直肠拖出单吻合器技术行超低位直肠癌保肛术

目的:探讨超低位直肠癌经直肠拖出采用单吻合器技术行保肛手术的可行性。方法:对近8年来收治的31例超低位直肠癌（肿瘤下缘距肛缘≤5 cm）患者，采用全直肠系膜切除、直肠拖出、双荷包、单吻合器技术行结肠肛管吻合术。结果:31例患者均顺利完成直肠癌保肛根治切除手术，且均未行预防性回肠或结肠造口。术后发生吻合口瘘5例（16.1%），吻合口狭窄2例（6.5%），局部复发2例（6.5%），无大便失禁及围手术期死亡。5年的生存率为78.6％ (11/14)。结论:对于超低位直肠癌保肛手术，采用直肠拖出单吻合器技术一期手术，安全可行，且费用相对较低。     

低位直肠癌保肛术式的选择

目的 对低位直肠癌保肛术式的选择方法进行探讨.方法 2003年1月至2008年1月期间,对137例低位直肠癌按无瘤原则行保肛术,术中将血供良好的结肠断端无张力拉下吻合,恢复肠道肛管的连续性.结果 行双吻合器低位前切除术102例中,91例直肠癌基底距肛缘6～8 cm,11例直肠癌基底距肛缘5～6 cm,后者肿瘤均位于直肠后壁;行Parks术或改良Bacon术35例中,直肠癌基底距肛缘均为5～6 cm.Parks术19例均为乙状结肠与肛管吻合;改良Bacon术16例均行降结肠经肛管拖出手术.结论 对肿瘤基底距肛缘6～8 cm和少数较瘦患者、基底距肛缘5～6 cm、且肿块位于直肠后壁的低位直肠癌可以采用双吻合器低位前切除术.对肿瘤基底距肛缘5～6 cm的低位直肠癌,可以行Parks术或改良Bacon术,其中乙状结肠较长时可以行乙状结肠与肛管吻合的Parks术;乙状结肠长度不够时可以游离结肠脾曲或左半结肠,行降结肠经肛管拉出的改良Bacon术.     

支撑捆扎套入法结肠-肛管吻术(Povrk)在低位或超低位直肠癌保肛手术中的应用

目的:介绍用支撑捆扎套入法结肠肛管吻合术(Povrk)在保留齿状线和肛门内括约肌的低位或超低位直肠癌中的应用方法。方法:37例低位直肠癌在术前放疗,在全直肠系膜切除基础上用支撑套入法结肠肛管吻合术完成手术,术后予希罗达口服化疗。结果:本组37例无死亡病例。近期吻合口瘘2例,均引流后治愈,直肠癌距肛门4～7cm术后排便功能恢复好。结论:支撑法结肠肛管吻合术用于低位直肠癌保肛手术可作为双吻合器保肛手术的替代或改良方法以应用。     

弧形切割吻合器在低位直肠癌保肛手术中的应用

目的 总结弧形切割吻合器在低位直肠癌保肛术中的应用.方法 将121例低位直肠癌患者随机分成两组,分别应用弧形切割吻合器(A组,60例)和TLH30直线切割闭合器(B组,61例)闭合直肠远端行保肛手术,比较两组保肛率、吻合口瘘、吻合口出血、切口感染及术后排便次数.结果 两组吻合口瘘、吻合口出血、术后排便次数比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);而A组保肛率(98.3%)高于B组(68.9%)、切El感染率(4.0%)明显低于B组(9.5%)(均P＜0.05).结论 应用弧形切割吻合器行低位直肠癌保肛手术是安全可靠的,而且能明显增加保肛率,减少切口感染率.     

75岁以上高龄患者低位直肠癌保肛手术后控便情况分析

目的评价高龄患者低位直肠癌保肛手术后的肛门控便功能。方法对年龄在75岁以上、肿瘤距肛缘7cm以下、采用保肛手术治疗的39例低位直肠癌患者,按吻合口位置和手术方式分组,研究术后控便情况。结果患者排便次数达到正常的时间为术后(9.8±2.9)个月。肛门控便情况和直肠测压结果在低位吻合组与超低位吻合组及肛管吻合组之间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);肛管吻合组与超低位吻合组之间比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。贮袋组术后(7.7±1.7)个月排便次数趋于正常,与直吻组(10.6±2.8)个月比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);术后36.1%的患者出现I度失禁的表现,贮袋组与直吻组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);保肛术后贮袋组直肠测压指标优于直吻组。结论高龄患者采用结肠贮袋直肠肛管吻合术能够明显改善近期的控便功能。     

直肠拖出双吻合器超低位直肠癌保肛术：附46例报告

目的：评价以直肠拖出和双吻合器技术实施超低位直肠癌保肛手术的疗效。方法：1997年12月—2005年12月利用直肠拖出和双吻合器保肛技术，对46例超低位直肠癌患者行癌肿切除术。肿瘤下缘距肛缘4～7 cm，平均5.5 cm。Dukes分期：A期26例，B期16例，C期4例。结果：46例均成功地保留了肛门和大便控制功能。术后发生吻合口瘘1例（2.2％），吻合口狭窄4例（8.7％）。全组平均随访54个月，其中有2例（4.3％）局部复发。5年生存率为81.3％;无发生排尿功能障碍者;82.4%的男性患者和83.3％女性患者术后性功能良好。结论：直肠拖出双吻合器保肛术是安全可行的，为超低位直肠癌患者提供了新的保肛术式选择。     

腹腔镜缝合术在直肠癌超低位吻合术中的应用

目的:探讨腹腔镜缝合术在直肠癌超低位保肛治疗术中的应用及可行性。方法:按全直肠系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME)原则,用腹腔镜对30例超低位直肠癌患者行TME超低位结肠、直肠(肛管)吻合术,其中用双吻合器(DST)手术17例,手工缝合直肠远端加吻合器手术13例。结果:手术均获成功,无中转开腹。平均手术时间双吻合器组190min(170～250min),缝合组270min(260～360min)。术中出血30～180ml,平均60ml;术后2d患者恢复胃肠功能并下床活动;平均住院11d(7～30d)。5例出现吻合口漏(DST组2例),均保守治愈。结论:腹腔镜缝合术用于直肠癌超低位吻合术是可行的。     

套扎式结肠-肛管吻合术在中低位直肠癌保肛术中的应用

我院 1994～ 2 0 0 1年对 113例中低位直肠癌采用套扎式结肠 肛管吻合术治疗 ,取得理想效果。现总结分析如下。1　临床资料本组 113例 ,男 69例 ,女 44例。年龄 2 3～ 73岁。肿瘤距肛缘 4～ 8cm ,距齿状线 3 5cm以上。其中粘膜管状腺癌 82例 ,低分化腺癌 2 1例 ,粘液癌 10例。按Dukes分期 ,A期 3例 ,B期 69例 ,C期 2 9例 ,D期 8例。术后新鲜离体标本测定下缘距肛缘最长 6cm ,最短 2cm ,平均 3cm。手术方法 :开腹术操作如同Miles手术。游离解剖直肠肿瘤远侧 2～ 5cm后 ,肛门组碘伏消毒肛管 ,伸入食管引导 ,于肿瘤下缘 2～ 3cm处切断直肠…     

支撑捆扎法在超低位直肠癌保留肛门括约肌手术中的应用

目的探讨支撑捆扎法在超低位直肠癌保留肛门括约肌手术中的应用。方法对117例直肠癌患者采用支撑捆扎法完成超低位结肠-直肠(肛管)吻合术。患者均在术前行纤维结肠镜检查和活组织检查,确诊为直肠腺癌,且经直肠腔内B超、盆腔CT及MR I排除肿瘤侵犯肛提肌和盆腔淋巴结广泛转移。结果117例超低位直肠癌保肛手术围手术期呼吸衰竭死亡1例,术后吻合口漏2例,1例局部引流治愈,1例直肠阴道瘘行横结肠造瘘转流手术。未发生吻合口狭窄,术后3月排便功能评价:优29例,良44例,一般31例,差13例,优良率为62.4%(73/117)。结论支撑捆扎法用于直肠癌保留肛门括约肌手术安全、可行,可以完成从肛提肌内口到括约肌间沟的结肠-直肠(肛管)吻合,效果良好。     

套入式结肠直肠黏膜吻合术治疗低位直肠癌86例的临床研究

目的 探讨低位直肠癌保留肛门括约肌功能最理想的治疗术式。方法 对86例低位直肠癌切除后经肛门行套入式结肠直肠黏膜吻合术。肿瘤下缘距肛缘6－7cm 62例，8－10cm 24例。结果 全组无手术死亡，无吻合口瘘和吻合口狭窄发生。术后8－12周时排便功能控制良好，排便次数为1－4次／d，18周时肛门排便功能基本恢复正常，排便次数为1－2次／d。术后随访3个月至8年，总的局部复发率为3．7％（3／81），总的5年生存率为66．7％（14／21）。结论 套入式结肠直肠黏膜吻合术可避免腹部结肠造口，并防止吻合口瘘的发生，作为低位直肠癌保肛手术，是一种安全的术式。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.