肾移植术后并发肺结核感染的早期诊断和治疗(附12例报告)

目的探讨肾移植术后肺结核感染的早期诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析12例肾移植术后肺结核感染患者的临床资料。均采取免疫抑制剂减量或停用,加大糖皮质激素剂量,异烟肼 利福平 乙胺丁醇或吡嗪酰胺三联抗结核疗法,辅以营养支持治疗。结果12例患者均在1个月左右症状缓解出院,并常规抗结核6～15个月后痊愈。结论胸部X线、痰涂片或培养、PPD、血Anti-TBAb及PCR等综合检测,结合临床表现是早期诊断的关键。调整免疫抑制方案,增加糖皮质激素用量,果断采取抗结核治疗以及营养支持治疗,将有助改善患者的预后。     

肾移植术后结核的发病特点及诊断和治疗经验

目的 探讨肾移植受者术后结核的发病特点及诊断和治疗经验.方法 1991年1月至2007年4月间的2333例肾移植受者中有37例术后发生结核病,回顾性分析术后发生结核病受者的临床资料,总结肾移植术后结核的发病特点及其诊断和治疗经验.结果 肾移植受者术后结核的发病率为1.59%,发病时间为术后1～91个月,中位时间为术后7个月,22例集中在肾移植术后1年内;29例为肺部结核或肺部结核合并有肺外病灶,其他为肺外结核.肾移植受者术后结核病的表现以发热、咳嗽和咳痰为主;所有受者结核菌素纯化蛋白衍生物(PPD)皮试均为阴性;29例受者X线胸片检查有典型的结核表现;6例痰涂片查抗酸杆菌阳性,16例经病原学和/或病理学确诊.7例确诊合并有其它感染.抗结核治疗采用一线抗结核药物并调整或停用免疫抑制剂和激素,28例受者经治疗后好转,9例因治疗无效死亡.结论 肾移植受者术后早期结核的发病风险较高;X线胸片结合病原学和/或病理学检查是主要的确诊手段;抗结核治疗时,应加强对免疫抑制剂的监测,及时调整抗结核药和采取免疫抑制剂的个体化治疗方案.     

肾移植术后带状疱疹的特征及诊治

目的 探讨肾移植患者术后带状疱疹的诊治特点.方法 回顾性分析我院1991年1月至2007年1月30例肾移植术后并发带状疱疹患者的临床资料.结果 肾移植患者术后带状疱疹的发病率为1.5%(30/2037),低于早期国外的报道.发病时间从术后2个月到90个月不等,平均为19.5个月,66.7%(20/30)发生于术后1～2年.18例表现为寻常型,12例为特殊型.5例合并局部细菌感染,6例合并全身性感染.常规予抗病毒、应用丙种球蛋白及局部治疗;表现较重者适当调整免疫抑制方案,合并其他感染者采取相应抗感染治疗.所有患者皮肤带状疱疹恢复良好,3例因同时伴有其他严重感染死亡,表现较重者调整免疫抑制方案后迅速恢复.1例合并角膜疱疹者恢复较慢,恢复后视力未受影响.5例合并慢性移植物肾病者治疗期间应用超过10 d的静脉抗病毒治疗后血清肌酐值上升12～25 μmol/L,停药或改用口服用药后恢复.1例调整免疫抑制方案后发生急性排斥,经应用甲泼尼松冲击治疗后恢复.结论 肾移植术后易并发带状疱疹,其病情常较重,病程也较长.发生的带状疱疹易累及非典型部位或合并其他感染.治疗时需要进行综合治疗,并需密切观察病情,必要时调整免疫抑制治疗方案.     

胃肠道恶性肿瘤合并活动性肺结核的处理策略

目的探讨胃肠道恶性肿瘤合并活动性肺结核患者的处理策略。方法回顾性分析9例合并活动性肺结核胃肠道恶性肿瘤患者诊治资料。结果术前给予2周乙氨丁醇、异烟肼、利福平及吡嗪酰胺(EIRP)或异烟肼、利福平及吡嗪酰胺(IRP)强化联合抗结核病治疗后,所有患者均接受根治性肿瘤切除术,术后静脉给予异烟肼或二线抗结核药,患者可以口服时继用术前抗结核强化方案。术后2例并发肺炎,无结核播散恶化或死亡病例。7例术后强化治疗2个月痰菌转阴后改为异烟肼及利福平(IR)巩固治疗。在抗结核治疗巩固期同时行FOLFOX4或CapeOX方案化疗8疗程,无结核恶化病例。结论胃肠道恶性肿瘤合并活动性肺结核术前给予强化抗结核治疗2周后可行手术。术后可静脉给予抗结核药物。患者可以口服后可继用术前抗结核强化治疗。于抗结核巩固期开始肿瘤化疗安全可行。     

肾上腺皮质激素在肾移植术后肺部感染治疗中的应用研究

目的探讨肾上腺皮质激素(激素)在治疗肾移植术后肺部感染中的应用价值。方法收集2008年1月至2012年6月解放军第281医院肾移植中心收治的78例肾移植术后肺部感染患者的临床资料,所有患者均签署知情同意书,符合医学伦理学规定。肺部感染发生于肾移植术后2～6个月52例,7～18个月15例,18个月以后11例。其中单纯巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染24例,单纯细菌性感染17例,混合性感染28例,病原体不明感染9例。根据患者情况,予调整或停用免疫抑制剂,应用激素及针对病原学进行抗感染治疗,其后根据患者临床症状及肺部计算机断层摄影术(CT)表现,激素逐渐减量。同时予钙剂预防骨质疏松,予抗凝及调脂药物预防血栓形成,予抑酸剂预防消化道溃疡的发生。结果 78例患者中,治愈73例,死亡3例,并发脑出血放弃治疗1例,转院1例。3例死亡病例中,2例死于多器官功能衰竭,1例死于急性呼吸衰竭。2例患者发生急性排斥反应,其中1例患者免疫抑制方案改为抗人T细胞免疫球蛋白(ALG)+MMF+FK506+甲泼尼龙治疗,另1例通过血液透析过渡,免疫抑制方案改为MMF+FK506+甲泼尼龙治疗,均得以成功逆转。发生下肢静脉血栓2例,脑血栓2例,予对症治疗后好转。结论肾移植术后肺部感染的治疗,应在调整免疫抑制剂方案和抗感染治疗的同时配合激素治疗,可取得良好的治疗效果。     

肾移植受者肺外结核的发病及诊治特点分析

目的 探讨肾移植患者术后肺外结核的发病及诊治特点. 方法 1991年1月至2007年4月行肾移植手术2333例,术后发现结核病37例,经病理学和(或)影像学检查确诊肺外结核者19例(51%).其中累及移植肾5例、脑膜4例、胸膜4例、淋巴结3例、软组织2例,喉、肝、胸椎、肠道各1例,同时有2个肺外部位受累者3例.发病高峰期为术后1年(53%).治疗方案主要采用异烟肼、利福平、乙胺丁醇和吡嗪酰胺组合,疗程6～25个月. 结果 14例经抗结核治疗痊愈,随访1～161个月,患者均存活且无复发;5例患者治疗无效,继发多脏器功能衰竭死亡(26%).抗结核治疗中发生急性排斥反应8例(42%),肝功能损害4例(21%). 结论肾移植患者术后肺外结核发生率、病死率较高,应引起临床足够重视,使用抗结核药物时应注意兼顾抗结核与抗排斥反应2方面.     

肾移植患者术后重症肺部感染的诊治经验（附46例报告）

目的总结肾移植患者术后重症肺部感染的诊断和救治经验。方法回顾分析2008年1月至2010年12月期间诊治的46例肾移植术后并发重症肺部感染患者的临床资料。结果 38例肾移植术后重症肺部感染患者的发病时间为术后2～6个月,8例发生于术后6个月以上。46例的主要临床表现特点为不同程度的发热、咳嗽、胸闷、气促,其中并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征20例。胸部计算机断层摄影术检查结果均有明显间质性肺炎典型表现。检出病原体36例（78%）,未检出10例。细菌性肺炎7例,真菌性肺炎6例,混合感染23例,其中仅有3例为巨细胞病毒感染。治疗采用综合治疗方案,包括经验性降阶梯治疗方案治疗,停用或调整免疫抑制剂用量和组合方案,部分病例采用连续肾脏替代治疗,并予支持治疗、改善通气、纠正低氧血症、免疫替代治疗。46例患者中38例（83%）治愈,8例（17%）死亡。结论肾移植术后重症肺部感染多发生在术后6个月内,病原体呈多样性。及早确诊、积极采用综合治疗方案,包括给予经验性降阶梯治疗措施,及时调整免疫抑制方案,纠正低蛋白血症,加强全身支持治疗,适时应用呼吸机支持和改善通气,纠正低氧血症等是救治成功的关键。     

肾移植术后并发结核感染的诊断及治疗经验

为了探讨肾移植术后并发结核感染的发生原因，诊断及治疗经验，观察了１１例肾移植术后并发结核感染的患者，结果为治愈６例，摘除移植肾４例，死亡１例。认为：（１）肾移植术后患者由于细胞免疫功能低下及接受抗排斥的免疫抑制剂，结核感染的发生率是一般人群的５０倍。（２）肾移植术后高热应用抗生素效果不佳者即使化验结果阴性也不能排除结核菌感染。（３）一旦确立诊断早期使用抗结核药物，同时将激素减为最低量。（４）对药物     

肾移植术后结核病的临床特征分析及诊断和治疗的单中心经验

目的 分析和总结肾移植术后结核病的临床特征及诊断和治疗的经验.方法 2842例肾移植受者中,术后有61例诊断为结核病,回顾性分析这61例患者的临床资料.结果 肾移植术后结核病的临床特点如下:(1)发病时间为术后1～156个月,发生率达2.1％(61/2842),术后1年内结核病发生率为54.1％(33/61);(2)结核病灶最常见的部位为肺部(77.0％,47/61),肺外结核的发病率高(60.7％,37/61),其中淋巴结结核14例(23.0％)、结核性胸膜炎8例(13.1％)、移植肾结核7例(11.5％);(3)术后结核病的临床表现主要为发热、咳嗽、咳痰、消瘦及淋巴结肿大;(4)结核菌素试验阴性率高(91.8％,56/61),影像学检查在结核病的诊断上具有重要意义;(5)结核病患者均采用“个体化”抗结核治疗方案,包括活动性结核感染的治疗及诊断性抗结核治疗两种方案.肝功能损害(16.4％)、肾功能损害(39.3％)及周围神经毒性(3.3％)是抗结核治疗过程中出现的主要不良反应,也是抗结核治疗失败的主要原因;(6)术前存在陈旧性结核,术后结核病复发的可能性增加(23.5％,4/17);(7)术后结核病患者常伴有细胞免疫功能减弱,常继发细菌、病毒及真菌的重叠感染(19.7％);(8)结核病患者术后1年人、肾存活率分别为85.2％和8.7％,3年人、肾存活率分别为85.2％和75.4％,总体累积死亡率达14.8 ％(9/61),重叠感染是肾移植术后结核病患者死亡的主要原因(66.7％,6/9).结论 我国肾移植受者术后并发结核病的风险较大,且容易合并各种严重并发症致患者死亡,早期诊断和治疗对提高患者的长期存活率具有重要意义.     

肾移植术后并发尿路上皮肿瘤(附25例报告)

目的 探讨肾移植术后并发尿路上皮肿瘤的临床特点及其诊治方法.方法 回顾性分析1998年～2006年间肾移植术后发生尿路上皮肿瘤的临床资料25例.就患者性别、移植时年龄、导致肾功能不全的原发病、移植后肿瘤发生的时间、临床症状、肿瘤发生部位及转归等项目进行临床分析.所有病例移植前均排除肿瘤.肿瘤均经影像学和膀胱镜等检查方法诊断.22例患者行手术治疗,术后所有患者免疫抑制剂用量减少1/3并辅以局部灌注化疗.结果 本组25例患者中男4例,女21例;移植时患者平均年龄55.1岁;原发病为慢性间质性肾炎的患者19例;术后发生肿瘤的时间距肾移植时间平均26个月;临床表现为肉眼血尿或镜下血尿25例,反复泌尿系感染10例,肾盂输尿管积水者12例;肿瘤为多发者22例;移植肾同侧有上尿路肿瘤者16例;3例行姑息性治疗的晚期肿瘤患者分别于发现肿瘤5个月、6个月及8个月后死亡,22例手术治疗患者已随访2～7年,18例肿瘤复发,再行手术治疗;所有患者在免疫抑制剂减量期间均未出现急性排斥,肾功能正常.结论 本组显示慢性间质性肾炎导致肾功能衰竭的肾移植患者和女性肾移植患者易发生移植后尿路上皮肿瘤;血尿、泌尿系感染和肾盂积水是常见的症状,多发性和易复发性是另一临床特点;移植肾同侧上尿路较对侧好发肿瘤.     

Does tuberculosis after kidney transplantation follow the trend of tuberculosis in general population?

Despite improvement in graft survival, infection continues to be an important cause of morbidity and mortality after kidney transplantation. We analyzed the clinical courses and outcomes of 16 transplanted patients with positive cultures for mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the course of a 20 year period, there were 13 cases of tuberculosis registered that developed in 456 patients who underwent kidney transplantation in our department, and in three refugees transplanted in other centers (a prevalence of 3.13%). Five of them developed tuberculous infections during 1997. Five patients had residual tuberculosis in preoperative chest X-ray, and specific pyelonephritis as an underlying kidney disease in two of them. All patients with treated with triple immunosuppressives. Before tuberculosis onset, 14 patients experienced one or more episodes of acute rejection and were treated with steroid pulses, ALG or OKT3. Tuberculosis was diagnosed after a period of 1.5 months to 10 years after transplantation. At the time of an infection, the graft function was normal in eight patients and chronic graft failure was evident in eight patients (sCr 210-700 micromol/L). The infection was pulmonary in 12 patients; urinary in two; disseminated in two; pulmonary and urinary, pulmonary and intestinal, and pancytopenia in one patient. All patients were treated with rifampicin and isoniazid in addition to ethambutol for the first two-month period. Treatment lasted from 1-22 months. With 14 patients favorable microbiological responses were registered. Two patients died within the first six months (both with disseminated disease), and the mortality rate was 14.3%. Throughout the followup period, the graft function remained stable and normal in eight patients who had normal graft function at the time of infection onset. Although six patients recovered, progressive graft failure developed and hemodialysis was restarted in one patient two months after antituberculous therapy introduction, and in two patients three years later. Four patients died 2-14 months after AT therapy withdrawal. The causes of death were severe liver failure, cerebrovascular insult and CMV.     

一期全髋关节置换术治疗晚期活动性髋关节结核

 目的 探讨一期全髋关节置换术治疗晚期活动性髋关节结核的疗效。方法 回顾性分析1998年9月至2010年10月行一期全髋关节置换术治疗19例(20髋)晚期活动性髋关节结核患者资料,男14例(15髋),女5例(5髋);年龄21～74岁,平均44.1岁。根据Babhulkar 和 Pande的髋关节结核临床影像学分期,3例(3髋)为 Ⅲ期,16例(17髋)为Ⅳ期。从出现症状到就诊时间为5～26周,平均15.1周。2例在外院接受过抗结核药化疗,其中1例行病灶清除术。3例胸片发现肺部有陈旧性结核病灶,无活动性肺结核患者。1例患者有表浅皮肤窦道形成。结果 术后随访12～142个月,平均57个月。1例患者术后6天发生后脱位,经手法复位后卧床3周未再脱位;1例术后5个月出现结核复发,经清创保留假体及口服抗结核药化疗12个月后治愈;1例术后9年随访时X线片示臼杯出现无菌性松动;其余16例患者末次随访时均无结核复发及假体松动迹象。Harris评分从术前平均35分(范围,27～46分),提高到术后末次随访时平均90分(范围,65～96分)。结论　晚期活动性髋关节结核行全髋关节置换术安全可行,可达到控制感染,解除疼痛,改善髋关节功能的目的。     

Sequential Liver-Kidney Transplantation for Recurrent Liver Cysts Infection in a Patient With Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease: A Case Report

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most prevalent hereditary kidney disorder. Liver cysts are the most common extrarenal manifestation of the disease and usually remain asymptomatic. Liver cyst infection is rare, and its treatment is challenging. Liver transplantation (LT) is the only curative therapeutic option in symptomatic polycystic liver disease associated with ADPKD. Only a few cases of LT for recurrent liver cyst infection have been published. To our knowledge, we report the first case of sequential liver-kidney transplantation for recurrent liver cysts infection in a patient with ADPKD. A 55-year-old woman with ADPKD who had a kidney transplantation (KT) presented with multiple liver cysts infection 9 months after her KT. These episodes started after biliary tract complications due to an ampullary adenoma necessitating multiple endoscopic interventions. Her general status gradually degraded because antibiotic treatment was not effective, and she underwent LT for recurrent liver cysts infection 1 year and 9 months after her KT. LT in this setting turned out to be challenging but was possible. We think that better biliary tract workup before KT may prompt better care in these patients.     

Pancreas transplantation. Experience in the first 50 patients at the Niguarda Hospital of Milan: clinical outcome and open questions

AIM: Personal experience in 50 patients who underwent combined pancreas-kidney transplantation (PKT), with particular reference to mortality and surgical complications is reported. METHODS: Between October 1993 and December 2001, 50 adult patients (36 males and 14 females), mean age 37 years (range 25-60), with chronic renal failure, and Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM), underwent 54 pancreas transplantation (4 patients retransplanted) and 52 kidney transplantation (2 patients retransplanted). Different surgical procedures have been employed during the period of 9 years. All patients underwent the same immunosuppressive regimen; the mean length of follow-up was 49 months. During the follow-up, 30 out of 43 patients who maintained a good graft function fulfilled a questionnaire about their quality of life following the criteria of the Medical Outcome Study (MOS). RESULTS: All patients became euglycemic immediately after the surgical procedure. One patient died post-operatively due to pulmorary thromboembolism after pancreas retransplantation for acute venous thrombosis; 1 other patient died 9 months after the procedure for acute myocardial infarction. Four patients developed acute venous thrombosis. All these patients underwent pancreas retransplantation, but 3 of these patients who survived the procedure lose the graft function for chronic rejection within 1 year. Fourteen patients showed acute rejection, 7 patients CMV infection. Three patients showed hyperchloremic acidosis, 12 patients bronchopulmonar infection and 7 patients urinary infection. Among surgical complications anastomotic fistula in 6 patients was also recorded. Five patients out of 50 lose the pancreatic graft function. After 1 from PKT, 83% of patients who fulfilled a questionnaire were strongly satisfied about their quality of life. No patients developed de novo tumors following chronic immunosuppression. The 5-year survival for patient, kidney and pancreas was 95.6%, 93.4% and 84.7% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience in 50 patients submitted to PKT shows no graft loss due to acute rejection. Surgical complications (acute venous thrombosis) and chronic rejection are the most important factors leading to graft loss. A graft in "head-up" position, a short portal vein of the graft, a "no-touch technique" during pancreas retrieval can be some of the most important factors which can reduce the rate of surgical complications. Combined kidney-pancreas transplantation showed in our experience a low mortality rate and a moderate incidence of morbidity and should be considered, at the moment, the treatment of choice for patients with renal failure and IDDM.     

多囊肾患者肾移植的临床研究

目的 探讨多囊肾患者肾移植的特点、不切除原双侧肾脏的可行性及其对移植效果的影响。方法 总结了２８例多囊肾患者肾移植的临床研究结果。最大年龄６２岁,平均５６．２岁;透析时间３～１８个月。移植术前、术中及术后均未节除原双侧肾脏。移植后观察肾脏体积及血尿的变化,采取积极的防治感染措施。结果 １年人肾存活率均为９５．２％,３年存活率８５．７％,最长存活已９年;急性排斥反应的发生率１０．７％,移植后原肾脏体     

肾移植176例死亡分析

目的：分析探讨肾移植受者的死亡情况和死亡在因。方法：总结1977年10月至1999年6月1039例尸体肾移植患者的临床资料。术后患者死亡率的计算按Kaplan-Meier乘积极限法进行。对可能影响移植受者死亡的因素，加供受者性别和年龄、移植次数、移植前透析时间、移植前输血量、淋巴细胞毒交叉试验、冷缺血时间、肾功能延迟恢复、急慢性排斥反应、免疫抑制药物治疗以及术后并发症等因素进行log-rank单因素和Cox模型多因素分析。结果：截至1999年12月，1039例中存活863例，死亡176例。总的术后1、5、10及15年累计死亡率分别为6．9％、19．7％、32．1％和34．7％，感染、心脑血管疾病和肝功能衰竭分别占38．1％、21．6％和14．8％。在全部死亡病例中，移植肾有功能者占75．0％，而移植后1年以上的死亡患者中移植物有功能者占87．5％。对可能影响患者死亡的诸多变量进行单因素和多因素的综合分析显示：移植年代、移植前透析时间、免疫抑制药物治疗、慢性排斥反应、术后肺炎以及心脑血管疾病并发症等6个因素与肾移植术后患者的死亡相关（P＜0．001）。结论：移植1年后患者死亡率以平均每年2．5％的速度递增。感染、心脑血管疾病和肝功能衰竭是引起死亡的3个主要原因。接受移植的年代、移植前透析时间、免疫抑制药物治疗、慢性排斥反应、术后肺炎以及心脑血管疾病并发症等是肾移植受者死亡的重要影响因素。     

原位心脏移植16例报告

目的总结16例心脏移植经验,探讨心脏移植的近期与远期疗效。方法对1998年10月至2009年9月施行的16例次(15例患者)原位心脏移植的临床资料进行总结分析。结果16例次心脏移植中,经典式原位心脏移植术4例次、双腔静脉吻合法心脏移植术12例次,全部病例采用术后早期免疫诱导+三联免疫抑制剂的抗排斥反应方案。6例死亡,存活时间5 d～103个月,中位数3.5个月。1例存活5 d,死于低心排血量及主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)的并发症;1例存活13 d,死于金黄色葡萄球菌感染及多器官功能衰竭;1例存活3个月,死于肺部细菌、真菌感染;1例存活4个月,死于肺结核;1例存活18个月,死于中、重度急、慢性排斥反应;1例存活103个月,死于肺部真菌感染合并肝功能衰竭,尸体解剖检查未发现排斥反应。余9例(10例次)至今存活,存活时间3～119个月,中位数49个月。结论心脏移植是治疗终末期心脏病的有效手段,近、远期疗效良好。术后近期须密切监测和处理感染、急性排斥反应等术后并发症,长期生存病例须特别注意慢性排斥反应的发生。     

Primary CMV Infections Are Common in Kidney Transplant Recipients After 6 Months Valganciclovir Prophylaxis

Prolonging cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis in CMV seronegative recipients of a kidney from CMV seropositive donor (D+/R–) may reduce the incidence of late infections. We analyzed late‐onset primary CMV infections after 6 months valganciclovir prophylaxis. Data from all CMV D+/R– kidney transplant recipients between January 2004 and December 2008 at our center were analyzed. Patients with a functioning graft at 6 months after transplantation who received 6 months of valganciclovir prophylaxis 900 mg once daily were included (N = 127). CMV was diagnosed with quantitative PCR. Prophylaxis was completed in 119 patients. Prophylaxis was stopped at 3–5 months due to leukopenia or gastrointestinal side effects in eight patients. Late‐onset primary CMV infection developed in 47/127 (37%) patients median 244 days after transplantation (range 150–655) and median 67 days after the cessation of prophylaxis (range 1–475). Four infections were asymptomatic. In others, symptoms included fever (N = 28), gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) (N = 24), respiratory tract symptoms (N = 12), and hepatopathy (N = 6). Median peak viral load was 13500 copies/mL (range 400–2 831 000). Recurrent CMV infection developed in 9/47 (19%) patients. No significant risk factors for CMV infection were identified. Symptomatic primary CMV infections were commonly detected also after prolonged valganciclovir prophylaxis.