Delphi法在老年医疗护理员核心能力评价量表中的应用分析

目的：应用德菲尔法初步编制老年医疗护理员核心能力评价量表，为老年医疗护理员人才培养和评价提供简单、易行、科学的量化工具。方法：结合文献查阅、半结构式访谈和小组讨论等方法，以胜任力理论及冰山模型为理论基础，初步构建老年医疗护理员核心评价量表的框架和初始条目池；共纳入27名专家，采用Delphi法进行两轮专家函询，根据各级指标的重要性分级均数、肯德尔协调系数(Kendall’s W)、变异系数(CV)和专家文字意见筛选和修改各指标形成初步量表。结果：本研究，最终形成的量表涉及知识、技能、素质3个一级指标，13个二级指标，65个三级指标。总体Cr值为0.937；三级指标Kendall’s W为0.368，差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论：初步编制的老年医疗护理员核心能力评价量表具有较高的科研与实用价值，为进一步验证及应用奠定了基础。     

重症肌无力患者PRO量表的研制和条目筛选

[目的]研制具有良好信度、效度、反应度并适用于中西医临床疗效评价的重症肌无力PRO量表(MG-PRO).[方法]遵照国际通用量表研制的程序化方法,定义量表,建立量表的框架结构.议题小组建立条目池,并通过文化适应、语言测试等工作,得到舍有78个条目的预调查量表.临床调查共收集200例样本(100例健康人、100例重症肌无力患者),使用专家评价、离散度分析、因子分析、逐步回归分析和内部一致性分析等方法对预调查量表进行条目筛选.[结果]筛选条目后,结合专家意见,调整量表的框架结构,得到MG-PRO正式量表.该正式量表共包含52个条目,分为生理、社会、心理、治疗4个领域及8个方面.[结论]MG-PRO量表反映了世界卫生组织(WHO)关于生存质量的内涵和重症肌无力患者的特殊问题,可行性高,初步认为该量表适合评价重症肌无力患者.     

中医肝病临床疗效评价量表的研制

目的在中医基础理论的指导下研制一套适用于中医肝病疗效评价的量表,完善中医肝病疗效评价标准体系。方法按照国际通用量表研制的程序化方法,在中医基础理论指导下,结合患者报告结局指标（patient－reported outcomes, PRO）概念内涵,建立中医肝病临床疗效评价量表的理论模型。设立研究小组,通过建立条目池、编制初选量表、语言调试、临床预调查等形成临床初步调查表。根据研究设计,共发出200份调查表,回收有效量表198份,对调查结果进行系统分析以进一步筛选条目。结果应用专家重要性评分法、离散趋势法（变异系数法）、逐步回归分析法、判别分析法、克朗巴赫系数法、主成分分析法与因子分析法等统计分析方法,对不同分析结果选中的条目进行综合考虑,最后形成了二维结构（主观部分条目17条、客观部分条目13条）的中医肝病临床疗效评价量表。结论基于中医基础理论,按照国际量表通用的程序化方式研制的中医肝病临床疗效评价量表,具有可操作性及可重复性,值得进一步考核并推广至临床应用。     

儿童肺炎病证结合疗效评价量表结构模型建立及条目池产生

目的:探讨构建儿童肺炎病证结合疗效评价量表的结构模型及条目池的思路及步骤,为量表的研制及考评奠定前期基础。方法:遵照现代心理测量学量表研制规范以及中医儿科肺炎喘嗽理论,通过文献调研、专家咨询等系列步骤,初步拟定儿童肺炎病证结合疗效评价量表的结构模型及条目池。结果:认为构建的儿童肺炎量表应涵盖CAP症状体征、风热闭肺、痰热闭肺及CAP患儿生活质量这四个领域,初步构建条目19条。结论:该量表将能合理评价儿童社区获得性肺炎患儿的疾病向愈情况。     

乳腺癌内分泌治疗期中医PRO量表初步研制

目的:借用量表测评的方法,探索乳腺癌术后内分泌治疗期中医治疗的PRO评价体系。方法:根据中医基本理论,参考PRO量表概念,提出量表理论模型,形成初始量表,再形成预调查量表,并进行现场调查,然后采用统计方法进行筛选,经可行性考察后形成终选量表,再进行考核和测评。结果:对选取的临床乳腺癌术后内分泌治疗期患者发放量表300份,收回281份,量表完成率为93.6%。用统计学方法进行条目的粗筛选和再筛选,初步形成中医乳腺癌术后内分泌治疗期的PRO量表,共分4个领域8个方面。结论:中医乳腺癌术后内分泌治疗期PRO量表,可初步用于中医治疗乳腺癌的临床疗效评价。     

病证结合模式下中医证候疗效评价量表研制的实践与策略

证候疗效评价量表可为客观评价中医证候疗效提供依据，丰富中医临床疗效评价体系。目前尚缺乏统一、规范的证候疗效评价量表研制方法。借鉴国际量表研制规范及中医量表研究思路，依据中医证候特点，基于已研制的慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期证候疗效评价量表（COPD-STES），初步提出中医证候疗效评价量表研制基本流程及关键技术，包括7个主要环节（成立研究小组、预设量表基本特征、构建理论框架及条目池、筛选条目、初步形成量表、确定条目权重及量表的考核）、3项关键技术（基于关联规则及隐结构分析的数据挖掘技术，基于经典测量理论与项目反应理论的条目筛选方法，基于随机森林法、因子分析法及百分权重法的条目赋权法），可为其他相关研究提供参考。     

寻常型银屑病主症量表条目池筛选的专家问卷调查

【目的】采用专家问卷调查的方法,对能够体现中医药治疗寻常型银屑病疗效的寻常型银屑病主症条目进行筛选,以初步确定中医药治疗寻常型银屑病疗效评价的主症量表条目池。【方法】设计专家问卷,采用Delphi法对全国32名中医界及中西医界皮肤病领域专家进行2轮的专家问卷调查,对问卷反馈的数据进行专家意见集中程度、协调程度、权威程度的统计与评价。【结果】两轮专家的积极系数均为100%,第1轮、第2轮专家的权威系数分别为0.89、0.94,专家的变异系数第2轮比第1轮减小,波动在0.3左右。【结论】专家的意见可信度较高,且对所选的单个条目意见集中程度较高,结果可取,所筛选的14个条目如皮肤干燥、皮损肥厚、瘙痒、口干舌燥、便秘、心烦易怒、身体灼热、皮肤皲裂、咽痛、咽干、小便黄、唇青紫、口苦、月经有血块等可作为主症量表的条目池。     

基于德尔菲法的早发性卵巢功能不全生活质量量表的研制与条目筛选

【目的】基于德尔菲法进行早发性卵巢功能不全生活质量量表的条目筛选,为量表的研制提供依据。【方法】成立量表研制核心小组,构建量表理论框架,在前期文献分析、病历回顾及患者访谈的基础上建立原始条目池。制定专家咨询问卷,遴选专家,运用德尔菲法进行两轮专家咨询,将调查结果进行统计分析,整理专家意见,筛选条目。【结果】遴选得到的15名专家来自9个省或直辖市,具有一定的学科代表性及权威性。两轮德尔菲法各发放15份问卷,专家积极系数均为100%,专家权威系数分别为0.970和0.963,肯德尔和谐系数（Kendall’s W系数）分别为0.236和0.381(P<0.05),最终确定了31个条目（生理领域18个,心理领域8个,社会领域5个）及2个总体评价。【结论】参与德尔菲法的专家权威性、积极性较高,第二轮肯德尔和谐系数较第一轮提高,专家意见趋于一致,结果较可靠。该早发性卵巢功能不全生活质量量表条目筛选的结果可为后续量表的考评与研究提供参考。     

泌尿内科疾病脾肾气虚证量表条目的初步筛选

目的:对泌尿内科疾病脾肾气虚证条目池中的条目进行两轮筛选,初步确定量表的条目。方法:利用文献及病案资料收集、患者专题组访谈、专家咨询等方法收集资料。除离散程度法、相关系数法、主观评价法、因子分析法等常用方法外,新增频数分布法和内部一致性分析法,从集中趋势和内部一致性角度筛选条目。结果:以上6种方法最终选取构成泌尿内科疾病脾肾气虚证量表的14条症状、体征及4条舌脉共18条条目。结论:以往常用的4种方法有助于选择代表性、独立性和区分性较好的条目。频数分布法和内部一致性分析法则从集中趋势和内部一致性角度选择较好的条目,建议与前4种方法结合起来运用于条目筛选。     

基于慢性胃肠疾病患者报告临床结局测量量表条目筛选

目的：研制基于慢性胃肠疾病患者报告临床结局测量量表,筛选和优化条目。方法：通过查阅文献、参考现有量表、访谈患者、核心小组讨论等方法收集测量指标,经过条目优化、问卷形成、预调查等研制基于慢性胃肠疾病患者报告临床结局测量量表,现场调查慢性胃肠疾病患者274例,通过对调查结果进行离散趋势分析、因子分析、逐步回归分析、t检验和克朗巴赫系数法分析等筛选条目。结果：量表的35条条目中删除2条条目,6条需调整后进一步考查,同时还综合临床调查反馈信息对部分条目进行修改。结论：条目的科学筛选为量表调整提供了依据,今后将在更大样本调查基础上进行测试,使之不断完善。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

Acupuncture Combined with Spinal Tui Na for Treatment of Primary Dysmenorrhea in 30 Cases

Objective: To observe the therapeutic effects in acupunture treatment of primary dysmenorrhea combined with spinal Tui Na, and study its mechanism. Methods: Thirty cases of the treatment group were treated by acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na, and thirty cases in the control group were treated by routine acupuncture. Results: The total effective rate was 93.3% in the treatment group, and 73.3% in the control group, with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). Conclusions: Acupuncture combined with spinal Tui Na has good prospects for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.     

Luo Lingjie's Experience in Treating Chronic Nephropathy

In treating chronic nephropathy,Luo Lingjie,a chief physician,pays attention to regulating the balance between yin and yang,treating infection if present,and removing pathogenic factors.He prescribes gentle drugs and uses carefully strongly warming-tonifying ones,emphasizes the importance of persuading the patient to persist in treatment with medication and nurse one's health for recuperation,and is good at combined use of TCM and western medicine therapy and brings the merits of various therapies into full play,with obvious theraoeutic effects.     

Dr.Zhang Ren's Experience in the Acupuncture Treatment of Different Diseases with the Same Therapeutic Principle

Dr.Zhang Ren,the chief physician,is the chairman of Shanghai Acupuncture and Moxibustion Association.Having been engaged in medicine for about 40 years,he is experienced in treating various intractable diseases.In his long years of clinical practice,he advocates taking the TCM differentiation as the basis to seek for the acupuncture method for treatment of modern intractable diseases.The author of this essay had the fortune to follow Dr.Zhang in study.The following is a summary of Dr.Zhang's experience in the acupuncture treatment for different intractable diseases with the same therapeutic principle.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.