糖尿病患者血管内皮功能的彩色多普勒超声研究

目的:应用彩色多普勒超声探讨糖尿病患者的血管内皮功能。方法:对40例糖尿病患者,测定其反应性充血时和舌下含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径的变化,并与正常对照组进行比较。结果:糖尿病患者反应性充血时肱动脉内径的扩张程度为(2.92±2.65)％,与正常对照组(13.21±1.86)％相比在统计学上有显著性差异(P<0.001)。舌下含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径的变化在两组间有显著性差异(P<0.001)。结论:糖尿病患者的血管内皮依赖性及非依赖性舒张功能均明显受损。     

老年男性高血压和糖尿病患者血管内皮功能的研究

目的评估老年男性高血压和糖尿病患者血管内皮功能。方法采用彩色多普勒超声对 45例老年高血压、43例糖尿病和 3 2例对照者肱动脉进行检测 ,观察反应性充血后和服用硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径变化。结果高血压、糖尿病与对照组间在反应性充血后及服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径变化有显著性差异 ( P<0 .0 1 )。结论老年男性高血压、糖尿病患者既有血管内皮依赖性舒张功能障碍 ,又有血管非内皮依赖性舒张功能受损     

糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜中膜厚度与血管内皮功能相关性彩色多普勒超声研究

目的应用彩色多普勒超声观察糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜中膜厚度(IMT)并探讨其血管内皮功能及两者的相关性.方法对40例糖尿病患者,测定其颈动脉内膜中膜厚度及反应性充血时和舌下含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径的变化,并对它们进行相关性分析.结果糖尿病患者IMT(1.03±0.04mm)较正常对照组(0.77±0.03mm)明显增厚(P＜0.001).反应性充血时肱动脉内径的扩张程度为(2.92±2.65%),与正常对照组相比在统计学上有显著性差异(P＜0.001).舌下含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径的变化在两组间有显著性差异(P＜0.001).颈动脉内膜中膜厚度与反应性充血时和舌下含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径的变化呈显著负相关(r＝-0.525,P＜0.001,r＝-0.41,P＜0.01).结论糖尿病患者存在明显的血管内皮依赖性及非依赖性舒张功能的损伤.内皮功能的紊乱引起血管壁重构、肥厚、斑块形成.因此糖尿病患者的内皮功能损伤促进了功能粥样硬化的产生并加速了动脉粥样硬化的进程.     

高频超声评价糖化血红蛋白对糖尿病患者血管内皮功能的影响

目的利用高频超声观测糖尿病患者血管内皮细胞功能及糖化血红蛋白对血管内皮功能的影响.方法将45例2型糖尿病患者按糖化血红蛋白的水平分为两组,Ⅰ组24例,糖化血红蛋白测值为静息状态下6%～8%,Ⅱ组21例,糖化血红蛋白测值为静息状态下8%以上.应用高频超声检测糖尿病患者及20例正常对照者的肱动脉在测值为静息状态下反应性充血后及舌下含服硝酸甘油后的内径变化.结果糖尿病组肱动脉反应性充血前后的内径变化率明显低于对照组(P＜0.05),同时Ⅱ组明显低于Ⅰ组.含硝酸甘油后的肱动脉内径变化率,糖尿病组与对照组无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论糖尿病患者内皮依赖性血管舒张功能受损,糖化血红蛋白对内皮功能有一定的影响.应用高分辨力超声能够准确、无创地评价外周血管的内皮功能.     

原发性高胆固醇血症患者血管内皮功能的彩色多普勒超声研究

目的 :应用超声显像法探讨原发性高胆固醇血症患者的血管内皮功能。方法 :对 6 0例原发性高胆固醇血症患者 ,应用彩色多普勒超声测定反应性充血时和含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径的变化 ,并与正常对照组进行比较。结果 :原发性高胆固醇血症患者反应性充血时肱动脉内径的扩张程度为 ( 2 .2 7± 5 .39) % ,与正常对照组 ( 17.5 8±6 .4) %相比在统计学上有显著性差异 ( P<0 .0 0 1)。含服硝酸甘油后肱动脉内径的变化在两组间有显著性差异 ( P<0 .0 5 )。原发性高胆固醇血症患者的血管内皮功能与总胆固醇水平、低密度脂蛋白 ( L DL - C)水平均呈负相关关系 ( r=- 0 .6 0 19、- 0 .3919,P均 <0 .0 1)。结论 :1.彩色多普勒超声显像可做为简便易行的方法评价血管内皮的功能 ;2 .原发性高胆固醇血症患者的血管内皮功能明显受损 ,受损程度与血浆总胆固醇水平、L DL- C水平密切相关。     

多普勒超声心动图检测冠心病患者的内皮依赖性血管舒张功能

目的 利用多普勒超声评价冠心病（ＣＨＤ）患者的血管内皮功能。方法 对３２例ＣＨＤ患者和３２例正常人肱动脉充我气加压及舌下含服硝酸甘油前后血管直径和血流速度变化的检测。结果 ＣＨＤ患者肱动脉加压前后的血管趱戏和血流速度变化百分比明显泪地正常对照组;而舌下含服硝酸甘油前后肱动脉内径及血流速度变化百分比在两组之间无明显差异。结果 ＣＨＤ患者存在血管内皮功能下降,多普勒超声可作为评价血管内皮功能的一种新方     

心肌梗塞及中风患者血管内皮功能的变化

目的　探讨彩色多普勒超声对冠心病、脑卒中患者肱动脉血管内皮依赖性舒张功能检测的临床意义。方法　应用高分辨的血管外超声检测 3 3 6例急性心肌梗塞、急性脑出血、急性脑梗塞和健康者肱动脉血管内皮依赖性舒张功能。结果　冠心病、脑梗塞、脑出血患者与健康对照组比较 ,基础血管内径与硝酸甘油含化后血管内径扩张百分率差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ;基础血流速度和硝酸甘油含化后血流速度 ,脑梗塞组明显低于健康对照组、脑出血组及冠心病组 (P <0 .0 1～ 0 .0 5 )。结论　超声检测肱动脉血管内皮功能是判断和预测冠心病和脑卒中发生值得研究的方法 ;静息时肱动脉基础血管内径、对硝酸甘油扩血管反应是判断内皮功能损害的有用指标     

初诊2型糖尿病患者动脉内膜中层厚度和血管内皮功能的超声研究

目的应用高分辨率超声检测和评估初诊2型糖尿病患者的动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)和血管内皮功能的变化。方法测定164例初诊2型糖尿病患者及20例正常人的颈动脉、髂动脉、股动脉的内膜中层厚度,肱动脉反应性充血前后及舌下含服硝酸甘油前后内径的变化,并进行统计学分析。结果糖尿病组IMT较正常对照组增厚(P<0.05);反应性充血时肱动脉内径变化百分率(13.11±6.02)%比正常对照组(16.91±5.97)%明显减弱(P<0.01)。硝酸甘油介导的肱动脉内径变化百分率(16.05±6.98)%与正常对照组(18.12±6.79)%比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论应用高分辨率超声检查可较早发现糖尿病患者IMT和血管内皮功能受损情况,对于糖尿病大血管并发症的早期发现及治疗效果的评价具有重要的应用价值。     

多普勒超声心动图检测冠心病患者的内皮依赖性血管舒张功能

目的 利用多普勒超声评价冠心病(CHD) 患者的血管内皮功能。方法 对32 例CHD 患者和32 例正常 人肱动脉充气加压及舌下含服硝酸甘油前后血管直径和血流速度变化的检测。结果 CHD 患者肱动脉加压前后的 血管直径和血流速度变化百分比明显小于正常对照组;而舌下含服硝酸甘油前后肱动脉内径及血流速度变化百分 比在两组之间无明显差异。结果 CHD 患者存在血管内皮功能下降,多普勒超声可作为评价血管内皮功能的一种 新方法。     

彩色多普勒超声检测长期吸烟者的肱动脉内皮功能

目的多普勒超声检测长期吸烟者的肱动脉内皮细胞功能。方法采用超声显像法对29例长期吸烟者和22例正常对照组作肱动脉测定基础状态下血管内径、反应性充血时的内径及舌下含服硝酸甘油后的血管内径。结果长期吸烟者反应性充血诱发的肱动脉内径变化百分率明显低于对照组P<0.01。服药后诱发血管扩张内径变化百分率也低于对照组P<0.01。结论长期吸烟者血管内皮功能受损,硝酸甘油诱发的扩血管反应也有所下降。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.