185株临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌中超广谱β-内酰胺酶及耐药性检测

目的 了解临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的发生率及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药性.方法 采用CLSI表型确证试验一纸片增强法检测产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌,琼脂稀释法测定产ESBLs和非产ESBLs菌株对多种抗菌药物的敏感性.结果 肺炎克雷伯菌中,产ESBLs菌株的发生率为41.1%,其对哌拉西林、头孢唑林、头孢呋辛、头孢噻肟、氯霉素、复方新诺明、氟喹诺酮类、阿米卡星的耐药显著;对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率为0;对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢他啶的耐药率分别为26.3%、34.2%;除亚胺培南和美罗培南以外,产ESBLs菌株对其他抗菌药物的耐药率显著高于非产ESBLs菌株,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌中,产ESBLs菌株发生率较高、多药耐药显著,应加强肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs的发生率及其对抗菌药物耐药性进行检测和监测.     

中药致耐药菌微细结构变化的电镜观察

目的 观察研究自制的3种中药制剂对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)、产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肠杆菌科细菌及耐青霉素肺炎链球菌(PRP)微细结构的影响.方法 采用血清药理学检测方法 ,用中药含药血清作用耐药菌后,通过透射电镜观察其微细结构变化.结果受试菌株经含药血清抑菌作用后均表现不同程度的细胞壁破损,发生了细菌胞壁结构、胞膜屏障的通透性改变,对细菌的生长繁殖有不同程度的抑制作用.结论 研发中药抑菌制剂,减轻抗菌药物对耐药菌株的选择性压力,应成为临床抗感染治疗的新途径.     

老年患者ESBLs阳性肺炎克雷伯菌感染耐药性监测

目的调查某院2001年8月—2004年6月分离自老年患者标本的肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)及其耐药情况。方法采用DADE BEHRING Micro Scan A/S-4微生物鉴定药敏系统及配套试剂对分离自>60岁患者标本的294株肺炎克雷伯菌进行细菌鉴定、药敏试验,采用纸片扩散法确证试验检测ESBLs,并对ESBLs阳性与阴性菌株的耐药率进行统计分析。结果294株肺炎克雷伯菌中共检出ESBLs阳性菌株203株,ESBLs阳性率为69.05%;耐>3种不同类型抗菌药物的菌株占75.51%,其中84.23%为ESBLs阳性菌株。ESBLs阳性菌株对20种抗菌药物的耐药率除亚胺培南(P>0.05)外均显著高于ESBLs阴性菌株(P<0.005~0.025)。ESBLs阳性菌株对亚胺培南的耐药率最低,为2.96%;其次为头孢吡肟18.23%、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦22.66%、头孢他啶27.59%及头孢西丁28.08%。结论该院老年患者产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌分离率高,耐药率及多重耐药率亦高,临床应高度重视对产ESBLs菌株感染的预防、监测和治疗。     

临床分离1229株菌的耐药性分析及超广谱β—内酰胺酶的检测

目的 探讨临床药敏试验对医院感染控制的指导意义。方法 医院检验科收集临床分离菌1229株,应用K-B琼脂扩散法进行药敏试验,对306株大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,应用纸片法检测超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)。结果 在革兰阴性杆菌中铜绿假单胞菌的耐药指数最高,在革兰阳性球菌中肠球菌耐药指数最高,亚安培南对革兰阴性菌抑菌效果明显优于其他抗生素,万古霉素对革兰阳性球菌的抑菌效果最佳,从大肠埃希菌,肺炎克雷伯菌中检出产ESBLs的菌分别为28.5％和30.3％,产酶菌株对头孢菌素高度耐药,对环丙沙星,庆大霉素及复方新诺明等耐药率明显高于非产酶菌(P<0.01),而对亚安培南则敏感(P<0.05)。结论 耐药指数越高,耐药面越广,耐药率越高。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性研究

目的 了解我院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的抗生素耐药情况,为临床合理用药提供科学数据. 方法收集我院2008年1-12月的住院患者各种临床标本中分离出的212株大肠埃希菌和415株肺炎克雷伯菌共计627株细菌的25种抗生素药物敏感试验的结果,并按美国临床实验室标准化委员会(NCCLS)推荐的方法进行产ESBLs菌株筛选,初筛试验阳性的菌株再进行确证试验,分别记录初筛阴性、确证阴性和确证阳性的菌群分布与耐药情况. 结果在627株细菌中,ESBLs初筛试验阴性菌株有352株,其中大肠埃希菌137株,肺炎克雷伯菌215株..ESBLs初筛试验阳性菌株有275株,经ESBLs确证试验为阴性的菌株有98株(其中大肠埃希菌37株,肺炎克雷伯菌61株),经ESBLs确证试验为阳性菌株有177株(其中大肠埃希菌58株,肺炎克雷伯菌119株).ESBLs初筛试验阳性菌株对25种抗生素的耐药率要比初筛试验阴性菌株的耐药率高. 结论 ESBLs初筛试验阴性菌株耐药率都较低,ESBLs初筛试验阳性菌株对碳青霉烯类的亚胺培南、氨基糖苷类的丁胺卡那霉素和呋喃类药物中的呋喃妥因都较敏感.碳青霉烯类亚胺培南是对产ESBLs菌株最有效的药物.     

产酶大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯茵的检测及耐药性分析

目的 研究某医院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)和质粒AmpC酶的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌耐药情况.方法 对2006年11月-2007年7月分离的139株大肠埃希菌和102株肺炎克雷伯菌分别采用标准纸片扩散法检测ESBLs,头孢西丁三维试验检测质粒AmpC酶;并用K-B纸片扩散法进行药敏试验,根据美国临床实验室标准化委员会2002年判断标准分析结果 .结果 139株大肠埃希菌产ESBLs、Ampc酶及ESBLs+ampC酶菌株的检出率分别为48.20%、9.35%、2.88%;102株肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs、AmpC酶及ESBLs+ampc酶菌株的检出率分别为55.88%、8.82%、2.94%.产ESBLs菌株对头孢菌素类、氨基糖苷类、单环酰胺类抗菌药物耐药率明显高于非产ESBLs菌株(P<0.001～0.05).除碳青霉烯类及头孢他啶等抗生素外,产AmpC酶菌株对二、三代头孢菌素及喹诺酮类等药的耐药率均明显增高(P<0.001～0.05).结论 耐药酶的产生是导致细菌耐药的重要原因之一,合理使用抗菌药物对预防耐药菌的产生和控制医院感染非常重要.     

长春地区儿科院内感染肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性分析及产超广谱β-内酰胺酶检测

目的:探讨儿科院内感染肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的耐药特征,为产ESBLs细菌的治疗提供参考。方法:采用纸片琼脂扩散法和双纸片协同试验对肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性及产ESBLs菌株进行监测。结果:从306份标本中分离出85株肺炎克雷伯菌,产ESBLs菌株阳性率为31.8%(27/85);ESBLs阳性株对多种抗生素的耐药率高于ESBLs阴性株,只对亚胺培南敏感。结论:长春地区儿科院内感染肺炎克雷伯菌ESBLs的检出率高并呈多重耐药性。     

永州市某院临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性分析

目的探讨肺炎克雷伯菌中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶( ESBLs)的发生率及其对常用12种抗菌药物的耐药性。方法对永州市中心医院临床分离200株肺炎克雷伯菌采用CLSI表型确证试验纸片增强法检测产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌, 改良Hodge实验检测肺炎克雷伯菌株的碳青霉烯酶, K-B纸片扩散法测定产ESBLs 和非产ESBLs菌株对多种抗菌药物的耐药性。结果200株肺炎克雷伯菌中,产ESBLs 菌株的发生率为51 %（102/200）,产碳青霉烯酶菌株2例。200株菌株对哌拉西林、头孢噻肟、复方新诺明、氨曲南、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟的耐药显著,分别为96.0%、55.5%、50.0%、43.0%、40.0%、34.0%;对左氧氟沙星、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、阿米卡星和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率均低于22%;对厄他培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为0%、0.5% 。产ESBLs菌株对氨曲南、复方新诺明、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率显著高于非产ESBLs菌株,差异有统计学意义( P < 0. 05)。结论该院临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌中,产ESBLs菌株发生率较高,对12种常规抗菌药物耐药率部分增加,应加强肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs 的发生率检测及其对抗菌药物耐药性的监测。     

痰标本中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌的检测和药敏分析

目的了解我院痰标本中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌的分离情况及对常用抗生素的耐药特点,为临床合理选择抗生素提供依据。方法按照美国临床实验室国家标准化委员会(NCCLS)的标准,用K-B法对我院2005年1~12月痰标本中分离的肺炎克雷伯菌进行ESBLs检测和药物敏感试验。结果29.9%的肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs,产ESBL菌株对头孢菌素、单环类(氨曲南)、氨基糖苷类(庆大霉素、阿米卡星)、喹诺酮类(环丙沙星、左旋氧氟沙星)、复方新诺明的耐药率明显高于不产ESBLs菌(P<0.05),产ESBLs菌株与不产ESBLs菌株对亚胺培南、美罗培南均有很高的敏感性(97%~100%)。结论产ESBLs菌株的检测极为重要,临床医生应根据药敏试验结果合理使用抗生素。     

大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌株的耐药性监测

目的了解医院临床分离出的产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的主要细菌,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs菌株的构成比和耐药特征,为临床抗感染治疗提供参考. 方法 2002年1～12月从本院住院患者的各类临床标本,采用Kirby-Bauer(K-B)琼脂扩散法和ESBLs确证试验进行ESBLs的检测. 结果大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs菌株的检出率分别为43.7%和35.3%;产ESBLs菌株较不产ESBLs菌株表现为对抗菌药物明显高的耐药率,除个别抗菌药物外,两者差异具有显著性P值<0.05,以及高多重耐药率;产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南耐药率最低,分别是4.5%和2.1%,其次是阿米卡星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均>70%. 结论产ESBLs菌株感染给临床治疗带来较大困难,遏制产ESBLs菌株的产生,要加强细菌耐药性监测、合理应用抗菌药物.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.