核心稳定性训练结合虚拟现实技术对脑卒中后偏瘫患者上肢运动功能、平衡功能和日常生活活动能力的影响

目的 观察核心稳定性训练结合虚拟现实技术训练对脑卒中后偏瘫患者上肢运动、平衡及日常生活活动能力临床疗效。 方法 选取符合入选和排除标准的脑卒中后偏瘫患者46例,按随机数表法将患者分为对照组和实验组,每组23例。2组患者均采用常规康复治疗方案包括传统运动疗法、作业治疗、物理因子治疗、虚拟现实技术训练等,实验组在以上治疗基础上增加躯干核心稳定性训练。于治疗前和治疗4周后（治疗后）采用关节活动数据、Fugl-Meyer运动功能评测上肢部分（FMA-UE）、Fugl-Meyer平衡功能评测（FMA-B）和改良Barthel指数（MBI）对2组患者的关节活动范围、上肢运动功能、平衡功能和日常生活活动能力进行评估。 结果 治疗后,2组患者的关节活动范围较组内治疗前均明显改善（P<0.05）;且实验组治疗后关节范围优于对照组治疗后,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后,2组患者的FMA-UE评分、FMA-B评分和MBI评分较组内治疗前均明显改善（P<0.05）,且实验组治疗后的FMA-UE评分、FMA-B评分和MBI评分分别为（40.93±8.27）分、（12.26±5.92）分和（70.92±11.56）分,与对照组治疗后比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 躯干核心稳定性训练结合虚拟现实技术训练可显著改善脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢活动范围和平衡功能,进而有效地改善上肢运动功能和日常生活活动能力。     

改良坐-站转移训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能及平衡能力的影响

目的观察改良坐-站训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能及平衡能力的影响。 方法采用随机数字表法将50例脑卒中后偏瘫患者分为实验组及对照组,每组25例。2组患者于生命体征稳定后均给予常规康复治疗,对照组患者在此基础上辅以常规坐-站转移训练,实验组患者则辅以改良坐-站转移训练（即在患足置后情况下进行坐-站转移训练）。于治疗前、治疗4周后分别采用Berg平衡量表(BBS)、Fugl-Meyer评定法下肢部分（FMA-L）对2组患者进行评定,同时使用AL-080型平衡功能评估系统对2组患者坐-站转移所需时间、下肢负重差异（ALD）及人体重心在冠状面上摆动幅度（COGX）进行评测,并观察其差异性。 结果与治疗前比较,2组患者治疗后其BBS评分、FMA-L评分、坐-站转移所需时间、ALD及COGX均显著改善（P<0.05）;进一步分析发现,实验组患者治疗后其BBS评分［(47.5±5.3)分］、FMA-L评分［(22.4±7.3)分］、坐-站转移所需时间［(3.01±0.61)s］、ALD［(17.24±5.35)］及COGX［(2.87±0.52)cm］均显著优于对照组水平（P<0.05）。 结论改良坐-站转移训练能进一步促进脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能及平衡能力提高,该疗法值得临床推广、应用。     

肩胛骨运动控制训练结合虚拟现实技术对脑卒中患者上肢功能的影响

目的观察肩胛骨运动控制训练结合虚拟现实技术对脑卒中后偏瘫患者上肢功能恢复的影响。 方法选取脑卒中后偏瘫患者42例,采用随机数字表法将其分为实验组和对照组,每组患者21例。2组患者均给予常规康复治疗和肩胛骨运动控制训练,实验组患者在此基础上辅以虚拟现实技术训练。于治疗前和治疗4周后（治疗后）采用上肢Brunnstrom分期、Fugl-Meyer运动功能评测上肢部分（FMA-UE）、改良Barthel指数（MBI）以及简易上肢功能评价（STEF）对2组患者进行评估。 结果治疗后,实验组和对照组患者上肢Brunnstrom分期［分别为（4.19±0.73）和（3.29±0.70）分］、FMA-UE评分［分别为（51.10±8.05）和（37.14±7.69）分］、MBI评分［分别为（63.10±5.87）和（49.76±7.32）分］以及STEF评分［分别为（66.62±7.17）和（54.90±9.40）分］较组内均明显改善,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;且治疗后,实验组患者上述各项评分均显著优于对照组,差异亦均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论肩胛骨运动控制训练结合虚拟现实技术能更有效地改善脑卒中后偏瘫患者的上肢运动功能和日常生活自理能力。     

强化蹬踏训练对偏瘫患者下肢功能恢复的影响

目的探索强化蹬踏训练对偏瘫患者下肢功能恢复的影响。方法60 例脑卒中后偏瘫患者分为对照组(n=30)和治疗组(n=30),均接受常规运动治疗、作业治疗、针灸治疗和电刺激治疗,治疗组在此基础上增加强化蹬踏训练。于治疗前及治疗8 周后分别采用Berg 平衡量表(BBS)、Fugl-Meyer 下肢运动功能评分量表(FMA-L)、改良Barthel 指数(MBI)、功能性步行分级(FAC)、改良Ashworth 量表(MAS)进行评定。结果治疗后,两组患者的BBS、FMA-L、MBI、FAC、MAS 评分较治疗前均明显改善(P<0.01),治疗组改善情况均优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论强化蹬踏训练可明显改善偏瘫患者下肢功能。     

功能性电刺激下踏车训练对亚急性期脑卒中患者运动功能和心肺适能的效果

目的 探讨功能性电刺激下踏车训练对脑卒中亚急性期患者运动功能、心肺适能和日常生活活动能力的影响。 方法 2016年1月至2019年4月,初发脑卒中亚急性期患者60例分为对照组(n = 30)和实验组(n = 30),在常规治疗基础上,对照组予四肢联动康复踏车训练,实验组予功能性电刺激康复踏车训练,共4周。治疗前后采用Fugl-Meyer评定量表(FMA)、改良Barthel指数(MBI)进行评定,测量峰值摄氧量(VO_2peak)。 结果 治疗后,两组FMA评分、MBI评分和VO_2peak均显著升高(|t| > 7.889, P < 0.001),实验组FMA评分和VO _2peak明显高于对照组(|t| > 3.332, P< 0.01)。 结论 功能性电刺激下踏车训练更有利于脑卒中亚急性期患者运动功能、心肺适能和日常生活活动能力恢复。     

综合康复干预对脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体功能恢复的影响

目的 观察综合康复干预（包括常规康复训练、肌电生物反馈训练及穴位按摩等）对脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体功能恢复的影响。 方法 采用随机数字表法将60例脑卒中后偏瘫患者分为观察组及对照组,每组30例。对照组患者给予常规康复训练,观察组患者在此基础上辅以肌电生物反馈训练及患肢肌肉、穴位按摩治疗。于治疗前、治疗10周后分别采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表（FMA）、改良Ashworth痉挛量表(MAS)及改良Barthel指数评分（MBI）对2组患者进行疗效评定。 结果 治疗前2组患者屈腕肌、踝跖屈肌MAS评分、上肢及下肢FMA评分、MBI评分组间差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;经10周治疗后发现2组患者上述疗效指标均较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）,并且观察组屈腕肌、踝跖屈肌MAS评分［分别为（1.5±0.5）分、（1.8±0.4）分］、上肢及下肢FMA评分［分别为（51.3±2.1）分、（26.4±4.1）分］、MBI评分［（62.7±20.9）分］均显著优于对照组水平,组间差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论 在常规康复干预基础上辅以肌电生物反馈训练及患肢肌肉、穴位按摩治疗,能进一步促进脑卒中偏瘫患者肢体功能恢复,提高患者生活质量。     

基于正常行走模式的功能性电刺激对脑梗死早期患者下肢功能的影响

目的观察基于正常行走模式的功能性电刺激（FES）对脑梗死早期患者偏瘫下肢功能的影响。 方法采用随机数字表法将20例脑梗死早期患者分为电刺激组和安慰组。2组患者均给予常规药物治疗及基本康复训练,电刺激组同时辅以基于正常行走模式的FES治疗;安慰组电极放置与电刺激组相同,但治疗期间无电流输出。2组患者均每天治疗1次,每周治疗5 d。于治疗前、治疗3周后分别采用简化Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表（FMA）下肢部分、脑卒中患者姿势评定量表(PASS)、Berg平衡量表(BBS)、步行功能分级(FAC)、改良Barthel指数(MBI)对2组患者进行评定。 结果经3周治疗后,发现电刺激组FMA、PASS、BBS、MBI评分分别由治疗前（13.0±1.9）分、（19.5±2.4）分、（14.1±4.0）分和（43.2±5.2）分提高至（23.4±1.8）分、（30.1±1.0）分、（35.7±4.9）分和（83.4±3.8）分;安慰组上述指标则分别由治疗前（10.3±2.6）分、（16.4±3.5）分、（12.7±5.2）分和（40.4±7.2）分提高至（16.2±2.6）分、（24.3±2.8）分、（24.2±6.9）分和（66.8±7.0）分;并且电刺激组上述各指标的改善幅度均显著优于安慰组（均P<0.05）。治疗后2组患者步行FAC分级也有明显改善,但组间差异无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）。通过相关性分析发现,入选患者FMA、PASS、BBS评分与MBI评分均具有显著相关性（r值分别为0.890、0.644和0.917,均P<0.05）。 结论基于正常行走模式的FES治疗可显著改善脑梗死早期患者偏瘫下肢运动功能及平衡能力,对提高其日常生活活动能力具有重要意义。     

上肢康复机器人训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能恢复的影响

目的观察上肢康复机器人训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能恢复的影响。 方法采用随机数字表法将40例脑卒中偏瘫患者分为实验组及对照组,每组20例。2组患者均给予综合康复治疗,包括传统运动疗法、物理因子治疗、作业治疗等;实验组患者在此基础上辅以上肢康复机器人训练,疗程为1个月。于治疗前、治疗1个月后对2组患者肩关节前屈、后伸、水平外展、水平内收范围、Fugl-Meyer运动功能评测上肢部分（FMA-UE）及改良Barthel指数（MBI）进行评估对比。 结果治疗后2组患者肩关节活动范围、FMA-UE评分及MBI评分均较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）;进一步分析发现,治疗后实验组患者肩关节后伸［（19.20±9.54）°］、水平外展［（66.25±15.63）°］、水平内收［（26.65±7.52）°］、FMA-UE评分［（44.70±9.11）分］及MBI评分［（51.50±10.89）分］均显著优于对照组水平（P<0.05）,治疗后2组患者肩关节前屈范围组间差异仍无统计学意义（P>0.05）。 结论在常规康复干预基础上辅以上肢康复机器人训练,能进一步促进脑卒中偏瘫患者上肢功能改善,对提高患者生活质量具有重要意义。     

下肢运动控制训练联合核心稳定性训练对脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢功能恢复的影响

目的观察基于虚拟游戏的下肢运动控制训练联合核心稳定性训练对脑卒中后下肢功能恢复的影响。 方法采用随机数字表法将60例脑卒中偏瘫患者分为观察组及对照组,每组30例。对照组患者给予常规康复训练及核心稳定性训练,观察组患者在此基础上辅以基于虚拟游戏的下肢运动控制训练。于治疗前、治疗8周后分别采用下肢Fugl-Meyer运动功能评分（FMA）、Berg平衡量表（BBS）、改良Barthel指数（MBI）、功能性步行分级（FAC）及10m最大步行速度（MWS）对2组患者进行疗效评定。 结果治疗前2组患者FMA、BBS、MBI评分、MWS及FAC分级组间差异均无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）;分别经8周治疗后,发现观察组患者FMA评分［（27.81±4.52）分］、BBS评分［（49.08±5.15）分］、MBI评分［（70.64±16.15）分］、MWS［（45.33±13.27）m/min］及FAC分级（评级达4～5级者共有25例,占83.3％）均较治疗前及对照组明显改善（P<0.05）。 结论基于虚拟游戏的下肢运动控制训练联合核心稳定性训练能更有效改善脑卒中偏瘫患者下肢运动功能,该联合疗法值得临床推广、应用。      

膝踝足矫形器训练联合外周磁刺激对重度偏瘫患者下肢功能恢复的影响

目的观察膝踝足矫形器（KAFO）训练联合外周磁刺激对脑卒中重度偏瘫患者下肢功能恢复的影响。 方法采用随机数字表法将60例下肢严重瘫痪的脑卒中偏瘫患者分为治疗组（30例）及对照组（30例）。对照组给予常规康复治疗（基于运动再学习技术）及KAFO训练,治疗组则在对照组干预基础上针对偏瘫侧髂腰肌进行磁刺激治疗,2组患者均持续治疗8周。于治疗前、治疗8周后分别采用简化Fugl-Meyer下肢功能量表（FMA-LE）对患者下肢运动功能进行评定,采用Berg平衡量表（BBS）对患者平衡功能进行评定,采用功能性步行分级（FAC）对患者步行功能进行评定,采用改良Barthel指数量表（MBI）对患者日常生活活动能力进行评定。 结果经8周治疗后,发现治疗组患者FMA-LE、BBS、MBI评分分别由治疗前（7.50±2.16）分、（5.57±1.91）分和(21.77±5.50)分提高至（13.63±3.13）分、（19.63±2.91）分和（51.10±9.09）分;对照组上述指标则分别由治疗前（7.53±2.05）分、（5.87±1.43）分和（21.53±5.44）分提高至（11.30±2.49）分、（15.50±2.90）分和（42.97±6.24）分;并且治疗组患者上述疗效指标改善幅度均显著优于对照组（P<0.05）。治疗后2组患者FAC分级亦较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）,并且治疗组FAC分级改善幅度亦显著优于对照组（P<0.05）。 结论KAFO训练联合外周磁刺激能进一步改善脑卒中重度偏瘫患者下肢运动功能、平衡功能、步行能力及ADL能力,该联合疗法值得临床推广、应用。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Structure and function of "metalloantibiotics"

Although most antibiotics do not need metal ions for their biological activities, there are a number of antibiotics that require metal ions to function properly, such as bleomycin (BLM), streptonigrin (SN), and bacitracin. The coordinated metal ions in these antibiotics play an important role in maintaining proper structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Removal of the metal ions from these antibiotics can cause changes in structure and/or function of these antibiotics. Similar to the case of "metalloproteins," these antibiotics are dubbed "metalloantibiotics" which are the title subjects of this review. Metalloantibiotics can interact with several different kinds of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, receptors, and lipids, rendering their unique and specific bioactivities. In addition to the microbial-originated metalloantibiotics, many metalloantibiotic derivatives and metal complexes of synthetic ligands also show antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-neoplastic activities which are also briefly discussed to provide a broad sense of the term "metalloantibiotics."