应用双髋关节正位X线片评估全髋关节置换术后髋臼前倾角

目的: 探讨是否可以在普通双髋关节正位X线片上评估髋臼假体前倾角。方法: 2019年3月至7月收治全髋关节置换术后患者32例(共41髋),男18例,女14例,年龄(66.2±4.1)岁,所有患者于术后完成双髋关节正位X线片及骨盆CT平扫。通过骨盆CT平扫测量髋臼前倾角,在X线片上采用Saka等测量公式进行测量。结果: 41髋X线片测量髋臼前倾角为(16.2±5.0)°,与CT测量的髋臼前倾角(31.8±9.7)°间差异有统计学意义(P=0.00)。此外,X线片测量与CT测量的髋臼前倾角具有明显相关性(Pearson相关系数r=0.84,P=0.00)。结论: CT可以较准确地测得髋臼前倾角,但是其存在辐射量大、成本较高、假体CT伪影重等明显弊端。在普通双髋关节正位X线片上采用Saka测量公式虽然无法像CT测量一样直接获得准确的髋臼前倾角,但却和CT测得的髋臼前倾角间存在高度的相关性,所以提出的方法也可以初步评估髋臼前倾角。     

传统手术方法安放髋臼假体角度准确性的三维CT研究

[目的]通过对全髋置换术后髋臼假体角度的CT测量,总结使用传统手术方法安放髋臼假体角度的临床现状,评估使用传统手术方法安放髋臼假体角度的准确性,并就医生经验对安放髋臼假体角度准确性的影响进行研究。[方法]对2011年9月20日～11月20日在本院进行全髋置换的206髋进行了前瞻性研究,所有手术均采用侧卧位后外侧入路和传统手术方法,没有借助任何定向器等辅助器械,手术由12名医生完成,其中6名高级职称医生完成131髋,6名主治医生完成75髋。术后1周内进行了CT测量,使用三维CT方法测量了髋臼假体的倾斜角和前倾角,并对研究中使用的三维CT方法进行了准确性研究。将测量的倾斜角和前倾角数据与Lewinneck提出的理想范围:倾斜角(40±10)°,前倾角(15±10)°进行比较分析,评估使用传统手术方法安放髋臼假体角度的准确性。将高级职称医生组的数据与主治医生组的数据进行比较,研究医生经验对安放髋臼假体角度准确性的影响。[结果]本研究中使用的三维CT方法测量髋臼倾斜角和前倾角在组内测量和组间测量中均有很高的准确性,ICC>0.99。在206例髋关节中,倾斜角平均为(36.07±6.72)°,78.16%的病例在安全范围内;前倾角平均为(16.27±8.26)°,76.21%的病例在安全范围内;倾斜角和前倾角均在安全范围内的占总病例数的60.19%。高级医生组与主治医生组完成的手术在髋臼假体角度方面没有显著区别(P>0.05)。[结论]三维CT测量髋臼角度是准确可靠的。目前本院使用传统全髋置换技术安放髋臼假体时,倾斜角为(36.07±6.72)°,前倾角为(16.27±8.26)°;安放髋臼假体角度的准确性不理想,有60.19%的髋臼安放在Lewinneck安全区。使用传统手术方法,医生经验并不能显著提高安放髋臼假体角度的准确性。     

全髋关节置换术采用髋臼横韧带作髋臼假体前倾定位的CT研究

目的本文通过对全髋关节置换术前髋臼解剖前倾角度和术后髋臼假体前倾角度的CT测量,评估使用髋臼横韧带定位法安放髋臼假体前倾角度的准确性。方法 2015年1月至2016年1月,选择我院关节外科收治初次全髋关节置换术的40例44髋髋关节病患者纳入本研究。术中髋臼假体的前倾角以髋臼横韧带为参照标志,使髋臼假体开口平行韧带进行安放。采用CT测量术前髋臼解剖前倾角和术后髋臼假体前倾角,对手术前后前倾角数据进行统计分析,探讨应用髋臼横韧带定位法安放髋臼假体的准确性。结果本组手术中所有病例都能对髋臼横韧带进行辨认。术后切口Ⅰ期愈合。随访10～18个月,平均14个月,均未发生髋关节脱位。术后髋臼假体平均前倾角为(21.37±9.69)°,与术前髋臼解剖前倾角(19.22±6.76)°比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。其中,术后假体前倾角女性为(24.59±11.57)°,男性为(20.28±8.76)°,与术前女性和男性髋臼解剖前倾角比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。女性术前解剖前倾角比男性术前解剖前倾角大,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论在髋臼解剖学相对正常的初次全髋关节置换中,以髋臼横韧带为解剖标志,对髋臼假体前倾角度的精确植入可起到较可靠的参照作用。     

髋臼位相参数测量技术进展

髋臼的几何参数可以分为位相参数和形态参数.位相参数主要包括前倾角和外展角,是全髋关节置换手术中的重要参数.髋臼假体放置是否合理往往通过这两个参数的大小来衡量.髋臼位相的测量方法大致可以分为四类：实物测量[1～3]、以X线片为代表的二维影像测量[4～6]、以CT为代表的三维医学影像测量[7～9]和计算机辅助手术导航测量.     

应用骨盆正位X线片测量全髋关节置换术后髋臼假体方位角的初步研究

目的通过对骨盆正位X线片的测量,归纳前倾角的变化与外展角的关系,同时检验Pettersson公式和RitenPradhan公式用于骨盆正位X线片测量的可行性和可靠性。方法模拟全髋关节置换术（total hip arthroplasty,THA）手术,将髋臼假体按照不同的外展角、前倾角放置于骨盆标本髋臼中,分别拍摄骨盆正位X线片。对图像进行测量,发现不同角度下髋臼假体投影的变化规律,应用Pettersson公式和Riten Pradhan公式计算假体前倾角,将结果与实际值进行比较。结果两组公式的计算值之间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,计算值与实际值之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论Pettersson公式和RitenPradhan公式不适用于测量骨盆正位X线片,误差较大。RitenPradhan公式的实用性较强,计算得到的外展角和前倾角的对应比值表可用于THA后髋臼假体方位角的判断,但仍需进一步试验完善比值表。     

自制髋臼假体角度安放导向器的研制与临床应用

[目的]验证在初次人工全髋关节置换时,使用自制髋臼假体角度导向器辅助安装,对提高髋臼假体置入角度准确率的影响和临床疗效。[方法]90例(98髋)进行全髋关节置换术,设定髋臼最佳置入外展角为40°,前倾角为20°。患者随机分导向器组(50髋)和对照组(48髋),其中导向器组手术中采用自制金属髋臼假体安装导向器辅助下进行髋臼假体的安放,对照组则采用传统手术,没有借助任何定位导向安装设备,完全靠徒手安装。术后拍骨盆前后位X线片测量髋臼假体角度,并将测量的外展角与前倾角数据进行分析,评估两种方法安放髋臼假体的准确性。[结果]导向器组:手术中安装导向器时间为40 s~1 min 30 s,髋臼前倾角为14.54°±5.25°,外展角为41.82°±3.61°;对照组前倾角为17.49°±8.47°,外展角为39.26°±7.19°。将外展角、前倾角均值分别进行比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]髋臼角度导向器可以提高置入髋臼假体的准确性,术中操作方便,安装导向器耗时短,可以反复使用,具有重要的临床价值。     

髋臼横韧带定位髋臼假体前倾校正骨盆旋转

目的通过观察后外侧入路全髋关节置换术中骨盆的旋转变化，探讨术中骨盆旋转对髋臼假体前倾角植入的影响，评估使用髋臼横韧带作髋臼假体前倾定位的准确性以及对骨盆旋转角度变化的校正作用。 方法2015年1月至2016年1月河池市第三人民医院关节外科收治的行初次THA的40例44髋的髋关节疾病患者纳入本研究。纳入标准为：初次THA术的患者，术前、术后CT扫描质量符合标准、能确定髋臼解剖前倾角、髋臼假体前倾角的患者。排除标准：髋臼发育不良、强直性脊柱炎、既往有髋关节严重创伤手术史以及翻修术等，术前、术后双髋关节CT扫描，CT横断面上骨盆明显倾斜、两侧髋关节的中心显示明显不在同一层面、难以确定水平线测量前倾角的患者，予以排除。手术均采用侧卧位后外侧入路，切皮前将1枚施氏针以垂直于地面方向打入髂骨嵴，术中髋臼假体的前倾角，以髋臼横韧带为参照标志，通过直接参照或间接参照髋臼横韧带进行髋臼挫磨及安装臼杯，使髋臼假体开口平行韧带进行安放，在此过程中用摄像机记录施氏针相对于地面的角度变化，确定手术过程中骨盆旋转度数，同时测量并记录挫磨髋臼及安放假体时，相对于身体长轴髋臼手术前倾角的数值。术后通过CT测量髋臼假体前倾角，对术中手术前倾角和术后髋臼假体的前倾角、术前髋臼解剖前倾角数据进行t检验分析。 结果术中骨盆旋转发生在本研究中的平均度数为(18±4)°。44个髋关节中，所有的病例都能对髋臼横韧带进行辨认，术中手术前倾角平均为(33±5)°，有93%(41髋)的病例大于Lewinnek提出的"安全区"的前倾角上限25°，余下的7%(3个髋)也全部大于24°。术后CT测量髋臼假体的解剖前倾角为(21±10)°，与术前髋臼解剖前倾角度(19±7)°比较，差异无统计学意义(t＝1.264，P >0.05)。 结论在后外侧入路THA术中，体位改变骨盆前旋转会影响髋臼假体植入的准确性，使用髋臼横韧带作为解剖标志指导髋臼假体前倾角度的植入，可以排除患者体位改变骨盆旋转对前倾角的影响，提高髋臼假体放置的准确性。     

髋臼位相参数的测定方法及临床意义

目的探讨在髋关节正位X线片测量骨性髋臼前倾角、外展角的方法及对全髋关节置换手术(THR)中髋臼精确安置的指导意义.方法通过20具(40髋)骨盆标本髋关节正位X线片髋臼前倾角、外展角的测算值与骨盆标本髋臼前倾角、外展角的实际值相比较,以证明该测算方法的准确性.结果骨盆标本髋关节正位X线片测算的髋臼前倾角、外展角数值与实际值比较,其差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).结论在髋关节正位X线片上测算髋臼前倾角、外展角的方法是准确客观的,该方法简单易行,从而使THR术中髋臼假体的安置更加精确.     

髋臼前倾角研究进展

髋臼前倾角和外展角为全髋关节置换术（THA）中评估髋臼假体位置,术后随访假体位置的两个重要参数。髋臼前倾角的测量目前仍无统一标准。该文就近期文献中髋臼前倾角的定义、测量时骨盆参考平面、各种测量方法、髋臼角安全范围等作一综述。     

髋臼前倾角研究进展

髋臼前倾角和外展角为全髋关节置换术(THA)中评估髋臼假体位置,术后随访假体位置的两个重要参数。髋臼前倾角的测量目前仍无统一标准。该文就近期文献中髋臼前倾角的定义、测量时骨盆参考平面、各种测量方法、髋臼角安全范围等作一综述。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.