急性有机磷酸酯类化合物中毒对大鼠神经元的损伤作用

目的 探讨有机磷酸酯类化合物对大鼠神经元的急性损伤作用及其可能的机制.方法 18只SD大鼠按照随机数字表法分为2组,分别是染毒组(12只)和对照组(6只).染毒组选择沙林作为有机磷酸酯类化合物代表.大鼠肌肉注射沙林,1 min后腹腔注射氯解磷定和阿托品,出现典型中毒症状者入组.对照组在相应时间点给予注射生理盐水.24h后取脑组织行HE染色、神经元核抗原(NeuN)免疫组化酶染色分析,观察大鼠脑组织梨状皮质、海马CA1区、纹状体区神经元的变化. 结果 HE染色发现中毒大鼠梨状皮质、纹状体区可见较多变性、坏死的神经细胞.并且NeuN阳性细胞数明显减少,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05). 结论 在急性大剂量有机磷酸酯类化合物暴露情况下.可以引起大鼠神经元的大量坏死,从而产生一系列的神经功能缺损.这种作用可能与细胞毒性作用、氧化应激等非胆碱能机制有关.     

缝隙连接蛋白36表达变化对帕金森病模型大鼠基底节环路功能的影响

目的 观察缝隙连接蛋白36(Cx36)在帕金森病模型大鼠纹状体和运动皮质区的表达变化,并探讨缝隙连接功能异常与帕金森病基底节环路功能紊乱间的关系。方法 采用6羟多巴胺注射法建立帕金森病动物模型,免疫组织化学染色及Westernblotting法检测纹状体及运动皮质区Cx36表达变化,免疫荧光双标染色进一步分析纹状体脑啡肽阳性传出神经元及Parvalbumin阳性中间神经元Cx36表达变化。结果 (1)免疫组织化学染色显示,帕金森病组大鼠右侧纹状体及运动皮质区Cx36表达水平高于正常对照组(均P<0.05)。(2)免疫荧光双标染色显示,纹状体脑啡肽阳性神经元数目和Cx36表达水平高于正常对照组(均P<0.05),而Parvalbumin阳性神经元数目和Cx36表达水平低于正常对照组(均P<0.05)。(3)Westernblotting法检测显示,帕金森病组大鼠右侧纹状体[(119.31±8.92)%]及运动皮质区[(138.20±17.88)%]Cx36表达水平高于正常对照组[(104.05±3.82)和(105.27±2.82)%,均P<0.05]。结论 帕金森病大鼠右侧纹状体及运动皮质区Cx36表达水平升高,纹状体脑啡肽阳性传出神经元Cx36表达上调,Parvalbumin阳性中间神经元Cx36表达下调。提示缝隙连接异常可能参与帕金森病皮质基底节皮质环路功能紊乱的发生机制。     

丁苯酞氯化钠注射液对大鼠延髓缺血后神经元凋亡、NGF、BDNF表达的影响

目的探索丁苯酞氯化钠注射液对大鼠延髓缺血后脑神经元凋亡、神经生长因子(NGF)、脑源性神经生长因子(BDNF)表达的影响。方法将Wistar大鼠分为假手术组、丁苯酞氯化钠注射液治疗组(以下简称治疗组)、缺血对照组。采用电凝双侧椎动脉和结扎右侧颈总动脉的方法制造大鼠延髓缺血模型。分别给予治疗组和缺血对照组丁苯酞氯化钠注射液及等计量生理盐水腹腔注射。大鼠于相应时段灌注取材,每组标本分别采用尼氏染色、Tunel染色,免疫组织化学方法显示脑组织中的神经元、凋亡神经元数量、BDNF和NGF。光镜下观察脑组织中神经元数量、神经元凋亡的数量。同时观察NGF和BDNF的变化,利用灰度值进行分析。结果神经元凋亡数量及NGF、BDNF灰度值治疗组均低于缺血对照组。结论 NGF、BDNF水平与神经元数量密切相关,丁苯酞可上调大鼠缺血脑组织中NGF、BDNF的表达,减轻脑组织损伤。     

可卡因-苯丙胺调节转录肽对缺血性脑损伤及其神经元半胱天冬氨酸蛋白酶活性的影响

目的 探讨可卡因-苯丙胺调节转录(CART)肽对缺血性脑损伤及其半胱天冬氨酸蛋白酶(Caspase)活性的影响.方法 将12只小鼠随机分为CART组与对照组,CART组小鼠侧脑室注射CART多肽,对照组注射生理盐水,然后制作脑缺血模型,2,3,5-氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)染色测量梗死体积.体外培养小鼠皮质神经元,制作缺糖缺氧神经元模型,加入CART多肽或生理盐水,用噻唑蓝染色测细胞生存率,酶联法检测Caspase-3活性.结果 CART组脑梗死体积[(0.225±0.044)mm3]显著小于对照组[(0.389±0.055)mm3](P＜0.05);CART组神经元生存率(0.494±0.056)显著高于对照组(0.348±0.174)(P＜0.05);CART组神经元Caspase-3活性(45674±9780)显著低于对照组(51172±2776)(P＜0.01).结论 CART多肽可明显减少缺血性脑梗死体积,提高缺氧神经元的生存率,并降低缺氧神经元的Caspase-3活性.     

生酮饮食对海人酸点燃癫癎模型大鼠海马神经元保护作用研究

目的探讨生酮饮食对海人酸点燃癫癎模型大鼠海马神经元的保护作用。方法经海人酸制备SD大鼠癫癎模型,分别给予生理盐水+正常膳食(C组)、生理盐水+生酮饮食(K组)、海人酸+正常膳食(E组)和海人酸+生酮饮食(EK组),连续观察21 d后记录不同处理组大鼠体重、观察Ⅳ或Ⅴ级癫癎发作频率和持续时间,并通过HE染色和Nissl染色计数E组和EK组大鼠海马CA3区正常锥体神经元数目。结果 C组和K组大鼠均无癫癎发作,且海马CA3区锥体神经元数目正常。E组和EK组大鼠在观察过程中均出现Ⅳ或Ⅴ级癫癎发作,但EK组大鼠在饲养第21天时与E组相比,癫癎发作频率减少[(17.90±4.12)次对(30.50±4.40)次,P=0.000]、发作持续时间缩短[(212.70±17.75)s对(335.00±14.21)s,P=0.000],差异有统计学意义;EK组海马CA3区正常锥体神经元数目与E组相比增加[(117.67±7.51)个对(71.33±6.11)个,P=0.000],差异亦有统计学意义。结论生酮饮食对海人酸点燃癫癎模型大鼠海马神经元具有保护作用。     

过氧化小体增殖剂激活型受体γ激活剂对缺血再灌注脑组织的保护作用及炎性机制分析

目的 探讨过氧化小体增殖剂激活型受体γ(PPARγ)激活剂对缺血再灌注脑组织的保护作用及其炎性机制.方法 健康雄性SD大鼠分为假手术组、生理盐水干预组、小剂量吡格列酮(PPARγ激活剂)干预组、大剂量吡格列酮干预组.吡格列酮干预组在中脑动脉闭塞(MCAO)前3 d分别给予吡咯列酮,每日一次灌胃给药.剂量分别是:小剂量组为10 mg/kg,大剂量组为15 mg/kg.生理盐水干预组仅给予等量生理盐水.假手术组亦给予等量生理盐水.以缺血后24h作为观察时间点,对各指标进行比较分析.氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)染色测定脑梗死体积,生化法测定髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性.结果 小剂量吡格列酮干预组的脑梗死体积[(147±14)mm3]及大剂量吡格列酮干预组脑梗死体积[(121±16)mm3]均较生理盐水干预组[(183±17)mm3]小;小剂量吡格列酮干预组的MPO[(0.148±0.027)U/g]及大剂量吡格列酮干预组MPO[(0.096±0.021)U/g]均比生理盐水干预组[(0.203±0.022)U/g]降低,并且上述指标均呈现出随吡格列酮剂量的增加而下调幅度增强的趋势(P＜0.05).结论 PPARγ激活剂应用后,可以减少缺血再灌注脑组织梗死体积及中性粒细胞的浸润.本研究提示调控炎性损伤路径可能是利用PPARγ激活剂对PPARγ这一靶点进行干预从而发挥抗脑缺血损伤的机制之一.     

局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠外周血内皮祖细胞数量的变化及其意义

目的 探讨局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤(CIR)大鼠外周血内皮祖细胞(EPCs)数量的变化及其意义.方法 50只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组(5只)、假手术组(5只)、CIR模型组(15只)、糖尿病模型组(5只)、糖尿病假手术组(5只)和糖尿病合并CIR组(15只).由链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导制作糖尿病大鼠模型;采用线栓法制作CIR大鼠模型.各模型大鼠采用Longa评分标准进行神经功能评分.CIR模型组与糖尿病合并CIR组各取5只大鼠采用2,3,5-三苯基氯化四氮唑(TTC)染色,计算其脑梗死体积.用流式细胞仪计数各组大鼠外周血EPCs的数量.结果 糖尿病合并CIR组大鼠神经功能评分[(2.8±1.0)分]明显高于CIR模型组[(1.5±0.3)分],且脑梗死体积[(464.1±169.3)mm3]明显大于CIR模型组[(101.3±57.4)mm3](均P＜0.05).各组中,CIR模型组大鼠外周血EPCs数量最多,糖尿病合并CIR组最少,正常对照组与假手术组多于糖尿病模型组与糖尿病假手术组(均P＜0.01).结论 CIR大鼠外周血EPCs数量增加,有助于修复血管及保护受损脑组织;糖尿病大鼠外周血EPCs数量明显减少,且合并CIR后减少更甚.外周血EPCs数量的检测有助于CIR病情及预后的评估.     

依达拉奉对大鼠延髓缺血后神经元凋亡微血管密度的影响

目的探索依达拉奉对大鼠延髓缺血后神经元数量及微血管密度的影响。方法将Wistar大鼠分为假手术组、实验组、缺血对照组。其中实验组及缺血对照组分别给予依达拉奉和生理盐水腹腔注射。标本采用单宁酸氯化铁染色、尼氏染色、Tunel染色,对延髓内微血管密度、神经元及凋亡、神经元计数进行观察。结果实验组中神经元、微血管密度(MVD)减少的程度及神经元凋亡数量均低于缺血对照组。结论依达拉奉在大鼠延髓缺血后具有明显保护作用。     

核因子-κB活性抑制剂对癫(癎)大鼠的脑保护作用

目的 研究核因子-κB(NF-κB)活性抑制剂吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸盐(PDTC)对癫(癎)大鼠的脑保护作用.方法 将36只雄性SD大鼠随机分为癫(癎)组(14只)、PDTC干预组(PDTC组,14只)和假手术组(8只).采用海马注射海人酸(KA)方法制作癫(癎)大鼠模型,PDTC组大鼠造模前30 min给于腹腔注射PDTC150 mg,/kg;观察各组大鼠癫(癎)发作的潜伏期和初次至第6次≥Ⅳ级发作的时间(发作严重程度).应用HE染色和免疫组织化学染色,观察各组大鼠海马CA3区残存神经元数和NF-κB的表达.结果 PDTC组大鼠癫(癎)发作潜伏期[(89.6±39.3)min]长于癫(癎)组[(67.5±22.9)min],但差异无统计学意义;PDTC组初次至第6次≥Ⅳ级发作的时间[(29.2±20.4)min]较癫(癎)组[(12.1±4.0)min]显著延长(P＜0.05);与癫(癎)组相比,PDTC组大鼠海马CA3区残存神经元数显著增多(P＜0.05),NF-κB表达水平显著降低(P＜0.01),二者间呈负相关(r=-0.562,P=0.001).结论 NF-κB活性抑制剂能降低癫(癎)发作严重程度,减少海马神经元的变性死亡,具有脑保护作用.提示癫(癎)发作所致脑组织损伤可能与NF-κB活化有关.     

经侧脑室注射脂多糖诱导大鼠黑质部位小胶质细胞激活及多巴胺能神经元损伤的研究

目的观察经脑室注射脂多糖(LPS)后大鼠的黑质部小胶质细胞激活及多巴胺(DA)能神经元的变化,探讨脑内炎性反应在黑质DA能神经元慢性变性过程中的作用。方法健康雄性SD大鼠30只,随机分为生理盐水(NS)对照组和LPS组,分别向大鼠右侧脑室注射20μL NS或50μg LPS,40周后用免疫组织化学方法检测大鼠黑质小胶质细胞是否激活、激活的程度(OX-42及OX-6抗体水平),以及酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)阳性神经元的形态和数量。以Fluoro-Jade B(FJB)染色法检测黑质部位神经元变性情况。结果 (1)NS对照组大鼠黑质部位OX-42阳性小胶质细胞呈静息状态,染色浅。LPS组大鼠黑质部OX-42阳性小胶质细胞呈部分激活状态,染色深。两组大鼠黑质部位均未发现OX-6阳性小胶质细胞。(2)NS对照组大鼠黑质部位有大量深染的TH阳性神经元。LPS组大鼠黑质部位TH阳性染色神经元数目(99.11±20.31)比NS对照组(189.52±12.12)减少47.7%(P<0.01)。(3)两组大鼠黑质部位均未见FJB阳性染色神经元。结论经侧脑室单次注射LPS可能造成大鼠黑质部位小胶质细胞长期慢性激活及DA能神经元慢性迟发性功能性损伤。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Effect of high simple dose of cisplatinum and of radiation on the brain of rabbit

Abstract

In former studies of intracarotid and intravenous administration of cisplatinum, separate and combined with brain irradiation, we found no cerebral damage. In this study! gradually increasing high doses (above the therapeutic ones) of cisplatinum were administered intravenously to one series of rabbits arid increasing high amounts of irradiation (above the therapeutic amounts) were given to another series. Although the rabbits that received highest doses of irradiation developed areas of alopecia and skin ulcers on the head! the general clinical and histopathologic examination of the rabbits brains in both series was normal. The purpose of this study was to establish the effects of high doses of intravenous cisplatinum and irradiation on the rabbits brains. [Neural Res 1997; 19: 216–218]