病灶清除一期植骨内固定治疗脊柱结核

目的探讨脊柱结核病灶清除手术后内固定方式的选择。方法对35例脊柱结核患者采用3种不同术式：16例前路病灶清除、植骨,一期前路钢板或钉棒内固定;14例前路病灶清除、植骨,一期后路经弓根钉棒内固定;5例前路病灶清除、植骨,一期前路钢板、后路钉棒联合内固定。结果35例均获随访,时间18-24个月。X线显示病灶静止,植骨融合,内固定无松动断裂,后凸畸型改善,其中合并脊髓损害15例,按Frankel分级,C级3例、D级12例术后全部恢复到E级。结论病灶清除一期植骨内固定有利于重建脊柱稳定性,纠正和预防脊柱后凸畸形,可避免或减少结核复发。     

一期前后联合入路治疗胸腰段脊柱结核

目的回顾性分析一期后路椎弓根螺钉内固定和前路病灶清除植骨融合术治疗胸腰椎脊柱结核的临床疗效。方法 2004年12月～2010年8月,采用一期后路椎弓根螺钉系统内固定和前路病灶清除、神经减压、自体骨椎间植骨治疗胸腰段脊柱结核患者27例,2个椎体16例,3个椎体8例,4个椎体2例,5个椎体1例。分析术前与术后脊髓神经功能Frankel分级情况以及脊柱融合情况。结果所有患者术后随访9个月～3年,平均16.5个月。脊柱后凸畸形由术前平均46.3°改善到术后平均14.3°(P<0.05)。术后所有病例神经功能均获得改善。结论经后路椎弓根螺钉内固定和前路病灶清除植骨融合术治疗脊柱结核能彻底清除结核病灶,矫正脊柱后凸畸形,促进脊髓及神经功能恢复。     

一期后路病灶清除内固定椎体间植骨治疗脊柱结核

目的探讨一期后路病灶清除内固定椎体间植骨融合术治疗脊柱结核的临床效果。方法 2006年7月~2013年9月,对36例胸腰段脊柱结核患者均采用一期后路病灶清除内固定椎体间植骨融合术治疗。后路内固定采用椎弓根螺钉系统,病灶清除后采用结构性支撑,自体大块髂骨植骨9例,椎间融合器椎间植骨并自体髂骨骨粒植骨27例。结果平均随访22个月,所有病例植骨均骨性融合,内固定无松动、断裂,3例有神经功能障碍者恢复良好。结论脊柱结核手术治疗中,后路病灶清除内固定是安全有效的。后路植骨融合率高,是一种较好的手术方式。     

一期后路内固定并前路病灶清除植骨融合治疗胸腰椎结核

目的探讨采用一期后路椎弓根钉棒系统内固定并前路病灶清除植骨融合术治疗胸腰椎结核的临床疗效。方法回顾分析2005年1月～2008年12月收治的31例胸腰椎结核患者,先经后路行病变节段脊柱椎弓根钉棒系统内固定术,再经前路行病灶清除整块自体髂骨植骨融合术。结果全部病例术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。除4例失访外,27例获得1～4年随访,平均2.1年。除复发病例2例外,其余病例椎体间植骨全部达到骨性融合,平均融合时间为6个月,治愈率达92.6%（25/27）。脊柱后凸畸形平均矫正21.3°,随访期内无明显丢失。7例有神经功能损害的患者均有一定程度恢复,平均恢复1.3级。结论本术式是目前治疗胸腰椎结核一种较好的手术方式,具有如下优势：内固定物不在病灶内,安全性更高,大大降低了复发的可能性;后路内固定可使病变节段获得即刻稳定,还可以有效纠正后凸畸形和防止后凸畸形加重;满足了脊柱的生物力学要求,可提高植骨融合率;同时具备前路手术病灶显露良好易于处理的优点。     

前后路内固定手术治疗胸腰段脊柱结核的对比研究

目的探讨胸腰段脊柱结核理想的手术治疗方案。方法回顾总结2000年1月~2005年6月期间行病灶清除植骨融合内固定术的胸腰段脊柱结核患者51例。所有病例分为:A组(24例)一期前路病灶清除植骨融合钉-板(棒)矫形内固定术治疗组,B组(27例)一期后路钉-棒矫形内固定前路病灶清除植骨融合术治疗组;每个组又分为累及单个椎体组(A1,B1)及累及多个椎体组(A2,B2)。分别对比研究A1、B1及A2、B2手术时间、术中出血量、矫形率、神经功能恢复情况、植骨融合时间、并发症等。结果A1组手术时间、术中出血量明显低于B1;B2组矫形率、稳定性及并发症发生率优于A2组。结论胸腰段脊柱结核累及单个椎体时一期前路病灶清除植骨融合钉-板(棒)矫形内固定术是较佳的选择;累及多个椎体尤其脊柱后凸角度偏大时一期后路钉-棒矫形内固定前路病灶清除植骨融合术更为理想。     

一期前路病灶清除植骨后路内固定手术治疗胸腰椎结核

目的探讨一期前后路联合手术治疗胸腰椎结核的临床疗效。方法对16例胸腰椎结核患者采用一期前路病灶清除植骨后路椎弓根钉-棒系统内固定术。结果患者术中均无神经障碍症状加重,切口均一期愈合,无窦道或瘘管形成。术后18个月停用抗结核药物。患者均获随访,时间18～24个月。结核均治愈,无复发;植骨融合均良好。患者神经功能障碍症状明显缓解,Frankel分级:C级3例恢复至E级2例、D级1例,D级5例均恢复至E级,E级8例仍为E级。结论胸腰椎结核患者采用前路病灶清除植骨、后路椎弓根钉-棒系统内固定术,既保证了病灶清除的彻底性、植骨融合内固定的可靠性,同时避免了切口感染造成的不愈合或窦道形成,是治疗胸腰椎结核安全可靠的理想术式。     

一期后路椎弓根钉内固定、侧前路结核病灶清除植骨融合治疗腰椎结核的短期疗效分析

目的 探讨腰椎结核一期后路椎弓根钉内固定、侧前路结核病灶清除、自体髂骨植骨融合的手术方法及短期效果.方法回顾性分析31例腰椎结核于抗结核治疗后,采用一期后路椎弓根钉内固定、侧前路结核病灶清除、自体髂骨植骨融合术.结果获3～10个月,平均6个月的随访.末次随访Frankel脊髓分级均为E级.结论经一期后路椎弓根钉内固定、...     

一期手术经后路病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗胸椎结核

目的探讨一期手术经后路结核病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗胸椎结核的效果。方法 12例胸椎结核患者均采用一期经后路病灶清除、前后路植骨融合和后路钉棒系统内固定术。术后定期复查X线片了解Cobb角变化和椎间植骨融合情况,采用ASIA分级评定术后脊髓功能恢复情况。结果术中无大血管或脊髓损伤。患者均获随访,时间16～38个月。结核症状均消失无复发,无切口感染、窦道形成或内固定失败等并发症发生;复查血沉均正常。术后4～8个月X线片提示椎间植骨均融合,后路植骨融合时间6～9个月,内固定在位。末次随访Cobb角为18°～36°。脊髓功能ASIA分级:B级5例中有2例恢复至C级、3例无恢复,C级5例均恢复至D级,D级2例均恢复至E级。结论一期经后路清除胸椎结核病灶彻底,椎管减压可靠,行自体或同种异体骨植骨钉棒系统内固定可有效重建胸段脊柱的稳定性,矫形效果显著。     

一期前路病灶清除植骨内固定治疗胸腰椎结核临床观察

[目的] 探讨经前路病灶清除植骨一期前路/后路内固定术治疗胸腰椎结核的临床疗效.[方法] 对24例胸腰椎结核患者,经3～4周正规抗结核治疗,行前路病灶清除、椎间大块自体髂骨/肋骨植骨、一期前路/后路内固定术,术后继续抗结核治疗18～24个月.[结果] 1例脊柱结核复发(3%).23例植骨融合,植骨融合率为96.9%,植骨愈合时间 4～8个月(平均6个月).无窦道形成.脊柱后凸畸形平均矫正80%.[结论] 经前路病灶清除植骨一期前路/后路内固定术治疗胸腰椎结核能彻底清除结核病灶,对脊髓及神经根进行彻底减压,促进脊髓及神经功能恢复,矫正脊柱后凸畸形,同时一期建立和恢复脊柱的连续性和稳定性,促进脊柱植骨融合,提高脊柱结核的治愈率.     

前后入路一期病灶清除植骨融合内固定治疗胸腰椎脊柱结核

目的探讨胸腰椎脊柱结核通过前后手术入路行病灶清除一期椎间植骨融合、内固定的治疗疗效。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2011年1月,采用前后路手术入路行病灶清除一期椎间自体髂骨植骨融合、内固定的手术方式治疗胸腰椎脊柱结核患者32例。术前正规抗结核治疗3～5周,其中术中彻底清除病灶组织,对骨质破坏缺损采用自体髂骨植骨同时行前路钉板或钉棒系统内固定21例。采用前路病灶清除自体髂骨植骨后路椎弓内固定系统内固定11例。术后卧床6～8周,继续正规抗结核治疗9～18个月。结果本组32例患者均获得随访,随访时间6～24个月,1例患者出现切口不愈合,其他患者手术切口均一期愈合。术后摄X线片提示植骨及内固定位置良好,Cobb′s角平均14.30°。均获骨性融合,融合时间4～7个月。无内固定松动、脱落、断裂,愈合后Cobb′s角平均15.2°,无明显矫正角度丢失。术前、术后后凸角度的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),脊髓功能恢复良好。其中合并神经损害20例,按Frankel分级,C级3例中有1例恢复至D级,1例恢复至E级,1例分级无明显变化,D级17例中有12例恢复至E级,5例分级无明显变化。无复发病例。结论前后手术入路病灶清除一期植骨融合、内固定治疗胸腰椎脊柱结核,椎体前方病灶清除、椎管减压彻底,植骨量大,结合有效内固定避免植骨块松动、脱出,植骨融合率高并有效矫正脊柱后凸畸形。     

Perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality after above-knee and below-knee amputations in diabetics and nondiabetics

We performed a retrospective review of a vascular surgery quality assurance database to evaluate the perioperative and long-term morbidity and mortality of above-knee amputations (AKA, n = 234) and below-knee amputations (BKA, n = 720) and to examine the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) (181 of AKA and 606 of BKA patients). All patients in the database who had AKA or BKA from 1990 to May 2001 were included in the study. Perioperative 30-day cardiac morbidity and mortality and 3-yr and 10-yr mortality after AKA or BKA were assessed. The effect of DM on 30-day cardiac outcome was assessed by multivariate logistic regression and the effect on long-term survival was assessed by Cox regression analysis. The perioperative cardiac event rate (cardiac death or nonfatal myocardial infarction) was at least 6.8% after AKA and at most 3.6% after BKA. Median survival was significantly less after AKA (20 mo) than BKA (52 mo) (P < 0.001). DM was not a significant predictor of perioperative 30-day mortality (odds ratio, 0.76 [0.39-1.49]; P = 0.43) or 3-yr survival (Hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.86-1.24]; P = 0.72) but predicted 10-yr mortality (Hazard ratio, 1.34 [1.04-1.73]; P = 0.026). Significant predictors of the 30-day perioperative mortality were the site of amputation (odds ratio, 4.35 [2.56-7.14]; P < 0.001) and history of renal insufficiency (odds ratio, 2.15 [1.13-4.08]; P = 0.019). AKA should be triaged as a high-risk surgery while BKA is an intermediate-risk surgery. Long-term survival after AKA or BKA is poor, regardless of the presence of DM.     

Body composition assessment and methodology in nonathletic and athletic adolescent and adult males and females

The purpose of this review is to outline methodology for assessing body composition utilizing anthropometric and densitometric techniques. The objective of body composition assessment is to measure body fat and lean body mass. The quantity of these components varies due to growth, physical activity, dietary regimens, and aging. Anthropometric techniques incorporate selected skinfolds, circumferences, skeletal widths, or other variables to estimate body composition within k2.0-4.0%. These techniques are adequate for field testing of groups or individuals, but are population specific. Densitometry measures body volume irrespective of physique, sex, or age. This laboratory technique estimates body composition within 1.0-2.0%, is more difficult to administer, but is not population specific. Some limitation exists with any present technique due to biological variability and incomplete research of reference body composition in children, females, and the aged. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5(6):336-347.     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting and opioid-induced nausea and vomiting: guidelines for prevention and treatment

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) causes patient discomfort, lowers patient satisfaction, and increases care requirements. Opioid-induced nausea and vomiting (OINV) may also occur if opioids are used to treat postoperative pain. These guidelines aim to provide recommendations for the prevention and treatment of both problems. A working group was established in accordance with the charter of the Sociedad Espa?ola de Anestesiología y Reanimación. The group undertook the critical appraisal of articles relevant to the management of PONV and OINV in adults and children early and late in the perioperative period. Discussions led to recommendations, summarized as follows: 1) Risk for PONV should be assessed in all patients undergoing surgery; 2 easy-to-use scales are useful for risk assessment: the Apfel scale for adults and the Eberhart scale for children. 2) Measures to reduce baseline risk should be used for adults at moderate or high risk and all children. 3) Pharmacologic prophylaxis with 1 drug is useful for patients at low risk (Apfel or Eberhart 1) who are to receive general anesthesia; patients with higher levels of risk should receive prophylaxis with 2 or more drugs and baseline risk should be reduced (multimodal approach). 4) Dexamethasone, droperidol, and ondansetron (or other setrons) have similar levels of efficacy; drug choice should be made based on individual patient factors. 5) The drug prescribed for treating PONV should preferably be different from the one used for prophylaxis; ondansetron is the most effective drug for treating PONV. 6) Risk for PONV should be assessed before discharge after outpatient surgery or on the ward for hospitalized patients; there is no evidence that late preventive strategies are effective. 7) The drug of choice for preventing OINV is droperidol.