静脉吸毒人群3年随访的HIV新发感染率和保持率研究

[目的]了解静脉吸毒人群前瞻性研究队列3年随访的HIV血清抗体阳转率和队列保持率情况。[方法]于2002年11月，在四川省西昌市从社区招募了HIV血清抗体阴性的静脉吸毒人群前瞻性研究队列333人，队列每6个月随访1次并采集血样进行HIV抗体检测，以及分析队列本底的社会人口学和HIV高危行为特征与队列保持率的关系。[结果]静脉吸毒人群研究队列3年随访的HIV新发感染率为2．26／100人年（95％CI：1．08～3．45）和保持率为68.8％（229／333）。在多因素logistic回归模型分析中，与队列保持率的关系有统计学意义的变量为：彝族（OR：0．35；95％CI：0．21-0．59；P〈0．0001）、6个月回访（OR：3．10；95％CI：1．81-5．31；P〈0．0001）和近3个月静脉吸毒频率高（OR：1．79；95％CI：1．00-3．19；P=0．0485）。[结论]本研究结果表明该地区静脉吸毒人群HIV新发感染率较高，彝族和6个月未随访到的静脉吸毒人群队列保持率低。     

直接和间接共用注射器具静脉吸毒方式与HIV感染关系的研究

目的了解四川省凉山彝族自治州地区吸毒人群直接和间接共用注射器具静脉吸毒方式与HIV感染的关系。方法于2004年5月至7月，从社区中招募吸毒人群调查其社会人口学特征、近3个月直接和间接共用注射器具静脉吸毒方式、近6个月性行为情况。采集研究对象的血样进行HIV抗体检测。结果在调查的吸毒人群中HIV感染率为15．1％（68／451），其中静脉吸毒人群HIV感染率为17．8％（66／370）。多因素Logistic分析结果显示，民族（OR为2．40；95％CI为1．39～4．13）、近3个月共用针头和注射器（OR为2．02；95％CI为1．12～3．63）、近3个月共用洗针头或注射器用水（OR，4．00；95％；CI，1．28～12．54）与HIV感染关系有统计学意义。结论四川省凉山彝族自治州吸毒人群HIV感染率高，直接和间接共用注射器具静脉吸毒行为以及高危性行为普遍，应加强对此类行为的干预。     

社区美沙酮维持治疗对海洛因成瘾者吸毒行为影响的初步研究

目的 了解四川省西昌市社区美沙酮维持治疗对海洛因成瘾者吸毒行为的影响情况。方法于2004—05／07，以社区为基础招募海洛因成瘾者，调查其社会人口学、毒品使用及共用注射器具行为特征，了解社区美沙酮维持治疗（MMT）对吸毒行为的影响情况。结果 在调查的海洛因成瘾者中参加过MMT的为30．4％（105／346），参加MMT时间的中位数为49d。在控制社会人口学等因素后，多因素Logistic分析结果显示，MMT与海洛因成瘾者近3个月吸毒行为的关系有统计学意义的变量为：静脉吸毒频率（OR：0．40；95％CI：0．24～0．66）、海洛因口吸频率（OR：3．06；95％CI：1．87～5．00）、海洛因混合其他毒品使用频率（OR：0．43；95％CI：0．26～0．73）、共用针头或注射器（OR：0．03；95％CI：0．01-0．13）、共用洗针头或注射器用水（OR：0．06；95％CI：0．01～0．24）和共用吸毒器皿（OR：0．02；95％CI：0．00～0．18）。结论 研究结果表明我国第一批海洛因成瘾者美沙酮维持治疗试点项目在减少吸毒人群毒品使用和艾滋病相关高危吸毒行为等方面具有明显的效果。     

我国不同地区吸毒人群梅毒感染状况分析

目的了解我国不同地区吸毒者梅毒感染状况,为艾滋病、性病综合防治提供依据。方法采取简单抽样或滚雪球法,在广西南宁、新疆喀什和广东东莞抽取995名吸毒者进行问卷调查并抽血,收集人口学及性行为特征,采用快速血浆反应素试验法检测梅毒抗体。结果广西南宁、新疆喀什和广东东莞吸毒者的梅毒感染率分别为17．5％、10．4％和9．6％。Logistic回归分析结果显示广西南宁吸毒者梅毒感染的主要危险因素为女性（OR8．50;95％CI：2．51～28．78;P=0．001）;新疆喀什吸毒者梅毒感染的主要危险因素为女性（OR7．44;95％CI：1．40～39．57;P〈0．05）、有配偶（OR2．51;95％CI：1．05～6．00;P〈0．05）、低教育程度（OR3．06;95％CI：1．12～8．39;P〈0．05）;广东东莞吸毒者梅毒感染的主要危险因素为女性（OR4．52;95％CI：1．81～11．28;P=0．001）、有配偶（OR3．96;95％CJ：1．71～9．17;P=0．001）、低收入（OR3．12;95％CI：1．41～6．89;P〈0．01）、注射吸毒（OR2．81;95％CI：1．09～7．24;P〈0．05）。结论目前我国艾滋病传播以性传播为主,吸毒人群高危性行为是艾滋病由高危人群向一般人群传播的重要途径。因此,对高危人群实施预防干预措施应具有针对性。     

吸毒严重地区的暗娼HIV和梅毒新发感染及队列保持研究

目的 了解吸毒严重地区暗娼HIV和梅毒新发感染及队列保持情况。方法 2004年12月至2005年1月，在四川省西昌市以社区为基础招募343名暗娼开展前瞻性队列研究，在6个月随访时进行HIV和梅毒血清抗体检测，估算HIV和梅毒血清抗体阳转率，以及分析队列本底的社会人口学和高危行为特征与队列6个月保持率的关系。结果 暗娼队列6个月的HIV和梅毒血清抗体阳转率分别为1．00／100人年和6，23／100人年。队列6个月保持率为53．6％（184／343），在队列保持率影响因素的多因素logistic回归模型分析中，少数民族（OR=0．36，95％CI：0．18～0．74）、参加过艾滋病防治项目（OR：1，83，95％CI：1．17～2．86）、近6个月嫖客人数≥50人（OR=1．75，95％CI：1．11～2．77）和住所或工作场所变化（OR=0．56，95％CI：0．33～0．94）与6个月仍旧能随访的关系有统计学意义。结论 该地区有高的暗娼梅毒新发感染率和高危性行为，汉族、参加过艾滋病防治项目及住所或工作场所稳定的暗娼队列保持率高。     

西昌市吸毒人群HIV感染模式研究

目的：了解四川省西昌市吸毒人群吸毒方式及性行为与HIV感染的关系.方法：采用现况调查对四川省西昌市吸毒人群的社会人口学、共用注射器具静脉吸毒方式、伙伴人数和性行为情况与HIV感染的关系进行调查.同时采集血样进行HIV和梅毒抗体检测.结果：吸毒人群619人中,HIV感染率为8.6%（53/619）,其中静脉吸毒者的HIV感染率为10.1%（33/327）.在单因素分析和控制其他因素分析中,至今共用注射器具静脉吸毒的伙伴总人数与HIV感染差异均有统计学意义.趋势性检验发现随着至今共用注射器具静脉吸毒的伙伴人数的增加,吸毒人群HIV感染率也在增加.在多因素Logistic回归模型分析中,发现与HIV感染差异有统计学意义的变量是共用注射器具静脉吸毒的伙伴总人数（1～3人OR=2.47,95%CI为1.21～5.04;≥4人OR=5.13,95%CI为2.30～11.46）和彝族（OR=3.71,95%CI为2.04～6.75）.结论：吸毒人群共用注射器具静脉吸毒的社会网络大小与HIV感染有关.     

温州市麻疹疫情流行病学调查分析

[目的]调查疫情上升原因。[方法]分析流行病学特征，对危险因素进行病例-对照分析。[结果]2004年～2005年3月8日．温州市市辖区≤14岁人群发病率最高（513／10万）。病例中≤7岁流动儿童占60％，而人群中仅占35％。多元线性回归分析显示，流动人口估计发病率为8．2／万（95％CI：6．0～10），常住人12估计发病率为1．2／万（95％CI：0．0～2．5）。医院暴露OR=9．5（95％CI：5．1～18）；有接触史OR=7．9（95％CI：3．2～20）；疫苗接种率病例组12％，对照组45％，疫苗效力85％（95％CI=69％~93％）。[结论]麻疹接种率低、院内感染的存在、大量的流动人口是造成本次疫情传播主要因素。建议应急接种。控制院内感染。     

西昌市社区女性性工作者梅毒感染及影响因素

目的 了解四川省西昌市社区女性性工作者梅毒感染状况及其影响因素.方法 在西昌市社区中招募女性性工作者404人,调查其社会人口学、高危行为特征,并进行人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)和梅毒抗体检测.结果 调查对象中,近1个月与嫖客发生性行为时从未使用安全套的比例为1.0％;HIV、梅毒、乙肝、丙肝感染率分别为1.5％、12.1％、7.9％、1.2％;多因素logistic回归分析显示,少数民族(OR=3.091,95％ CI=1.506～6.347)、从事性服务工作时间≥4年(OR=3.012,95％ CI=1.447 ～6.266)、兼职(OR=3.856,95％ CI=1.463 ～10.165)是女性性工作者梅毒感染的危险因素.结论 西昌市社区女性性工作者梅毒感染率较高,作为性病传播的桥梁人群,应采取有效措施予以干预.     

四川省吸毒人群艾滋病病毒和梅毒新发感染的队列研究

目的调查四川省某地区静脉吸毒人群艾滋病病毒（HIV）和梅毒血清抗体阳转情况及其危险因素.方法2002年11月在四川省西昌市以社区为基础招募HIV血清抗体阴性的静脉吸毒人群前瞻性研究队列333人,在队列每6个月随访时调查静脉吸毒人群高危吸毒行为和性行为情况,并采集血样进行HIV和梅毒抗体检测.结果队列随访2年,静脉吸毒人群队列保持率和HIV血清抗体阳转率分别为75.7%和2.53/100人年（95%CI：1.10～3.97）,在多因素Poisson回归模型分析中,民族（RR=12.42,95%CI：2.72～56.74,P=0.0012）、近3个月共用针头或注射器（RR=4.06,95%CI：1.29～12.81,P=0.0168）与HIV血清抗体阳转的关系有统计学意义.该研究队列梅毒血清抗体阳转率为4.71/100人年（95%CI：2.59～6.82）,在多因素Poisson回归模型中,女性（RR=4.42,95%CI：1.78～10 99,P=0.0014）与梅毒血清抗体阳转的关系有统计学意义.结论该地区静脉吸毒人群HIV和梅毒新发感染率高,应采取有效的干预措施以控制HIV的传播流行.     

四川省西昌市吸毒人群首次海洛因滥用情况调查

目的 了解四川省西昌市吸毒人群首次海洛因滥用的发生情况。方法 于2004年5～7月，从社区中搜集吸毒人群，调查其社会人口学特征、首次使用毒品的时间和方式及种类、首次吸毒前吸烟、饮酒、朋友、家庭成员和亲戚吸毒的情况。结果 在调查的451名吸毒人员中，首次使用的毒品均为海洛因，其中，首次吸毒方式为口吸和静脉注射的分别为80．7％和19．3％。从出生到首次吸毒的发生率为4．43／100人年（95％CI=4．02～4．84）。多因素Cox比例风险模型分析结果显示，彝族及其他少数民族（FIR：1．47，95％CI=1．22～1．78）、15岁以前开始吸烟（FIR=1．54，95％CI=1．25～1．83）与首次吸毒发生的关系差异有统计学意义。结论 需进一步了解吸毒人群首次吸毒的发生情况及其影响因素，为开展针对性的健康教育和行为干预措施提供科学指导。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.