贫困地区目标人群计划免疫知识、态度现况调查

目的了解目标人群乡村医生、儿童母亲及儿童监护人对计划免疫相关知识的掌握情况,为下一步制定信息传播策略、提出合适的信息传播干预措施提供参考依据.方法在黑龙江、河北两省随机抽取两个国家扶贫开发县的目标人群,共105人,进行问卷调查.结果当地群众计划免疫知识匮乏,对麻疹、卡介苗和百白破3种疫苗可预防5种疾病的知晓率均在35%以下.乡村医生对计划免疫相关知识缺乏,只有10.00%的人能完全正确回答出乙型肝炎的传播途径.结论加强对乡村医生的培训,向当地群众普及计划免疫相关知识有助于提高或维持儿童计划免疫疫苗接种率.     

民俗传承元素在儿童计划免疫传播策略中的应用

目的了解民俗传承元素在儿童计划免疫的信息—教育—交流策略传播材料中的应用及与目标人群的相关性、可接受性、可行性和适用性。方法1．走访当地主要民俗传承人—歌师和歌手,观察了解当地侗族和苗族的主要民俗传承系谱。2．在贵州省黔东南州2个县,针对4种传播材料共进行两轮预试验,预防接种关键信息分别访谈10名村干部,对115名和134名村民进行宣传画问卷调查,分别组织6组民歌VCD和接种证宣传插页的小组讨论。结果1．根据村干部的文化程度及背景,第一轮预试验后,将6条关键信息内容进行通俗化修改;通过第二轮预试验,80％的被访村干部均能理解关键信息的内容。2．第一轮预试验后,对宣传画的文字和图画内容均进行修改、完善;第二轮预试验,在能认读宣传画文字的村民中,91．7％的人能完全理解含义,92．5％的村民能基本看懂图画的内容,对宣传画的接受性、认同性较高。3．鉴于苗族和侗族语言存在地域差异,第一轮预试验后调整民歌VCD策略,民歌只作为一种吸引本民族传播受众的手段,各首民歌之间插播预防接种关键信息;第二轮预试验中大部分村民能听懂关键信息的内容。4．预防接种证插页是宣传画的黑白形式,修改后95．6％的村民可以看懂大部分内容,97．8％的村民对此形式表示认同和接受。结论儿童计划免疫侗族、苗族民歌VCD创作中充分吸收了大量的民族文化元素,既可减少民族文化艺术的消失,又可以传播健康文化,获得较好效果。经两轮预试验后,信息—教育—交流的4种传播材料形式保留,传播策略适当调整,内容修改确定,建议在信息—教育—交流传播策略中使用。     

计划免疫IEC策略之民歌VCD的制作及预试验研究

目的:探讨民歌VCD形式在贵州少数民族地区进行儿童计划免疫IEC策略传播的可行性及可接受性。方法:VCD脚本制作完成后,在贵州省黔东南州榕江县和剑河县逊纡两轮预试验。共组织12组(每组6~14人)目标人群的小组讨论。结果:经过两轮预试验,根据受试群众的意见和建议对民歌VCD的曲调、画面进行有针对性的修改,同时将顺口溜、FLASH动画等应用在创作中,并保证其民族特点。结论:民歌VCD制作要以目标人群的需求为基础,注重文字和语言的通俗化和形象化;曲调和画面的构思要兼具民族性、思想性、艺术性、趣味性和生动性,使民歌VCD的可读性、可接受性增强,有利于计划免疫知识的传播。     

界首市基层卫生与妇幼保健项目健康教育监测

目的 :为帮助目标人群建立有效的健康行为模式 ,保证基层卫生与妇幼保健项目顺利实施。方法 :按省项目办统一制定的健康教育监测要求 ,采用以小样本量的半定量调查和专题小组讨论的定性调查相结合的方法 ,对我市健康教育状况进行监测 ,结果 :界首市抽样乡 75 %的目标人群掌握 70 %以上的信息 ;70 %的目标人群接受到妇幼卫生知识的传播 ;75 %的目标人群知晓《生命知识》有关信息 ;90 %目标人群了解安全注射知识 ;90 %目标人群认为住院分娩安全 ;90 %的目标人群接受过村医或保健员对他们的知识传播。目标人群希望了解腹泻、感冒等常见病的防治知识 ,最喜欢的宣传方式是口头讲解。结论 :项目活动对促进目标人群健康知识的掌握是有效的 ,开展健康教育传播是可行的 ,要进一步对目标人群进行系统卫生知识宣传 ,并注重宣传方式 ,以达到更好的效果。     

安徽省全球基金艾滋病项目健康教育材料开发需求调查与评估

目的：了解项目地区群众艾滋病健康教育的现状和需求，为IEC策略的制定及传播材料的设计提供依据。方法：定量和定性调查方法相结合。结论：项目地区农村初中学生和15—49岁的妇女是IEC策略的优先目标人群；目标人群喜欢的传播媒介是小媒介（作文本、围裙）；喜欢的传播形式分别是漫画故事和顺口溜；健康教育传播的核心信息是艾滋病预防和治疗的知识。     

滁州市不同人群免费妇幼保健服务知晓情况调查报告

随着人民生活水平的不断提高,广大人民群众对妇幼保健知识的需求不断加大,同时不同人群妇幼保健知识知晓率与妇幼保健工作质量密切相关。为了解不同目标人群对妇幼保健服务的知晓情况,为制定健康传播材料开发和使用计划及开展妇幼健康教育活动提供依据,2014年2月至2014年4月对琅琊区和来安县的儿童家长、孕妇夫妇、婚检对象、一般居民等四类人群的妇幼保健服务知晓情况进行了现场调查。     

某县计划免疫知识、态度、行为干预措施效果评估

[目的]评价在河北省蔚县实施的计划免疫干预措施对公众知识、态度、行为的影响效果。[方法]项目实施前对适龄儿童母亲、儿童其他监护人,孕妇、新婚妇女开展了有关计划免疫知识、态度、行为的调查问卷,收集基本资料;项目实施中对目标人群实施了培训、宣传等干预措施;项目终期对同一目标人群开展问卷调查。[结果]通过项目实施,蔚县计划免疫工作水平得到提高;儿童家长/监护人计划免疫知识水平提高,态度行为进一步改善。项目的实施也为提高河北省预防接种信息传播水平提供了经验。[结论]河北省蔚县实施的计划免疫干预措施达到了预期效果。     

贵州省少数民族地区儿童计划免疫IEC策略制定的需求调查

目的了解贵州省少数民族地区群众对计划免疫的认知水平及计划免疫宣传教育的现状，为信息、教育与传播(infomaation education and communication，IEC)策略的制定及传播材料的设计提供依据。方法选取黔东南地区剑河和榕江县共8个村子作为调查地点；采用自行设计的计划免疫知、信、行问卷调查了189名7岁(含)以下儿童母亲，组织儿童主要看护人的小组讨论，对村长／支书及乡村医生进行个人深入访谈。结果被调查地区群众对儿童预防接种基本持有正确的态度，但缺乏预防接种的基本知识，他们现有的浅显的预防接种信息大多来自医生和村干部；被调查地区计划免疫宣传教育很缺乏，但村民对计划免疫知识是渴求的，他们对医生或村干部的话充满信任，对宣传画、民歌／快板书等宣传形式十分喜爱，且有一部分人有一定的化，可阅读简单宣传语；电视和VCD机的家庭拥有比例分别为72．5％、34．4％。结论本次需求调查为制定贵州省少数民族地区儿童计划免疫IEC策略提供了依据。     

贵州省儿童计划免疫IEC策略宣传画及预防接种证插页预试验研究

目的了解IEC策略传播材料与目标人群的相关性、可接受性、可行性及适用性。方法在贵州省IEC策略需求评估地区，针对宣传画和预防接种证插页传播材料共进行两轮预试验，分别调查了115名和128名村民，并分别对27名和45名儿童家长进行小组讨论和个人深入访谈。结果第一轮预试验中，只有60．5％的目标人群能够理解宣传画的文字含义，存在易混淆词语；能完全看懂图画含义的目标人群更少（占7．8％），图画内容极容易产生歧异，根据村民的意见和建议进行修改、完善；第二轮预试验，在能认读宣传画文字的村民中，91．7％的人能完全理解含义，大部分村民能看懂图画的内容，对宣传画的接受性、认同性较高。预防接种证插页是宣传画的黑白形式，修改后95．6％的村民可以看懂大部分内容，97．8％的村民对预防接种证加插页表示认同和接受。结论传播材料在应用到健康促进策略前有必要进行预实验。经两轮预试验后，IEC策略宣传画和预防接种证插页传播材料定稿，建议在IEC传播策略中使用。     

开展计划免疫咨询及宣传的体会

计划免疫咨询及宣传是计划免疫工作中的重要内容之一。计划免疫内容十分广泛,并非卫生部门能单独承担,需要有关部门和整个社会的支持。开展计划免疫咨询及宣传的目的,是为了在群众中普及计划免疫科学知识,提高群众对计划免疫工作的认识,把不需要花很多钱就能在实践中应用的儿童保健预防知识传授给群众,提高人群的免疫水平,达到控制以至最终消灭相应传染病的目地,从而有效地保护儿童健康     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.