and for the individuals themselves were reduced by almost 50%, when using the propofol and alfentanil combination, resulting in an overall benefit corresponding to almost twice the increase in the cost of anesthesia.     

Andrology. Origin and development of a special discipline in medicine. Reflection and view in the future

A general survey comments on the problems of andrology as a special medica discipline. A retrospective and an outlook concerning the different future possibilities of andrology is given. Special emphasis is placed on: examination of the ejaculate, morphology of the testicles, andrological training and further education; in the discussion of the future prospects special consideration is given to the responsibility of andrologists--also with respect to in-vitro-fertilization--and the significance of andrology for the inhabitants of the Third World.     

新型同种异体猪全胰十二指肠移植模型的建立与评价

目的 建立一种符合生理、稳定的猪全胰十二指肠移植模型。方法 采用手术切除受体胰腺，制造Ⅰ型糖尿病模型。移植物的门静脉与受体门静脉或肠系膜前静脉吻合；移植物的腹主动脉下段与受体腹主动脉下段吻合；十二指肠与受体空肠吻合。结果 16例动物移植后效果满意，胰腺功能良好。同时，猪的免疫和胰腺解剖与人极为相似。结论 在胰腺移植的研究中，猪全胰十二指肠移植是较理想的动物模型。