On the natural seeding of marshland pastures with bovine gastrointestinal parasites

By placing parasite-free calves in paddocks grazed by infected animals for 18 day periods at various times during the previous season it was shown that eggs of Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia oncophora and Nematodirus helvetianus deposited on pastures from early July to October of one year were able to survive in the Maritime area of Canada over winter either as eggs and/or larvae and contribute to residual infections on these pastures the following spring. The greatest deposition and/or survival of those eggs that were shed on pasture occurred in August and September for Cooperia and in September and October for Ostertagia. Greatest deposition of Nematodirus occurred in July and August and relatively few Nematodirus eggs shed in late September or early October were infective early in the next season.The number of generations of worms per year was low, ranging from one to two or perhaps three per year depending on the species. There was a delay in the maturation of many worm eggs.Residual overwintering infections play a significant role in the establishment of initial infections each summer in susceptible stock. These animals recontaminate the pastures leading to the subsequent development of large numbers of infective larvae by late summer and autumn.     

四年来反复选择性化疗肠线虫病的效果观察

1987年开始,在江都县吴堡乡吉家村每年5～6月及10～11月间对全村一千佘居民应用盐浮法和定透法普查肠蠕虫卵.虫卵阳性者进行综合驱虫。驱虫药以阿苯达唑和复方甲苯咪唑为主,单用或小剂量伍用;发现绦虫和吸虫感染者用吡喹酮驱治.四年来取得了显著成效,总感染率从89.98%下降为12.48%.其中蛔虫感染率52.08%降为7.05%,钩虫60.15%降为1.52%,鞭虫64.71%降为5.05%。虫卵减少率到1990年秋分别为92.00%、90.53%及91.85%。居民中的多虫种寄虫现象也发生了根本变化,从1987年春的1、2、3种虫共寄生的构成比为31.5%、42.2%和26.3%到1990年秋分别为90.84%、9.16%和0%。     

Effect of dietary cholesterol on plasma cholesterol concentration in subjects following reduced fat, high fibre diet

One hundred and sixty eight subjects participated in a randomised crossover study to determine whether halving or doubling the present dietary cholesterol intake from eggs had any influence on blood cholesterol concentration in people following current dietary recommendations. During the first eight weeks all participants were advised to follow a reduced fat diet (26% total energy for hyperlipidaemic patients, 35% total energy for normolipidaemic volunteers) with an increased ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids. This background diet was continued throughout the 16 week experimental period, during which participants ate either two or seven eggs a week. A small but significant increase in total cholesterol was seen after four weeks in the group eating seven eggs a week compared with that in the group eating two eggs a week, but this was no longer apparent after eight weeks. Previous studies suggesting that dietary cholesterol has a greater effect on the serum cholesterol concentration either have been carried out against a background of a higher fat intake or have contrasted extreme cholesterol intakes. A further reduction in dietary cholesterol seems to be unnecessary in those people who have already reduced their intake of saturated fat and increased the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids and fibre rich carbohydrate.     

白纹伊蚊、致倦库蚊、中华按蚊与五指库蚊扫描电镜观察

目的：了解白纹伊蚊、致倦库蚊、中华按蚊和五指库蚊生活史各期超微结构。方法：野外采集这4种蚊虫并行扫描电镜（SEM）观察。结果：4种蚊虫的幼虫栉齿、成蚊小盾板、蛹呼吸管和外壁纹饰和卵的超微结构上存在较大差异。结论：4种蚊虫生活史各期SEM观察均发现新的形态特征,这些特征有望应用于蚊虫分类学研究。     

广东从化猪消化道蠕虫感染情况的调查

目的了解目前广东从化家猪消化道蠕虫的感染情况。方法使用直接涂片法、饱和盐水浮聚法和自然沉淀法对从上述地区采集的266份猪粪进行检查。结果猪粪消化道寄生虫卵的总检出率约为80.08%;两种或两种以上消化道蠕虫混合感染占23.00%。蛔虫、食道口线虫、姜片虫和有齿冠尾线虫是4种最常见的寄生蠕虫。有齿冠尾线虫以饱和盐水浮聚法检出率较高;猪蛔虫、食道口线虫、布氏姜片虫均以直接涂片法检出率较高。结论广东从化家猪消化道蠕虫的感染情况较为普遍和严重。     

Biochemical effects of consumption of eggs containing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

Today, eggs with an increased content of -3 fatty acids are available but there are few publications on the effects of consumption of such eggs on the lipoproteins and acute phase markers in humans. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of consumption of standard eggs and -3 enriched eggs on lipoproteins, glucose and inflammation markers. Nineteen healthy volunteers consumed one extra egg per day of either standard eggs or omega-3 enriched eggs in a double-blind, cross-over study. The duration of each period was 1 month. The effects of the different egg diets on apolipoprotein A1 and B (Apo A1 and B), lipoprotein (a), creatinine, cystatin C, C-reactive protein, serum amyloid protein A, interleukin 6, triglycerides, glucose, total-, high-density lipoprotein and low-density lipo-protein cholesterol concentrations were analyzed. Addition of one regular egg per day to the normal diet had no negative impact on blood lipids or inflammation markers. Consumption of omega-3 enriched eggs resulted in higher levels of ApoA1, lower ApoB/ApoA1 ratio and lower plasma glucose. These effects have been associated in previous studies with a reduced risk for cardiovascular mortality and diabetes.     

中华硬蜱和微小牛蜱不同发育阶段蛋白质、糖、脂的比较研究

本文应用盘状电泳方法对中华硬蜱和微小牛蜱不同发育阶段的蛋白质、糖、脂进行了比较研究。结果表明,两种不同属种硬蜱的成虫、幼虫和虫卵的蛋白质、糖、脂电泳图谱都有明显差别;两种硬蜱各自的不同发育阶段的蛋白质、糖、脂电泳图谱也具有明显差异。     

Strongyloides fuelleborni kellyi and other intestinal helminths in children from Papua New Guinea: associations with nutritional status and socioeconomic factors

This survey examined the prevalence and intensity of Strongyloides fuelleborni kellyi and other intestinal helminths in children 5 years of age or under living near Kanabea, Papua New Guinea. Of 179 samples, 27% of the children tested positive for Strongyloides, with 81% of these children being a year or less in age. Overall, 68% of the children had one or more infections including Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm (Necator americanus) as well as Strongyloides. Egg counts in the stools ranged from 100 to 98,300 eggs/ml for Strongyloides, 100 to 59,200 eggs/ml for Ascaris and 100 to 3400 eggs/ml for hookworm. There were significant associations between Strongyloides intensity and weight for age and weight for height such that children with higher intensities had, on average, lower z-scores. Relationships between the prevalence of helminth infections and socioeconomic factors were also observed. Logistic regression models showed that children living farther away from Kanabea (more than 2 hours' walking distance), in smaller households (5 or less people) and with uneducated mothers best predict children with Strongyloides. Two of these variables also predicted the presence of hookworm: maternal education and household size. However, in contrast to Strongyloides, a larger household size (6 or more people) was significantly associated with the presence of hookworm. House type was associated with the prevalence of Ascaris, with children living in houses with tin roofs being less likely to have Ascaris than those living in traditional houses. In addition, maternal education was associated with Ascaris intensity in those children with infection, such that the mean intensities were greater in children of uneducated mothers.     

Schistomiasis of the spinal cord: report two cases

Schistosomiasis affects over 200 million people worldwide. Schistosomiasis of the spinal cord is a rare occurrence. In Africa, there have been recent reports from Egypt and South Africa. In Uganda, the last histological records were over two decades ago. Schistosomiasis of the spinal cord is commonly caused by Schistosoma mansoni although Schistosoma haematobium has been isolated. Two case reports are presented. In both patients, the diagnosis was made retrospectively. The first patient was a female patient with a lesion in the thoracic region. The second patient was a 21 year old male with a lesion in the conus. Apart from a block on the myelograms, all other laboratory investigations were negative. The diagnosis was made histologically in both cases with the identification of eggs of schistosoma in the spinal cord. The eggs could however, not be retrieved from the stool or urine samples. Both patients were treated with antischistosomal drugs and steroids. On follow up they had marked improvement in their neurological signs. We hope to renew attention in this rare but devastating neurological manifestation of a disease which affects many in our region and which if left untreated can lead to permanent neurological damage.     

内陆嗜人按蚊与海岛嗜人按蚊幼虫对盐水耐受性比较

目的了解内陆嗜人按蚊与海岛嗜人按蚊对盐水的耐受能力有无差异。方法将四川、辽宁嗜人按蚊和珠海横琴岛嗜人按蚊幼虫分别放入6个不同浓度的盐水中孵化，观测不同浓度盐水中蚊卵孵化率及幼虫发育情况。结果3种嗜人按蚊在不同浓度盐水中均可孵化；随着盐浓度的增高，幼虫死亡率上升，蛹化率下降；1％以下盐浓度3种嗜人按蚊幼虫均可发育至蛹期，并能正常羽化为成蚊；按蚊在1．5％盐浓度水体中均不能由卵发育至成蚊。结论海岛嗜人按蚊与内陆嗜人按蚊幼虫对盐的耐受性无差别，都能适应一定盐度和对盐的耐受程度，其幼虫均具有较强的渗透调节机制和适应能力。     

补肾中药淫羊藿的化学成分比较与生药鉴别

淫羊藿为常用补肾壮阳中药,但生药来源混杂。本工作对全国大多数省区所用的淫羊藿生药进行了调查和鉴定,认为市售商品主要来源于小蘖科淫羊藿属(Epimedium)8种植物。为了合理利用药物资源,特对此8种15个地区生药的质量从薄板层析、总黄酮成分含量及以抗心律不齐作用等方面进行了比较。同时对不同种淫羊藿的鉴别进行了研究,结果表明不同种淫羊藿所含化学成分相似,但在含量上和药理作用方面有差异。因此在应用时必须注意鉴别。本研究工作表明以非腺毛形态特征可有效地鉴别不同种生药。     

新光复方碘强化液的研制和应用

研究目的研制生产碘蛋的安全有效饲料添加剂。研究背景碘蛋是目前国际上新兴的防病治疗保健食品。生产碘蛋需要特殊的饲料添加剂，但目前国内外生产碘蛋的饲料添加剂均为粉状剂型。为大规模生产优质破全，我们研制出一种使用方便的液体饲料添加剂－新光复方碘强化液。研究方法在实验室各期笼养洛斯蛋鸡探索出“新光复方础强化液”的基础上，在几个大型养鸡场对300只蛋鸡分别进行终期试验和开发生产。蛋碘含量以城人化化学法检测。在数家医院对21例伴高脂血症、高血压病的糖尿病患者进行了疗效观察。结果使用本饲料添加剂（每只蛋鸡1ml／天），1周后可获得与国内外合总量相似（21～23μg／g）、疗效相同的碘蛋。此碘量对糖尿病、高脂血症、高血压病患者有一定治疗作用。结论新光复方求强化液是生产合格碘蛋理想的饲料添加剂。     

福建省并殖吸虫终末宿主及其地理分布的调查研究

为调查总结福建省并殖吸虫终末宿主动物的种类及其在各县市的分布。通过猎获野生动物，或在疫区收集动物粪便或捕捉溪蟹，分离肺吸虫囊蚴，初步鉴定虫种并感染猫、犬、大鼠等动物，待查到虫卵后解剖检出虫体制成染色标本、鉴定种类。结果在全省发现的卫氏并殖吸虫等7种虫种的终末宿主动物有18种，以灵猫科、猫科、犬科和鼠科动物为主。     

Effects of acetic acid on the viability of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs: Is vinegar reliable enough to clean the vegetables?

Objectives:

To investigate the effects of acetic acid on durable Ascaris lumbricoides (A. lumbricoides) eggs to determine the effective concentration of vinegar and the implementation period to render the consumption of raw vegetables more reliable.

Methods:

This experimental study was performed in May 2015 in the Parasitology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey. The A. lumbricoides eggs were divided into 2 groups. Eggs in the study group were treated with 1, 3, 5, and 10% acetic acid concentrations, and eggs in the control group were treated with Eosin. The eggs’ viability was observed at the following points in time during the experiment: 0, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, and 60 minutes.

Results:

The 1% acetic acid was determined insufficient on the viability of Ascaris eggs. At the 30th minute, 3% acetic acid demonstrated 95% effectiveness, and at 5% concentration, all eggs lost their viability. Treatment of acetic acid at the ratio of 4.8% in 30 minutes, or a ratio of 4.3% in 60 minutes is required for full success of tretment.

Conclusion:

Since Ascaris eggs have 3 layers and are very resistant, the acetic acid concentration, which can be effective on these eggs are thought to be effective also on many other parasitic agents. In order to attain an active protection, after washing the vegetables, direct treatment with a vinegar containing 5% acetic acid for 30 minutes is essential.Parasitic diseases are witnessed all over the world, it originally emerges in certain areas where people have the habit of defecation in random places; where human stool is used as manure and infrastructure in undeveloped areas. Approximately one billion humans are infected with Ascaris, 800 million humans are infected with Trichuris, 200 million humans are infected with Taenia in the world, and each year, millions of humans lose their lives due to parasitic infections.1-4 Food borne diseases are receiving increasing attention recently.5 One of the important ways that humans are infected of these diseases is the consumption of raw, or poorly washed vegetables.6 Vegetables growing in soil and frequently used in salads, such as lettuce, parsley, radish, cress, garden rocket, green onion, carrot, and cucumber also play an important role in the transmission of parasitic infections, in addition to many bacterial and viral agents. Giardia, Entamoeba, Cryptosporidium, Hymenolepis, Ascaris, Trichuris, Toxocara, Taenia and Fasciola are the parasites on top of the list, which are transmitted by such vegetables.3,6-10Ascaris lumbricoides (A. lumbricoides) is the largest nematode that lives in the human small intestine. The A. lumbricoides eggs are of 2 types: fertilized and unfertilized. Fertilized eggs have an oval shape and a shell of 3 thick layers. The outermost layer is a hackly protein layer, beneath this, is the semipermeable layer, and at the lowermost, there is a non-permeable lipoidal vitellin membrane layer. Fertilized eggs do not have this last layer and have no infection capacity, as well. This layered structure of the egg enables its durability against different chemical and environmental factors. Thus, it could be argued that A. lumbricoides eggs are more resilient than many other parasitic eggs. It has been reported that the A. lumbricoides eggs could carry their infectious disposition when preserved in a refrigerator for 2 years; and that they keep their viability for up to 40 days at temperatures between 18 and 27°C.11-14 The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of acetic acid (CH₃CO₂H) on the viability of durable A. lumbricoides eggs, to determine the effective concentrations of vinegar, and the time required to treat raw vegetables for safe consumption.     

蚊虫垂直传递和交配传递虫媒病毒

57种蚊虫实验或自然感染34种虫媒病毒后,可将其垂直传递至下代。根据自然感染垂直传递的资料分析,19种病毒中,布尼亚属(8种)最多,黄病毒属(6种)次之,其他5种病毒分属于3个属;22种蚊虫中,伊蚊(14种)最多,库蚊(4种)次之,其他4种蚊虫分属于3个属。无吸血生殖、稳定感染、连续垂直传递、交配传递以及病毒可在干燥蚊卵中存活数月等现象的发现,增加了垂直传递的流行病学意义。蚊虫饲养温度对某些蚊虫——病毒系统的垂直传递有明显影响,今后在进行这一研究时,应考虑温度因素,对过去的有些阴性结果,有必要重新研究。     

。卵子冷冻保存现状与进展

卵子冷冻保存至今已有30多年发展历史。卵子冷冻主要适用于肿瘤患者放化疗前、或非肿瘤患者和因个人因素延迟生育的人群可采用的生育力保存方式;此外还适用于因辅助生殖实施过程中,由于男方特殊的因素无法提供精子的一种补救方式。目前常用的卵子冷冻保存方式包括慢速冻存和玻璃化冻存,且随着技术的日趋成熟及对卵子保存的研究进展,玻璃化冷冻现已逐渐取代慢速程序化冷冻,成为一种成熟的生育力保存方式。目前大部分研究结果表明,使用冻存卵子与新鲜卵子进行胚胎移植,患者临床妊娠率、产科和围产期结局未见显著差异。     

东方实蝇蛹俑小蜂早期发育及其形态研究

本实验对东方实蝇蛹俑小蜂早期发育各阶段历期及其形态进行了观察。结果显示:卵期历时1天,幼虫期历时较长,一般在8天左右,幼虫排便后进入蛹期,蛹期历时需8天,而后羽化为成虫,破蝇蛹而出。整个发育过程在恒温28℃条件下需至少17天。     

实验小鼠受精卵染色体制备法

介绍小鼠受精卵染色体制备过程。实验以 Tarkowski 法为基础并加以改进,取得了稳定而满意的结果。实验中还根据国内一般实验室的条件,探讨了各种影响因素。     

卵黄中蝮蛇蛇毒抗体对蝮蛇蛇毒毒性成分的中和作用

目的：制备特异性高的蝮蛇蛇毒卵黄抗休事半功倍对其体内保护和体外保护作用进行了研究。方法：用蝮蛇蛇毒作为抗原免疫鸡，使之在蛋黄中产生抗体IgY，然后用聚乙二醇法提取IgY，并通过小鼠体内保护和体外中和试验。研究IgY对蝮蛇蛇毒毒性成分的中和作用。结果：通过本法制得的IgY在体内和体外试验中都能中和蝮蛇蛇毒，对蝮蛇蛇毒急性中毒的小鼠有明显的保护作用。结论：聚乙二醇法从免疫鸡蛋黄中提取的蛇毒抗体IgY，可用于救治蝮蛇蛇毒急性中毒的小白鼠。