原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的预防与诊治

目的　探讨肝移植术后胆道并发症的预防、诊断和治疗。　方法　对 1993年 4月～2 0 0 1年 11月我科实施的 12 3例肝移植患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。　结果　 12 3例肝移植患者中11例通过胆道造影确诊为肝移植术后胆道并发症 ,9例治愈 ,1例好转 ,死亡 1例。胆道并发症发生率为 8 9% ( 11/ 12 3) ,与胆道并发症相关的死亡率为 0 8% ( 1/ 12 3) ,与T管相关的胆道并发症发生率为4 2 % ( 5 / 119) ,与肝动脉供血相关的胆道并发症发生率为 1 6 % ( 2 / 12 3)。热缺血时间 >3min、冷缺血时间 >8h组胆道并发症发生率明显升高 (P <0 0 5 )。　结论　保存性损伤和缺血性损伤是肝移植术后胆道并发症的重要原因。修肝时应维护肝外胆管的血供和警惕变异胆管的存在。改进T管置管方法可显著降低与T管相关的胆道并发症发生率。术后早期胆道造影有助于及时诊断胆道并发症。介入技术是胆道并发症的主要治疗手段。     

应用MRCP术前评估活体肝移植供者胆管系统

目的 评价应用MRCP术前评估活体肝移植供者胆管系统的临床意义.方法 60例活体肝移植供者(男50例,女10例,年龄19～60岁,平均32.3岁),于右半肝切取术前行MRCP检查,术中经胆囊管行胆道造影.回顾性分析这些活体肝移植供者术前MRCP和术中胆道造影结果,二者进行比较,对比术中胆道造影结果评价MRCP在活体肝移植供者胆管分型方面的准确性.结果 根据术前MRCP结果,所有60例活体肝移植供者均可以判断出肝内胆管分型情况,1型胆管40例,2型胆管12例,3型胆管5例,其他3例.术中胆道造影显示1型胆管39例,MRCP正确诊断38例,准确率为97.4%;术中胆道造影显示2型胆管12例,MRCP正确诊断出11例,准确率为91%;术中胆道造影显示其他胆管类型为9例,MRCP正确诊断出8例,准确率为89%;MPCP总体准确率为95%(57/60).结论 MRCP可以在术前较为准确地显示活体肝移植供者胆管分型,为临床制定手术方案提供依据.     

内镜逆行胆胰管造影术处理心脏死亡器官捐献供体肝移植受体术后胆道狭窄临床分析

目的探讨内镜逆行胆胰管造影技术(ERCP)在心脏死亡器官捐献供体(DCD)肝移植术后胆道狭窄治疗中的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析2011年9月至2014年6月接受DCD肝移植手术治疗的34例肝移植受体的临床资料。结果磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)作为诊断肝移植术后胆道狭窄的标准方法,34例DCD肝移植术后发生胆道狭窄8例,发生率为23.53%,其中2例为吻合口狭窄,胆道狭窄组的肝移植等待时间明显长于非胆道狭窄组[(72.5±86.0)d vs(14.4±30.1)d,U=40.0,P=0.01]。1例自行再通,7例接受ERCP胆道内支架置入均获成功,ERCP术后并发胰腺炎4例(57.14%),胆管炎1例(14.29%)和胆管炎合并肝脓肿1例(14.3%)。结论胆道狭窄是DCD肝移植术后常见并发症,MRCP是诊断肝移植术后胆道狭窄的重要非有创性检查手段,ERCP胆道内支架置入是处理肝移植术后胆道狭窄的有效治疗方式,仍需进一步观察ERCP的疗效。     

肝移植术后胆道梗阻的治疗进展

胆道梗阻是肝移植术后较为棘手的胆道并发症之一,发生率及病死率高,因此,预防和及时处理肝移植术后胆道梗阻对于患者长期生存至关重要。磁共振胆管造影成像（MRCP）作为一个可靠的无创性检测胆道并发症的工具,已经被广泛使用。内镜下逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）是目前非手术治疗肝移植术后胆道梗阻的首选方式,内镜治疗和经皮肝穿刺胆管造影（PTC）治疗无效或梗阻症状较重者直接行手术治疗或再次肝移植。     

MRCP在预防LC手术并发症中的价值

目的评价磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)在预防腹腔镜胆囊切除(LC)手术并发症中的价值。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2010年6月期间我院收治的1 079例拟行LC治疗的患者的临床资料。根据不同时期行MRCP与否分为非MRCP组(n=523)和MRCP组(n=556),对2组患者胆管损伤及胆总管结石残余情况进行比较。结果非MRCP组35例患者中转开腹,MRCP组41例患者中转开腹。非MRCP组患者术中及术后出现胆管损伤5例,胆总管结石残余27例;MRCP组患者术中未出现胆管损伤以及胆总管结石残余,2组患者在胆管损伤和胆总管结石残余方面比较的差异均有统计学意义(P=0.026和P=0.000)。对于非MRCP组患者,术中胆道造影55例,发现胆总管结石23例。MRCP组3例患者术前MRCP未发现而术中经过胆道造影发现胆总管结石,另3例患者术前MRCP提示而术中胆道造影未发现胆总管结石。MRCP组患者术前MRCP发现双胆囊1例,Mirizzi综合征8例,胆囊管变异34例,副肝管28例,胆总管结石27例,与术中结果相比,其诊断的准确性分别为100%、87.5%、94.1%、89.3%和88.9%。结论 LC患者术前行MRCP有利于预防胆管损伤及胆总管结石残余的发生。     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的预防和治疗

目的探讨肝移植术后胆道并发症预防和治疗。方法回顾性分析我院24例肝移植患者临床资料。结果3例患者通过MRCP和ERCP确诊为肝移植术后胆道并发症,经内镜微创治疗1例1年后死亡,2例随访2年仍健康存活。胆道并发症发生率为12.5%,没有与肝动脉相关胆道并发症发生。热缺血时间>5 min,冷缺血时间>12 h,胆道并发症发生率呈明显升高倾向。结论保存性损伤和缺血性损伤是肝移植术后胆道并发症的重要原因,修肝时肝外胆管的血供和警惕变异血管的存在,不放置T管和肝动脉、门静脉同步开放可显著降低胆道并发症。MRCP、ERCP和肝活检是早期诊断胆道并发症的主要手段,内镜微创和再次肝移植则是主要治疗措施之一。     

肝移植术后近、远期胆道并发症的诊断和外科处理

目的探讨原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊断和外科处理。方法总结2002年～2004年在我院接受原位肝移植手术的100例患者的临床资料,分析肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊断和外科处理。结果手术成功率为95%,随访率达100%,平均随访时间为(326±18.2)个月(24～51个月)。发生胆道并发症10例(10%),其中T管拔除后胆漏1例、肝断面胆漏2例、胆管狭窄2例、胆道吻合口梗阻2例和胆泥淤积或结石3例,经相应处理后,除1例行再移植外,余均获得满意的疗效。结论胆道并发症是肝移植术后常见并发症之一,经妥善处理后并不影响移植患者的长期生存。     

逆行胰胆管造影在肝移植中的应用

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)在诊断和治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症中的应用。方法对本院肝移植术后出现胆道并发症的16例患者进行ERCP检查,并根据情况分别行鼻胆管引流(ENBD)和/或内镜下乳头切开取石(EST)等治疗。结果ERCP确诊16例肝移植术后胆道并发症,发生率为9.47%,其中胆道结石6例,胆道狭窄3例,吻合口漏2例,胆道结石伴左肝管狭窄1例,吻合口胆漏伴胆道结石3例,1例示供受体胆管比例不一致,供体胆管相对狭窄,所有患者都得到有效治疗。结论内镜下ERCP是诊断和治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的一种安全而有效的手段,可作为非手术治疗中的首选。     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的预防

目的　探讨如何预防肝移植术后胆道并发症的发生。方法　对 1993年 4月至 2 0 0 1年10月我科实施的 12 0例肝移植病人临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果　共有 10例病人通过胆道造影确诊为肝移植术后胆道并发症 ,8例治愈 ,1例好转 ,1例死亡。胆道并发症发生率为 8 3 % (10 / 12 0 ) ,与胆道并发症相关的死亡率为 0 8% ,与T管相关的胆道并发症发生率为 4 3 % (5 / 116) ,与肝动脉供血相关的胆道并发症发生率为 1 7% (2 / 12 0 )。热缺血时间 >3min、冷缺血时间 >8h组胆道并发症发生率明显升高 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　胆道保存性损伤是引起肝移植术后胆道并发症的重要原因。缩短供肝的热、冷缺血时间和确保供肝胆管系统的血供可减少胆道并发症的发生。改进T管置管方法可显著降低与T管相关的胆道并发症发生率     

经胆道超声造影诊断胆总管术后残石的临床分析

目的:探讨经胆道超声造影检查在胆总管术后残石诊断中应用价值。方法:选择2016年8月—2017年12月行开腹或腹腔镜下胆总管切开探查取石,胆总管留置T管引流术后返院患者41例与经皮经肝胆道穿刺引流(PTCD)后并进行窦道扩张取石患者10例。患者入院后经T管或PTCD扩张管窦道胆道镜探查术前行经胆道超声造影检查、X线胆道造影检查;记录超声造影联合生理盐水注入前后观察到胆总管长度、直径等数据;以胆道镜探查结果为胆总管残石是否存在为金标准,分析其他两种方法诊断残石的准确性。结果:所有患者均完成3种检查。92.2%(47/51)的患者在超声造影联合生理盐水胆道注入下可观察到胆总管全程。胆道镜探查结果为标准,超声造影诊断残石符合率为88.2%(45/51),敏感度为78.3%,特异度为96.4%,一致性检验κ值为0.76;X线胆道造影检查诊断残石符合率为82.4%(42/51),敏感度为60.9%,特异度为100%,一致性检验κ值为0.63。结论:经胆道超声造影检查在胆总管探查留置T管术后及PTCD窦道扩张术后残石检查中可有效观察胆总管形态及其中残石,结合X线胆道造影可提高胆道术后胆总管残石诊断率。     

Accuracy of magnetic resonance cholangiography in the evaluation of late biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation

INTRODUCTION: The aim of our study was to evaluate the role of magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) in the diagnosis of late biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) and to assess the diagnostic accuracy of this imaging technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-one MRC were performed in 46 OLT patients with suspected biliary complication after T-tube removal. We used a fat-suppressed three-dimensional turbo spin-echo sequence (TR/TE 1800/700, ETL 100) with a 1.5-T magnet. The images and maximum intensity projections were evaluated by two radiologists. Diagnostic confirmation was obtained with percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) (n = 10), endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) (n = 24), surgery (n = 5), and clinical and ultrasound follow-up (n = 30). RESULTS: The MRC studies were considered diagnostic by the two radiologists in 69 cases (97.2%). MRC had a sensitivity of 93%, a specificity of 97.6%, a positive predictive value of 96.3%, a negative predictive value of 95.2%, and a global diagnostic accuracy of 95.6% to detect late biliary complications in OLT patients. The interobserver agreement was excellent (kappa = .92). CONCLUSION: MRC is a reliable technique to detect and exclude late biliary complications after OLT.     

Role of magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of anastomotic biliary strictures after liver transplantation

Introduction

Biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) are the principal cause of morbidity and graft dysfunction, ranging in incidence from 5.8% to 30% of cases. Biliary strictures are the most frequent type of late complication. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) to detect biliary anastomotic strictures among patients undergone OLT with abnormal liver function tests.

Materials and methods

One hundred twenty-one of 300 patients who underwent OLT were evaluated by MRC for clinically suspected anastomotic biliary strictures. In all patients, we performed various precholangiographic sequences including T1- and T2-weighted and MRC (radial SE 2D and SS-TSE 3D). Magnetic resonance imaging findings were subdivided as absence or presence of an anastomotic stricture. Diagnostic confirmation was obtained by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (n = 32), percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (n = 21) or surgical treatment (n = 18).

Results

MRC detected 56 anastomotic biliary strictures, 53 of which were confirmed by other imaging modalities. MRC showed two false-negative cases and three false-positive cases. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of MRC to detect biliary strictures were 96%, 96%, 95%, 97%, and 96%, respectively.

Conclusion

MRC proved to be a reliable noninvasive technique to visualize the biliary anastomosis and depict biliary strictures after OLT. MRC should be used when a biliary anastomotic stricture is suspected in an OLT patient.     

MR cholangiography in orthotopic liver transplantation: sensitivity and specificity in detecting biliary complications

Boraschi P, Donati F, Gigoni R, Volpi A, Salemi S, Filipponi F, Falaschi F. MR cholangiography in orthotopic liver transplantation: sensitivity and specificity in detecting biliary complications.
Clin Transplant 2010: 24: E82–E87.
© 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: Background: To assess the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) when evaluating biliary complications in a large series of liver transplants. Methods: One hundred and twenty‐nine patients prospectively underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and MR cholangiography at 1.5‐T device after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). After the preliminary acquisition of axial T1‐ and T2‐weighted images, MRC involved respiratory‐triggered, thin‐slab (2 mm), heavily T2‐weighted fast spin‐echo and breath‐hold, thick‐slab (10–50 mm), single‐shot T2‐weighted sequences. MR images were blindly evaluated by two experienced readers in conference to determine the biliary anatomy and the presence of complications, whose final diagnosis was based on endoscopic retrograde cholangiography, percutaneous trans‐hepatic cholangiography, and by integrating clinical follow‐up with ultrasound and/or MR findings. Results: Biliary complications were found in 60 patients (46.5%) and were represented by ischemic‐type biliary lesions (n = 21); anastomotic strictures (n = 13); non‐anastomotic strictures (n = 5); anastomotic strictures associated to lithiasis (n = 6); lithiasis (n = 6); papillary dysfunctions (n = 9). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the reviewers for the detection of all types of biliary complications in patients with OLT were 98%, 94%, 94%, and 98%, respectively. Conclusions: MRC is a reliable technique for detecting post‐OLT biliary complications and should be recommended before planning therapeutic interventions.     

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography for the accurate diagnosis of biliary complications after liver transplantation: comparison with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography - long-term follow-up

Biliary complications after liver transplantation remain a serious cause of morbidity and mortality. Direct invasive cholangiographic techniques, endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP) or percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC), have procedure-related complications. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is non-invasive, safe, and accurate. The aim of this study was to evaluate MRCP in detecting biliary complications following liver transplantation and comparing findings with ERCP and PTC. Twenty-seven consecutive liver transplant recipients who presented with clinical and biochemical, ultrasonographic, or histological evidence of biliary complications were evaluated with MRCP. Patients were followed up for a median period of 36 months. The presence of a biliary complication was confirmed in 18 patients (66.6%): anastomotic biliary stricture in 12 (66.6%); diffuse intrahepatic biliary stricture in 5 (27.7%): ischemic (n = 3), recurrence of primary sclerosing cholangitis (n = 2), and choledocholithiasis in one. In nine patients (33.3%), MRCP was normal. Six patients underwent ERCP, and eight PTC. There was a statistically significant correlation between the MRCP and both ERCP and PTC (p = 0.01) findings. The sensitivity and specificity of the MRCP were 94.4% and 88.9%, respectively, and the positive and negative predictive values, 94.4% and 89.9%, respectively. MRCP is an accurate imaging tool for the assessment of biliary complications after liver transplantation. We recommend that MRCP be the diagnostic imaging modality of choice in this setting, reserving direct cholangiography for therapeutic procedures.     

Ischemic-type biliary lesions after ortothopic liver transplantation: diagnosis with magnetic resonance cholangiography

Purpose

To determine the accuracy of magnetic resonance (MR) cholangiography for detection of ischemic-type biliary lesions (ITBL) following orthotropic liver transplantation (OLT).

Materials and methods

MR cholangiography was performed in 16 patients with established diagnosis of ITBL following OLT. Two blinded observers reviewed all images in consensus and recorded diagnostic features including presence of intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary strictures, dilatations, beading, pruning, and filling defects. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and accuracy of MR cholangiography were calculated. Final diagnosis was established at endoscopic retrograde cholangiography.

Results

MR cholangiography proved to be a valuable tool for the detection of stenoses and dilatations in patients with ITBL following OLT. Sensitivity of the different diagnostic features ranged between 71% and 100%, specificity between 50% and 100%, accuracy between 81% and 100%, and positive predictive value between 87% and 100%.

Conclusion

MR cholangiography proved to be an accurate imaging technique to noninvasively detect biliary complications in patients with ITBL after OLT.     

原位肝移植术后胆管狭窄影像学特点

目的探讨肝脏移植术后胆管狭窄的影像学特点及发生机理。方法45例肝脏移植术后病人行MRCP检查,其中19例术后1至25月出现黄疸,15例行ERCP检查确认胆管狭窄并植入支架。分析胆管狭窄的部位、范围和程度,结合发病机制阐述其影像学特点。结果MRCP显示26例无黄疸病人中25例存在不同程度的胆管吻合口狭窄。19例黄疸病人中4例确诊为胆管炎,2例为吻合口狭窄,2例非吻合口狭窄病人表现为肝总管狭窄,11例非吻合口狭窄累及肝管、汇合部、二级分支,形成肝门附近胆管弥漫性狭窄。MRCP往往放大胆管狭窄程度,对4例肝内胆管小结石以及2例胆瘘显示欠佳。8例胆管非吻合口狭窄病人有长时间的供肝热缺血或冷缺血。结论胆管吻合口狭窄在肝脏移植术后无论是否伴有胆道梗阻均较普遍,非吻合口狭窄程度、范围不一,其影像学特征性表现与发病机理是一致的,MRCP是诊断胆管狭窄的较理想无创检查手段。     

同种原位肝移植术的胆管重建及其术后并发症的防治

目的探讨同种原位肝移植(OLT)的胆管重建方式及其术后并发症的防治。方法回顾性分析1999年2月至2003年1月间103例终末期肝病患者施行OLT胆管重建及术后并发症的防治情况。103例患者中,75例采用经典式原位肝移植伴体外静脉转流、17例采用经典式原位肝移植不伴转流、11例采用背驮式原位肝移植。胆道重建过程中有94例行胆管端端吻合,9例行胆肠吻合。胆管端端吻合的患者中,62例带T管引流,32例不带T管,但11例经受者胆囊管置入小橡胶管引流。术后胆管并发症的诊断主要依据临床表现、B型超声波、磁共振胰胆管成像或逆行胰胆管造影检查。所有患者均随访1年以上。结果103例OLT患者术后胆管并发症发生率为7.8%(8/103)。62例带T管引流的患者中,6例(9.6%)发生胆管并发症,其中4例术后发生胆漏,2例拔除T管后发生局限性腹膜炎;32例不带T管引流的患者中,1例(3.1%)发生胆管狭窄。9例胆肠吻合中,1例(11.1%)术后发生胆漏。7例胆漏患者,2例经再次手术引流,其余继续保持引流胆漏自愈。不带T管引流的患者中的胆管狭窄为吻合口狭窄,经内镜取出异物、球囊扩张与安放内支架后治愈。1例患者因胆漏导致肝动脉吻合口假性动脉瘤及腹腔大出血,经介入法明确诊断并行栓塞治疗后治愈。患者中无胆管并发症而引起的死亡。结论胆管吻合口的胆漏与狭窄是OLT术后最常见的胆管并发症。良好的胆管血供与胆管吻合技术是防止胆管并发症发生的关键。及时的内镜检查与放射学技术是诊断和治疗胆管并发症的有效手段。     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的内镜介入治疗

目的 评估肝移植术后胆道并发症内镜介入治疗的价值。方法 1996年5月至2005年2月进行的肝移植166例中,肝移植术后胆道并发症27例;其中14例进行内镜介入治疗21次,男性8例,女性6例,平均年龄45．8岁。ERC下放置鼻胆管外引流3例,放置支架内引流6例,气囊扩张1例,乳头括约肌切开1例,ERCP3例。结果 50％(1／2)胆瘘、50％(4／8)胆道狭窄内镜介入治疗有效;75％(3／4)管型综合症经。ERCP诊断。结论 ERC有助于肝移植术后胆道并发症诊断,治疗有效、安全,是肝移植术后胆道并发症首选治疗方法。     

Magnetic resonance cholangiography in the diagnosis of biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate the role of magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) in the diagnosis of biliary tract complications (BC) after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Among 21 OLT patients who underwent routine follow-up MRC using a breath-hold T2-weighted turbo spin-echo sequence with half-Fourier acquisition (HASTE), 5 had an elevated serum alkaline phosphatase level. Diagnostic confirmation was obtained with endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) (n = 11), surgery (n = 3), or clinical and laboratory follow-up of at least 1 year (n = 8). RESULTS: In 13 patients, no abnormality of the biliary tract was detected using MRC. In 8 patients, anastomotic strictures were diagnosed, 7 of which were confirmed at surgery or using ERC. One patient with normal findings at MRC and abnormal liver function test results was found to have a stricture at ERC. All patients with normal MRC and liver function tests had 1 year of uneventful follow-up and were considered true-negative cases. We found that MRC had 87.5% sensitivity, 92.3% specificity, 87.5% positive predictive value, 92.3% negative predictive value, and 90.4% accuracy for the diagnosis of BC. CONCLUSION: MRC is a valuable examination to detect BC after OLT. It provides useful information for planning interventional procedures.     

原位肝移植术后胆管狭窄的治疗(附43例报告)

目的探讨原位肝移植（0LT）术后胆管狭窄（BS）治疗方法和疗效。方法回顾性分析中山大学附属第三医院肝脏移植中心2003年10月至2005年10月收治的们例OLT术后BS的治疗方法及其疗效。们例BS的治疗方法主要包括经十二指肠镜逆行胆管造影（ERC）、经皮肝穿刺胆管造影（PTC）、经T管的胆管介入治疗、胆肠吻合术、肝动脉内支架术及再次肝移植术。结果们例BS总治愈率为48．8％（21／43），好转率为30．2％（13／43），总有效率为79．0％（34／43）。41例BS的介入治疗治愈率为34．1％（14／41），好转率为31．7％（13／41），总有效率为65．8％（27／41）。吻合口型、肝外型、肝内型及肝内外混舍型BS的总治愈率分别为100％（5／5）、64．3％（9／14）、50．O％（1／2）及28．6％（6／21），其介入治疗的治愈率分别为80．0％（4／5）、64．3％（9／14）、50．0％（1／2）及0。12例BS行再次肝移植术的治愈率为50．0％（6／12）。结论目前OLT术后BS总体疗效尚不理想。BS介入治疗效果与其类型密切相关，吻合口型疗效最好，肝外型和肝内型次之，肝内外混舍型疗效最盖。再次肝移植是治疗难治性BS的有效方法，但要选择好手术时机。