天津市3～6岁儿童血压状况调查

[目的]探讨天津市3～6岁儿童血压水平，高血压检出率及主要影响因素，对血压高于正常儿童进行早期干预，更好地控制成年人原发性高血压病，提高儿童健康水平。[方法]采用整群抽样的方法，在全市18个区县共抽取15940名3～6岁儿童（男8337人，女7603人），进行问卷调查并测量血压、身高、体重、头围、胸围等发育指标。血压值位于同性别、同年龄儿童血压值P10～P91，为临界高血压；超过P95，为血压高于正常。[结果]天津市3～6岁儿童高血压检出率为9．4％（男童8．6％，女童10．2％），临界高血压检出率为7．3％（男童8．2％，女童6．4%），其中，肥胖儿童高血压检出率为13．8％，明显高于正常儿童;男女童的收缩压和舒张压均值随年龄增长而增高，各年龄组间差异均有显著性，男女性别间差异亦有显著性，男童收缩压和舒张压均高于同年龄组女童，城区组男女童的收缩压和舒张压均明显高于农村组同性别年龄组儿童。[结论]应将儿童血压测定列为儿童常规体检内容，及早发现血压偏高儿童，连续监测、实施干预是降低成人原发性高血压的重要措施。     

个旧地区学龄前儿童高血压检出率及其影响因素

【目的】了解个旧地区学前儿童高血压检出率、分布特点和影响因素，为儿童保健、儿科临床防治提供科学依据。【方法】以市区和工业区幼儿园为单位进行整群抽样，对3～7岁儿童血压、身高、体重进行测量。高血压判断以当地同龄儿童收缩期和舒张期血压95％上限值为高血压诊断标准，同时对家长进行问卷调查。【结果】该地区学前儿童收缩期和舒张期高血压检出率分别为4．41％和1．26％。影响儿童高血压检出率的主要因素是肥胖、高血压家族史。【结论】儿童血压测量应列为儿童体检常规内容，对肥胖儿和有高血压家族史者列为重点防治对象，定期测量血压，制定特殊的有针对性的防治措施。     

儿童青少年单纯性肥胖症与血压关系分析

目的了解沈阳市3～18岁儿童肥胖与血压关系，为成人期疾病的早期预防提供依据。方法对沈阳市1484名肥胖儿童和按同年龄、同性别配对的1876名正常儿童进行血压测量。结果肥胖儿童与非肥胖儿童高血压检出率分别为27．22％和3．52％。其中学龄前肥胖儿童高血压检出率为3．53％，小学为26．79％，初中为37．9％，高中为38．91％；学龄肥胖儿童高血压检出率为学龄前儿童的7．6～11．0倍。收缩压和舒张压均值随年龄的增长而增加，各年龄组男、女肥胖儿童的收缩压和舒张压均高于正常儿童（P值均〈0．01）。相关分析结果显示，血压与体重、BMI、年龄、身高、腰围、臀围和大腿围均呈显著正相关（P值均〈0．01）。结论肥胖与高血压具有相关关系，对肥胖儿童进行干预势在必行。     

北京儿童肥胖超过十分之一

最近，首都儿科研究所、北京市儿童医院、北京大学妇儿医院、北京市疾病控制中心公布了联合会在7个区县进行的20000余名6～18岁儿童的营养流行病学调查的初步结果，平均肥胖检出率为10．9％(其中城市中小学生分别为13．3％和14．2％)，比全国大城市的水平高出约一倍。本次调查组进行了心血管危险因素的筛查，高血压检出率5．5％，高血脂检出率1．4％，血脂异常检出率8．2％。     

丽江市纳西族3～6岁儿童血压调查分析

目的：探讨丽江市纳西族3～6岁儿童血压水平、高血压患病率及相关因素分布特点，提高儿童保健质量。方法：采用分层整群抽样法．抽取城乡纳西族837名3～6岁健康儿童进行血压测定。结果：5．26％收缩压偏高，4．06％舒张压偏高。结论：认为将儿童血压测定列为儿童常规体检内容．及早发现血压偏高者，并对易患儿童血压连续监测，及早干预是有效降低成人原发性高血压的重要措施。     

我国三省7～13岁儿童血压升高影响因素的初步分析

目的探讨儿童血压升高的影响因素,为制定儿童高血压预防控制措施提供参考依据。方法数据来源于中国疾病预防控制中心青年科研基金我国6~13岁学龄儿童主要慢性病干预模式及适宜技术研究项目,选取江苏、山东、广西3省的调查资料,包括血压测量与相关因素调查,分析儿童血压升高的影响因素。结果共收集2 774名7~13岁儿童的资料,该人群血压升高检出率为28.6%,男、女儿童检出率分别为29.8%、27.1%;城市、乡村儿童血压升高检出率分别为31.5%、24.8%。单因素分析显示,居住地类型(城市或乡村)、居住地区、高血压家族史、超重肥胖、中心型肥胖、身高、出生体重以及早餐、蔬菜、奶制品的食用频率、早餐包括咸菜与儿童血压升高有统计学关联(均有P<0.05);多因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示,居住地类型、超重肥胖、身高、居住地区、早餐包括咸菜是儿童高血压升高的危险因素。结论超重肥胖、常食用咸菜是儿童血压升高的危险因素,控制肥胖是减少儿童高血压的重要措施。     

北京市海淀区幼儿园3～6岁儿童血压及相关因素调查

【目的】 为了掌握北京市海淀区幼儿园3～6岁儿童血压的现状以及影响血压的相关因素，对血压偏高的儿童早期实施有效的干预措施提供依据。【方法】 对10所幼儿园中的2073名3～6岁儿童进行相关情况的问卷调查和血压的测量并进行有关的特殊检查，用Logistc回归模型进行统计分析。【结果】 血压偏高率为5．7％；高血压发生率2．5％，体重超重、性格内向、家族遗传、居住环境的拥挤等为主要的影响因素。男女性别间差异显著。【结论】 加强卫生保健知识的宣传教育，改变不良的生活习惯，采取措施有效控制体重，减少肥胖儿的发生，建立完善的儿童血压监测制度。     

家族遗传对儿童血压影响的探讨

本文在对3940名9～12岁儿童有无高血压家族遗传史调查中发现，有家族史儿童血压偏高发生率为6．19％是无家族史儿童的2．13倍。从有无家族史儿童的血压均值中得知，在10岁组的男生和11岁组以后有家族史儿重血压均值与无家族史儿童有显著差异。在有家族史儿童中，双亲系儿童血压偏高发生率最高，其次为父系和母系。对儿童血压偏高的预防措施进行了讨论。     

我国居民食盐消费量与血压水平关系研究

目的分析我国居民食盐消费量与血压水平的关系，为指导人们通过合理膳食预防高血压提供科学依据。方法使用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查中“一年食物频率调查”数据和实测的血压数据，对45349名15岁及以上居民的食盐消费量与血压水平及高血压的关系进行分析。结果我国15岁及以上居民的高血压患病率为18．2％，正常高值检出率为36．0％。男性高血压患病率为20.4％，高于女性的16．2％；城市18．8％，高于农村的17．9％。高血压的患病率随着食盐消费量的增加而增加。调整影响血压的混杂因素后，居民食盐消费量与收缩压、舒张压呈显著相关关系（P〈0．05），每人每天食盐平均消费量在6g～、12g～、≥18g的人群高血压患病率分别为〈6g人群的1．09倍、1．14倍和1．28倍；成年职业人群每人每天食盐平均消费量在6g～、12g～、≥18g的人群高血压患病率分别为〈6g人群的1．13倍、1．11倍和1．30倍。结论我国居民的高血压患病率已经达到一个较高水平，且与食盐消费量有明显关系。因此，应进一步加强对居民的健康教育，提倡清淡少盐饮食，这对于开展我国居民高血压的防治工作有着极其重要的作用。     

幼儿园3～6岁儿童高血压现状及影响因素分析

目的:为了掌握广州市海珠区幼儿园3～6岁儿童血压的现状及影响血压的相关因素,对血压偏高的儿童早期实施有效的干预措施提供依据。方法:采用整群抽样方法,随机抽取海珠区3所幼儿园,对其中所有的3～6岁儿童进行血压测量,并填写统一制定的调查表,采用SPSS 13.0软件进行统计分析。结果:3～6岁儿童收缩压平均水平为89.62 mmHg,舒张压平均水平为60.33 mmHg。3～6岁儿童血压呈近似正态分布,血压随着年龄的增长呈上升趋势。男孩与女孩的收缩压和舒张压均无统计学差异。儿童血压异常的检出率是6.0%,其中男童检出率是7.0%,女童检出率是4.0%,男童高于女童,男女童血压异常的检出率差异无统计学意义。对收缩压作用显著的影响因素为年龄、臀围、身高、腰围。对舒张压作用显著的影响因素为年龄、臀围、体重。结论:儿童血压随着年龄的增长呈上升趋势,儿童的自身发育、肥胖与儿童血压异常密切相关。高血压的预防应从儿童时期开始。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.